scholarly journals The Interface Hypothesis as a Framework for Studying L1 Attrition

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Chamorro ◽  
Antonella Sorace
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
First Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Permanent Change ◽  
L1 Attrition ◽  
Interface Hypothesis ◽  
Interface Structures

This chapter focuses on first generation individual attrition from the point of view of the Interface Hypothesis (IH), which proposes that structures at the interface between syntax and other cognitive domains, such as pragmatics, are more likely to undergo attrition than structures that do not involve such an interface, and discusses recent research that provides evidence of the selectivity and reversibility of individual first language (L1) attrition. This research provides supporting evidence for the IH as it reveals that attrition affects structures at the syntax-pragmatics interface but not structures requiring the satisfaction of semantic conditions. This chapter also reviews research that supports Sorace’s (2011, 2016) proposal that individual L1 attrition affects only the ability to process interface structures but not knowledge representations, as it reveals that attrition only affects online sensitivity with structures at the syntax-pragmatics interface rather than causing a permanent change in speakers’ L1 knowledge representations.

scholarly journals What is the source of L1 attrition? The effect of recent L1 re-exposure on Spanish speakers under L1 attrition

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLORIA CHAMORRO ◽  
ANTONELLA SORACE ◽  
PATRICK STURT
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Native Spanish Speakers ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Permanent Change ◽  
L1 Attrition ◽  
Interface Structures

The recent hypothesis that L1 attrition affects the ability to process interface structures but not knowledge representations (Sorace, 2011) is tested by investigating the effects of recent L1 re-exposure on antecedent preferences for Spanish pronominal subjects, using offline judgements and online eye-tracking measures. Participants included a group of native Spanish speakers experiencing L1 attrition (‘attriters’), a second group of attriters exposed exclusively to Spanish before they were tested (‘re-exposed’), and a control group of Spanish monolinguals. The judgement data shows no significant differences between the groups. Moreover, the monolingual and re-exposed groups are not significantly different from each other in the eye-tracking data. The results of this novel manipulation indicate that attrition effects decrease due to L1 re-exposure, and that bilinguals are sensitive to input changes. Taken together, the findings suggest that attrition affects online sensitivity with interface structures rather than causing a permanent change in speakers’ L1 knowledge representations.

Pinning down the concept of “interface” in bilingualism

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Sorace
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
First Language ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
L1 Attrition ◽  
Bilingual Language Development ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Interface Hypothesis ◽  
L1 Acquisition

The Interface Hypothesis (IH) was put forward by Sorace and colleagues as an attempt to account for patterns of non-convergence and residual optionality found at very advanced stages of adult second (L2)acquisition. The IH originally proposed that language structures involving an interface between syntax and other cognitive domains are less likely to be acquired completely than structures that do not involve this interface. At the same time, the IH was extended to bilingual first language (L1) acquisition and to the very early stages of L1 attrition, which exhibit optionality in precisely the same structures: this provides a unifying framework for the study of bilingual language development. This paper selectively reviews the research on the IH, addressing some common misinter-pretations and outlining the most recent interdisciplinary developments.

scholarly journals A Sociolinguistic Perspective on L1 Attrition in First-Generation Immigrant Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 41-44
Author(s):  
Lydia Palaiologou
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
First Language ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Generation Immigrant ◽  
L1 Attrition ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The One

This present review paper will be investigating the topic of first language (L1) attrition, primarily concentrating on how this process is realized in first-generation immigrant children, meaning children who either were born in a country different than the one their parents were born in or foreign-born children whose parents immigrated when that person was very young. This angle is particularly interesting as this L1 attrition is simultaneously co-occurring with second language (L2) acquisition and is connected to a multitude of sociolinguistic factors, the most important of which is the concept of sociolinguistic prestige as well as the concept of age-based speech communities and how the members of these communities influence one another's speech. The main goal is to gain more insight into how first language attrition research has taken into account such complex social matters as well as understanding the effects social/cognitive factors like these have on children who are being exposed to more than one language in their everyday life. To further the understanding of the social component of L1 attrition, this paper presents a comparison between two examples of language policy, in Romania and in the Netherlands, concerning multilingualism in society as well as in education.

Hierarchical composition in complex object drawing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiru Makuuchi
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Symbolic Cognition

Symbolic behaviours such as language, music, drawing, dance, etc. are unique to humans and are found universally in every culture on earth1. These behaviours operate in different cognitive domains, but they are commonly characterised as linear sequences of symbols2,3. One of the most prominent features of language is hierarchical structure4, which is also found in music5,6 and mathematics7. Current research attempts to address whether hierarchical structure exists in drawing. When we draw complex objects, such as a face, we draw part by part in a hierarchical manner guided by visual semantic knowledge8. More specifically, we predicted how hierarchical structure emerges in drawing as follows. Although the drawing order of the constituent parts composing the target object is different amongst individuals, some parts will be drawn in succession consistently, thereby forming chunks. These chunks of parts would then be further integrated with other chunks into superordinate chunks, while showing differential affinity amongst chunks. The integration of chunks to an even higher chunk level repeats until finally reaching the full object. We analysed the order of drawing strokes of twenty-two complex objects by twenty-five young healthy adult participants with a cluster analysis9 and demonstrated reasonable hierarchical structures. The results suggest that drawing involves a linear production of symbols with a hierarchical structure. From an evolutionary point of view, we argue that ancient engravings and paintings manifest Homo sapiens’ capability for hierarchical symbolic cognition.

scholarly journals Analysis of Energy Characteristics of Rice and Coffee Husks Blends

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuthbert F. Mhilu
Keyword(s):  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
Material Degradation ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation ◽  
Active Interest ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Work Done

Production of first generation biofuels using food crops is under criticism over sustainability issues on food security. Tanzania is showing active interest in developing second generation biofuels to deal with some of such issues, especially from the feedstock point of view. This paper reports work done to determine energy characteristics of rice and coffee husks. The results show that coffee husks have better energy quality than rice husks, while heating values of coffee are 18.34 MJ/kg and 13.24 MJ/kg for rice husk. Thermogravimetric analysis made for coffee husks blended rice husks at a ratio of 75 : 25% vol. show better material degradation characteristics yielding low residual mass of 23.65%, compared to 26.50% of char and ash remaining in pure rice husks. Derivative thermogravimetric analysis shows comparable hemicellulose degradation peak values of −11.5 and −11.2 and cellulose −3.20 and −2.90 in pure coffee and rice husks, respectively. In coffee and rice husks blends, substantial reductions of hemicellulose and cellulose peaks were observed. Use of coffee and rice husks blends applying high temperature gasification would reduce the latter’s flammability, while increasing its flame retention characteristics, hence offering opportunities for production of clean syngas in a sustainable manner.

scholarly journals Experimental Study of Non-Compatible Collision of Rail and Road Vehicle

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedvika Kovandová ◽  
Robert Válka
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Passive Safety ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Testing Laboratory ◽  
Level Crossings ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Experimental Vehicle

The paper deals with safety of transport from the point of view of an important social problem, which are accidents at railroad (including tramway) and road level crossings, which means compatibility of rail and road vehicles crash. The scale of such accidents can be very wide. Regarding the statistics and frequency of accidents particularly at railway level crossings and tramway level crossings, a collision simulating the collision of a tram and passenger car was experimentally carried out. The experiment took place at the site of testing laboratory of Rail Vehicles Research Institute in Cerhenice. The experiment was conducted with a passenger car Škoda Superb of the first generation that was exposed to two collisions from both sides. Firstly by the impactor for tram headstock tests and secondly by the tram headstock itself. Both the impactor and the headstock were placed on the experimental vehicle for tests of passive safety of rail vehicles. Various speeds were chosen so that the passenger car could be used for two subsequent experiments without the influence on properties of skeleton´s supporting structure.

scholarly journals Strategic Aspect of Knowledge Management

Organizacija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olja Arsenijević ◽  
Dragan Trivan ◽  
Iztok Podbregar ◽  
Polona Šprajc
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Point ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Tacit Knowledge Management

Abstract Background and Purpose: This paper analyses the strategic aspects of knowledge management in organizations in Serbia, from the theoretical and empirical point of view. In its theoretical part, the paper analyzes the latest literature in the fields of knowledge management, relations between communications strategyes and knowledge management, generations of knowledge management and organizational culture. Design/Methodology/Approach: In its empirical part, the paper deals with determining the level of knowledge management in Serbian organizations through diffrent generations of knowledge management, as well as the problem with explicit and tacit knowledge management. The hypotheses were tested using data colleted from organizatons in Serbia via questionnaire, which consisted of 50 questions to examine five key factors in knowledge management. Results: The results showed that out of 41 indicators, only eight are rated positively. Results of t-test indicate significant distinctions within factors affecting the quality of knowledge management, as well as differences in quality of explicit and tacit knowledge management, therefore they confirmed both hypotheses. Conclusion: The knowledge management projects in organizations in Serbia are initiated, as well as that belonging to the first generation of knowledge management can be defined.

The Air-to-air Missile Matra 530

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (701) ◽  
pp. 449-452
Author(s):  
J. E. Cadoux
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
High Performance ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ground Control ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Pure Pursuit ◽  
Very High ◽  
Pursuit Curve

The Matra 530 is currently called a second generation air-to-air missile. Indeed the first generation of air-to-air missiles was represented in France by the Nord 5103 which was command-guided, or the Matra 511 which was a semi-active, pure pursuit curve missile. In the second part of the 1950's the requirement was obvious for a sophisticated interception system capable of coping with the high and medium altitude threat represented by heavy and medium bombers. The destruction of this threat required a close link with an interception system composed of ground radars, ground control equipment, sophisticated high performance interceptor aircraft and, as a last link, a very high performance missile. From the French Air Force point of view, the two main characteristics of this missile as the last link of an interceptor system, were first its flexibility in different weather environment and counter measure environment; second, its capability to decrease to the maximum the penetration of the enemy bomber, which meant that the missile should be capable of attacking not only in the rear sector but also in frontal attack and in fact in all sectors around the attacking bomber.

The First Generation of Computers

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-142
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Primiero
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Universal Model ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Model Of Computation ◽  
Von Neumann Architecture

This chapter starts with the analysis of the engineering foundation of computing which, proceeding in parallelwith themathematical foundation, led to the design and creation of physical computingmachines. It illustrates the historical evolution of the first generation of computing and their technical foundation, known as the von Neumann architecture. Fromthe conceptual point of view, the chapter clarifies the relation between the universal model of computation and the construction of an all-purpose machine.

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