scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization, and Distribution of a Biocontrol Fungus from Cysts of Heterodera glycines

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Kim ◽  
R. D. Riggs ◽  
J. C. Correll
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Mt Dna ◽  
Cornmeal Agar ◽  
Mtdna Rflp

Seventy-six populations of Heterodera glycines were collected from 33 counties in 10 states of the United States along the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers in 1992 and 1993. A sterile hyphomycete fungus of an unnamed taxon, designated ARF18 and shown to be a parasite of eggs of H. glycines, was isolated from eggs and cysts of 10 of the populations from Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Ten isolates of ARF18 obtained in this study and seven isolates obtained in earlier studies were characterized for cultural morphology on several growth media, the ability to produce sclerotium-like structures (SLS) on cornmeal agar, growth rates, pathogenicity to eggs of H. glycines in vitro, and mitochondrial (mt) DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). All 17 isolates of ARF18 readily grew on potato dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, and nutrient agar. Based on colony morphology and SLS appearance on cornmeal agar, the isolates could be grouped into two morphological phenotypes. Isolates that produced SLS that were composed of a compact mass of hyphae were designated ARF18-C, whereas isolates that produced SLS composed of a mass of loosely clumped hyphae were designated ARF18-L. Only minor differences in growth rates were detected among the ARF18-C and ARF18-L isolates. All 10 ARF18-C isolates, which were from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, belonged to a single mtDNA RFLP haplotype. The seven ARF18-L isolates shared many comigrating mtDNA restriction fragments with one another, but belonged to three distinct mtDNA RFLP haplotypes. Ability to infect eggs of H. glycines in vitro varied considerably among the various isolates of ARF18. In particular, several of the ARF18-C isolates were consistently able to infect over 50% (mean = 70.0%, standard deviation = 16%) of the eggs of H. glycines, whereas ARF18-L infected eggs to a lesser degree (mean = 25%, standard deviation = 27%). ARF18-C was isolated only from H. glycines populations from below 37° N latitude. The presence of ARF18 was associated with soils with Mg levels <314 kg/ha, cyst numbers >4.5 per 100 cm3, and iron levels >203.5 kg/ha; or with Mg levels >314 kg/ha and Na levels <121 kg/ha. The widespread distribution of ARF18 and the ability of some isolates to aggressively colonize eggs of H. glycines are indications that it has potential as a biological control agent for H. glycines.

Bitter Rot of Apple in the Mid-Atlantic US: Causal Species and Evaluation of the Impacts of Regional Weather Patterns and Cultivar Susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip L. Martin ◽  
Teresa Krawczyk ◽  
Fatemeh Khodadadi ◽  
Srđan G. Aćimović ◽  
Kari Peter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Warming Trend ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Colletotrichum Species ◽  
Bitter Rot ◽  
Cultivar Susceptibility

Apple growers in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States have been reporting an increase in losses to bitter rot of apple and are requesting up-to-date management recommendations. Management is complicated by variations in apple cultivar susceptibility, temperature and rainfall, and biology of the Colletotrichum species that cause bitter rot. Over 500 apples with bitter rot were obtained from 38 orchards across the Mid-Atlantic and the causal species identified as C. fioriniae and C. nymphaeae of the C. acutatum species complex and C. chrysophilum, C. noveboracense, C. siamense, C. fructicola, C. henanense, and C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, the latter two being first reports. Species with faster in vitro growth rates at higher temperatures were more abundant in warmer regions of the Mid-Atlantic, while those with slower growth rates at higher temperatures were more abundant in cooler regions. Regional bloom dates are earlier and weather data shows a gradual warming trend that likely influenced, but was not necessarily the main cause of the recent increase in bitter rot in the region. A grower survey of apple cultivar susceptibility showed high variation, with the increase in acres planted to the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Honeycrisp’ broadly corresponding to the increase in reports of bitter rot. These results form a basis for future studies on the biology and ecology of the Colletotrichum species responsible, and suggest that integrated bitter rot management must begin with selection of less-susceptible apple cultivars.

scholarly journals Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65 Inhibits the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes on Cantaloupe Melons

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thao D. Tran ◽  
Celia Del Cid ◽  
Robert Hnasko ◽  
Lisa Gorski ◽  
Jeffery A. McGarvey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes high rates of hospitalization and mortality in people infected. Contamination of fresh, ready to eat produce by this pathogen is especially troubling because of the ability of this bacterium to grow on produce under refrigeration temperatures. In this study, we created a library of over 8,000 plant phyllosphere-associated bacteria and screened them for the ability to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes in an in vitro fluorescence-based assay. One isolate, later identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65, was able to inhibit the fluorescence of L. monocytogenes by >30-fold in vitro. B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 was also able to grow, persist, and reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes by >1.5 log CFU on cantaloupe melon rinds inoculated with 5 × 103 CFU at 30°C and was able to completely inhibit its growth at temperatures below 8°C. DNA sequence analysis of the B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 genome revealed six gene clusters that are predicted to encode genes for antibiotic production; however, no plant or human virulence factors were identified. These data suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 is an effective and safe biological control agent for the reduction of L. monocytogenes growth on intact cantaloupe melons and possibly other types of produce. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to cause disease in approximately 1,600 to 2,500 people in the United States every year. The largest known outbreak of listeriosis in the United States was associated with intact cantaloupe melons in 2011, resulting in 147 hospitalizations and 33 deaths. In this study, we demonstrated that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ALB65 is an effective biological control agent for the reduction of L. monocytogenes growth on intact cantaloupe melons under both pre- and postharvest conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that B. amyloliquefaciens ALB65 can completely inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes during cold storage (<8°C).

scholarly journals Biological Control of Fungal Diseases by Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum and Its Compatibility with Fungicides

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 598
Author(s):  
Brenda Sánchez-Montesinos ◽  
Mila Santos ◽  
Alejandro Moreno-Gavíra ◽  
Teresa Marín-Rodulfo ◽  
Francisco J. Gea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
La Mancha

Our purpose was to evaluate the ability of Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum as a biological control agent against diseases from fungal phytopathogens. Twelve isolates of T. aggressivum f. europaeum were obtained from several substrates used for Agaricus bisporus cultivation from farms in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Growth rates of the 12 isolates were determined, and their antagonistic activity was analysed in vitro against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Mycosphaerella melonis, and all isolates had high growth rates. T. aggressivum f. europaeum showed high antagonistic activity for different phytopathogens, greater than 80%, except for P. aphanidermatum at approximately 65%. The most effective isolate, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1, inhibited B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, and M. melonis growth by 100% in detached leaves assay and inhibited germination of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. Disease incidence and severity in plant assays for pathosystems ranged from 22% for F. solani to 80% for M. melonis. This isolate reduced the incidence of Podosphaera xanthii in zucchini leaves by 66.78%. The high compatibility by this isolate with fungicides could allow its use in combination with different pest management strategies. Based on the results, T. aggressivum f. europaeum TAET1 should be considered for studies in commercial greenhouses as a biological control agent.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

Repurposing N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMA), a Pharmaceutical Excipient, as a Prototype Novel Anti-inflammatory Agent for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Preterm Birth

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 989-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Gorasiya ◽  
Juliet Mushi ◽  
Ryan Pekson ◽  
Sabesan Yoganathan ◽  
Sandra E. Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Excipient ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Exciting Line ◽  
Pregnant Mice

Background: Preterm birth (PTB), or birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation, accounts for the majority of perinatal morbidity and mortality. As of 2016, PTB has an occurrence rate of 9.6% in the United States and accounts for up to 18 percent of births worldwide. Inflammation has been identified as the most common cause of PTB, but effective pharmacotherapy has yet to be developed to prevent inflammation driven PTB. Our group has discovered that N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), a readily available solvent commonly used as a pharmaceutical excipient, rescues lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced timed pregnant mice from PTB. Methods: We have used in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro approaches to investigate this compound further. Results: Interestingly, we found that DMA suppresses cytokine secretion by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In ongoing work in this exciting line of investigation, we are currently investigating structural analogs of DMA, some of them novel, to optimize this approach focused on the inflammation associated with PTB. Conclusion: Successful development of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of PTB rests upon the pursuit of multiple strategies to solve this important clinical challenge.

Review on the Clinical Pharmacology of Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate for the Treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Cui ◽  
Siqi Tu ◽  
Valerie Sia Jie En ◽  
Xiaobei Li ◽  
Xueting Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs

Background: As the number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infected people is greatly increasing worldwide, the international medical situation becomes very serious. Potential therapeutic drugs, vaccine and stem cell replacement methods are emerging, so it is urgent to find specific therapeutic drugs and the best treatment regimens. After the publications on hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with anti- SARS-COV-2 activity in vitro, a small, non-randomized, open-label clinical trial showed that HCQ treatment was significantly associated with reduced viral load in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Meanwhile, a large prophylaxis study of HCQ sulfate for COVID-19 has been initiated in the United States. HCQ offered a promising efficacy in the treatment of COVID-19, but the optimal administration is still being explored. Methods: We used the keyword "hydroxychloroquine" to conduct a literature search in PubMed to collect relevant literature on the mechanism of action of HCQ, its clinical efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetic characteristics, precautions for clinical use and drug interactions to extract and organize information. Results: This paper reviews the mechanism, clinical efficacy and safety, pharmacokinetic characteristics, exposureresponse relationship and precautions and drug interactions of HCQ, and summarizes dosage recommendations for HCQ sulfate. Conclusion: It has been proved that HCQ, which has an established safety profile, is effective against SARS-CoV-2 with sufficient pre-clinical rationale and evidence. Data from high-quality clinical trials are urgently needed worldwide.

scholarly journals C-Peptide as a Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Washburn ◽  
Karl Mueller ◽  
Gurvinder Kaur ◽  
Tanir Moreno ◽  
Naima Moustaid-Moussa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pancreatic Islet Transplantation ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Increased Risk

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex metabolic disease affecting one-third of the United States population. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, where the hormone insulin is either not produced sufficiently or where there is a resistance to insulin. Patients with Type 1 DM (T1DM), in which the insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune mechanisms, have a significantly increased risk of developing life-threatening cardiovascular complications, even when exogenous insulin is administered. In fact, due to various factors such as limited blood glucose measurements and timing of insulin administration, only 37% of T1DM adults achieve normoglycemia. Furthermore, T1DM patients do not produce C-peptide, a cleavage product from insulin processing. C-peptide has potential therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo on many complications of T1DM, such as peripheral neuropathy, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. Thus, delivery of C-peptide in conjunction with insulin through a pump, pancreatic islet transplantation, or genetically engineered Sertoli cells (an immune privileged cell type) may ameliorate many of the cardiovascular and vascular complications afflicting T1DM patients.

scholarly journals Photosensitizing Medications and Skin Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2344
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. George ◽  
Navya Baranwal ◽  
Jae H. Kang ◽  
Abrar A. Qureshi ◽  
Aaron M. Drucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Skin Cancer Risk ◽  
Number Of Patients

(1) The incidence of skin cancer is increasing in the United States (US) despite scientific advances in our understanding of skin cancer risk factors and treatments. In vitro and in vivo studies have provided evidence that suggests that certain photosensitizing medications (PSMs) increase skin cancer risk. This review summarizes current epidemiological evidence on the association between common PSMs and skin cancer. (2) A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify meta-analyses, observational studies and clinical trials that report on skin cancer events in PSM users. The associated risks of keratinocyte carcinoma (squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) and melanoma are summarized, for each PSM. (3) There are extensive reports on antihypertensives and statins relative to other PSMs, with positive and null findings, respectively. Fewer studies have explored amiodarone, metformin, antimicrobials and vemurafenib. No studies report on the individual skin cancer risks in glyburide, naproxen, piroxicam, chlorpromazine, thioridazine and nalidixic acid users. (4) The research gaps in understanding the relationship between PSMs and skin cancer outlined in this review should be prioritized because the US population is aging. Thus the number of patients prescribed PSMs is likely to continue to rise.

scholarly journals 1463. Activity of Delafloxacin against Multi-Drug-Resistant Fastidious Respiratory Pathogens from European Medical Centers (2014-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S733-S733
Author(s):  
Dee Shorttidge ◽  
Jennifer M Streit ◽  
Michael D Huband ◽  
Robert K Flamm
Keyword(s):  
Active Agent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Services Research ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Research Grant

Abstract Background Delafloxacin (DLX) is an anionic fluoroquinolone (FQ) that has been approved in the United States and in Europe for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and was recently approved in the US for treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). In the present study, in vitro susceptibility (S) results for DLX and comparator agents were determined for CABP pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN), Haemophilus influenzae (HI), H. parainfluenzae (HP) and Moraxella catarrhalis (MC) clinical isolates from European hospitals participating in the SENTRY Program during 2014-2019. Methods A total of 2,835 SPN, 1,484 HI, 959 MC, and 20 HP isolates were collected from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTI) during 2014-2019 from European hospitals. Sites included only 1 isolate/patient/infection episode. Isolate identifications were confirmed at JMI Laboratories. Susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI broth microdilution methodology, and EUCAST (2020) breakpoints were applied where applicable. Other antimicrobials tested included levofloxacin (LEV) and moxifloxacin (MOX; not tested in 2015). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) SPN isolates were categorized as being nonsusceptible (NS) to amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin (ERY), and tetracycline; other SPN phenotypes were ERY-NS, or penicillin (PEN)-NS. β-lactamase (BL) presence was determined for HI, HP, and MC. Results The activities of the 3 FQs are shown in the table. The most active agent against SPN was DLX, with the lowest MIC50/90 values of 0.015/0.03 mg/L. DLX activities were the same when tested against the MDR or PEN-NS for SPN phenotypes. ERY-NS isolates had DLX MIC50/90 results of 0.015/0.03 mg/L. DLX was the most active FQ against HI, HP, and MC. BL presence did not affect FQ MIC values for HI or MC; only 1 HP isolate was BL-positive. Conclusion DLX demonstrated potent in vitro antibacterial activity against SPN, HI, HP, and MC. DLX was active against MDR SPN that were NS to the agents commonly used as treatments for CABP. These data support the utility of DLX in CABP including when caused by antibiotic resistant strains. Table 1 Disclosures Jennifer M. Streit, BS, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)Allergan (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Research Grant or Support)Paratek Pharma, LLC (Research Grant or Support) Robert K. Flamm, PhD, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.R.L. (Research Grant or Support)Amplyx Pharmaceuticals (Research Grant or Support)Basilea Pharmaceutica International, Ltd (Research Grant or Support)Department of Health and Human Services (Research Grant or Support)Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Research Grant or Support)

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