Normal-Weight Abdominal Obesity

Abstract Background Weight fluctuation (WF) is highly prevalent in parallel with the high prevalence of intentional or unintentional dieting. The health risks of frequent WF for metabolic syndrome (MS) have become a public health concern, especially for health care providers who supervise dieting as an intervention to prevent obesity-related morbidity or to improve health, as well as for the general population for whom dieting is of interest. The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of WF on the risk of MS in Koreans. Methods This study analyzed secondary data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a 16-year prospective cohort study, on 8150 individuals using time-dependent Cox regression. Results WF did not increase the risk of MS in either normal-weight or obese subjects. In an analysis of the components of MS, greater WF significantly increased the risk of abdominal obesity (HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07, p < 0.001) in normal-weight individuals. However, WF did not increase the risk of hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, elevated blood pressure, or raised fasting glucose in normal-weight individuals, and it did not influence any of the components of MS in obese individuals. Conclusion Since WF was found to be a risk factor for abdominal obesity, which is the most reliable predictor of MS, it should be considered when addressing weight control. Further studies on cut-off points for the degree of weight loss in a certain period need to be conducted to help clinicians provide guidance on appropriate weight control.

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The prevalence of abdominal obesity is remarkable for underweightand normal weight adolescent girls*

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES ◽

10.3906/sag-1605-60 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 1191-1197 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nilüfer ACAR TEK ◽

Nevin ŞANLIER ◽

Duygu TÜRKÖZÜ

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Normal Weight

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Prevalence of Metabolically Obese, Normal-Weight Individuals and Its Dietary Patterns Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study in Thai Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1464-1464

Author(s):

Hung Nguyen Ngoc ◽

Wantanee Kriengsinyos ◽

Nipa Rojroongwasinkul ◽

Wichai Aekplakorn

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Normal Body Mass Index ◽

Health Examination ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Metabolically Obese Normal Weight

Abstract Objectives Metabolically obese normal weight (MONW) individuals are subjects who have a normal body mass index (BMI), but manifest obesity-related metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nevertheless, the prevalence and correlation between MONW and dietary patterns have not been fully explored in Thais. This study aimed to investigate the national prevalence of MONW, determine which dietary patterns are consumed in Thai normal-weight adults and to identify whether those patterns were associated with the risk of MetS and its features. Methods Total 6899 Thais ≥18 years with normal BMI (18.5–22.9 kg/m2) were obtained from the Thai National Health Examination Survey IV. Sociodemographic, eating-habits, anthropometric, blood pressure and biochemical parameters were measured. MONW was diagnosed by the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III within normal BMI. Dietary patterns were determined by means of factor analysis, and were evaluated by multiple logistic regressions for its association with MONW. Results Overall, the weighted prevalence of MONW was 9.9% (95% CI: 9.1–10.6%), particularly, the MONW prevalence was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.5–8.0%) and 13.1% (95% CI: 11.6–14.7%) in male and female respectively. Three major dietary patterns were distinguished: “westernized”, “healthy” and “carbohydrate” patterns. After controlling for potential confounders, compared with the lowest quartile, individuals in the highest quartile of the westernized and carbohydrate pattern were connected with the greater risk of MONW (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.25–2.17, P < 0.001) and (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.19–2.08, P < 0.05) respectively, whereas subjects in the fourth quartile of healthy pattern reduce the risk of MONW and its components, except for elevated blood pressure and hyperglycemia (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50–0.92 for MONW, P < 0.05; OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.28–0.68 for abdominal obesity, P < 0.001; OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49–0.81 for hypertriglyceridemia, P < 0.001; OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.82 for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], P < 0.01). Conclusions In Thai normal-weight adults, high consumption of whole grains, fruits, beans, juices, and dairy products is connected with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and its features, i.e., lower risk of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C. Funding Sources This research received no funding.

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Effect of Testosterone Synthesis and Conversion on Serum Testosterone Levels in Obese Men

Hormone and Metabolic Research ◽

10.1055/a-0658-7712 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 50 (09) ◽

pp. 661-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xiaolin Xu ◽

Lei Wang ◽

Dandan Luo ◽

Meijie Zhang ◽

Shuhong Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Regulatory Protein ◽

Serum Testosterone ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Normal Diet ◽

Synthetic Enzymes ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Normal Men ◽

Testosterone Synthesis

AbstractObesity is associated with decreased testosterone levels in males. Testosterone is synthesized by testosterone synthetic enzymes, which are stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH). Testosterone can also be converted to estradiol via the aromatase. The objective of this study was to examine the factors related to testosterone synthesis and conversion, and to systematically evaluate the key processes that influence testosterone levels in male obesity. Three hundred and two male subjects (aged 25–45 years old) were divided according to BMI into normal weight (18.5–23.9 kg/m2), overweight (24–27.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥28 kg/m2) groups; or divided following WHR into non-abdominal obesity and abdominal obesity groups (WHR: ≥0.9). Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity group. Serum sex hormones and aromatase levels were measured using ELISAs. Testosterone synthetic enzymes in the testes were measured by qRT-PCR. The testosterone levels in obese men and abdominal obesity men were lower than normal men. In abdominal obesity men serum LH levels were decreased and associated with testosterone levels after multivariate regression analysis. Serum aromatase levels were increased in abdominal obesity males. In mice, compared to the ND group, the HFD group had decreased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). However, aromatase levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue were higher in the ND group than HFD group. In conclusion, according to this study decreased testicular synthesis function and the conversion of testosterone may explain the reduction in testosterone levels in male obesity, and the decrease of testicular synthesis may change first.

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Dietary habits and physical activity: Which influence on abdominal fat deposition in children and adolescents?

Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.3233/mnm-200407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 215-223

Author(s):

Rachele De Giuseppe ◽

Valeria Calcaterra ◽

Ginevra Biino ◽

Noelia Rodriguez ◽

Anna Gerbaldo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Abdominal Fat ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Fat Deposition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Abdominal Fat Deposition

BACKGROUND: Prevention of childhood obesity is recommended throughout interventions aiming at enhancing healthy dietary habits (DH) and increasing physical activity (PA). OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study aimed at investigating DH and PA, in a sample of Italian children/adolescents. METHODS: We evaluated DH and PA by means of a previously validated questionnaire in 178 children/adolescents (88F/90M, 11.8±2.6 years): 49 normal weight (NW), 76 overweight (OW) and 53 with obesity (OB). Abdominal obesity was defined as Waist to Height Ratio (WHeR) >0.5. RESULTS: DH did not differ in NW subjects compared to OW and OB but higher PA score (p = 0.001) was observed in NW than OW and OB. No association was found between DH and WHeR, unlike PA. Four clusters of subjects were identified that could be defined by DH and PA; only one cluster, defined by PA, showed a significantly lower WHeR within subjects playing sports at least 3–4 hours/week. Moreover, subjects belonging to this cluster did not skip the main meals, eat a varied diet and drank milk at breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample PA performed at least 3–4 hours/week is inversely associated with abdominal fat deposition and is expected to positively impact health, protecting from abdominal obesity.

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Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated with Increased Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1106 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

María Correa-Rodríguez ◽

Katherine González-Ruíz ◽

David Rincón-Pabón ◽

Mikel Izquierdo ◽

Antonio García-Hermoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Mass ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Cardiometabolic Risk ◽

Large Population ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Low Hdl ◽

Normal Weight Obesity

Normal-weight obesity (NWO) has been shown to be associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction. However, little is known regarding this potential relationship in early adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between NWO and cardiometabolic risk factors in a large population of Colombian young adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1354 subjects (61% women), aged from 18 to 30. Anthropometric data, including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), were estimated, and the percentage of fat mass was measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Muscular fitness was determined by using a handgrip strength test and normalized grip strength (NGS = handgrip (kg)/body mass (kg)). A cardiometabolic risk Z-score was derived by assessing WC, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and systolic blood pressure. NWO was defined by the combination of excess %BF (over 25.5% for men and 38.9% for women) and a BMI < 25 kg/m2. The overall prevalence of NWO was 29.1%. Subjects with NWO have an increased risk of cardiometabolic risk compared to the normal-weight lean group (OR = 3.10). Moreover, NWO was associated with an increased risk of presenting low HDL-C (OR = 2.34), high abdominal obesity (OR = 7.27), and low NGS (OR = 3.30), p < 0.001. There is a high prevalence of NWO in American Latin young adults and this condition is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk, high blood pressure, low HDL-C, high abdominal obesity, and low muscular strength early in life. Screening for adiposity in subjects with a normal BMI could help to identify young adults at a high risk of cardiometabolic abnormalities.

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General and central obesity operate differently as predictors of falls requiring medical care in older women: a population-based cohort study in Spain

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afaa164 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ygor Hermenegildo-López ◽

Helena Sandoval-Insausti ◽

Carolina Donat-Vargas ◽

Jose Ramón Banegas ◽

Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Medical Care ◽

Older Women ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Regression Models ◽

Population Based ◽

Normal Weight ◽

General Obesity ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Overweight Women

Abstract Objectives to examine the association of general and abdominal obesity with falls, falls requiring medical care and falls with fractures in older women. Design a population-based prospective cohort of 1,185 women aged ≥60 in Spain, followed up from 2008 to 2010 through 2012. Measures weight, height and waist circumference were measured at baseline using standardised techniques. Participants were classified according to body mass index as normal weight (<25), overweight (25–29.9) and general obesity (≥30). Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference >88 cm. In 2012, participants reported the falls experienced in the previous year. Logistic regression models were mutually adjusted for general and abdominal obesity and for main confounders. Results in this cohort of older women, a total of 336 women experienced falls, 168 of them had falls requiring medical care and 64 falls with fractures. For falls, no association was found with general obesity nor abdominal obesity. However, compared with normal weight, overweight women had a decreased risk for falls requiring medical care [odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.94] and for falls with fractures (OR 0.27; 95% CI 0.12–0.63). The corresponding values for general obesity were 0.44 (0.24–0.81) and 0.30 (0.11–0.82). Abdominal obesity was positively associated with falls requiring medical care (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.12–2.94) and falls with fractures (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.18–6.44). Conclusions in older women, general obesity may protect from falls requiring medical care and falls with fractures. On the contrary, abdominal obesity increased the risk of suffering from types of falls.

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Response of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis to High-Protein/Fat and High-Carbohydrate Meals in Women with Different Obesity Phenotypes

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.87.8.8718 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

pp. 3984-3988 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Valentina Vicennati ◽

Luana Ceroni ◽

Lorenza Gagliardi ◽

Alessandra Gambineri ◽

Renato Pasquali

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Hpa Axis ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

High Carbohydrate

Subjects with abdominal obesity are characterized by hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Food intake, particularly at noon, is a well-known inducer of HPA axis activation. Whether obese subjects present an abnormal response to meals containing different macronutrient proportions is at present unknown. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of a high-lipid/protein meal (HLP-meal) and a high-carbohydrate meal (HCHO-meal) on the HPA axis activity in women with different obesity phenotypes. Nondepressed, noncomplicated obese (body mass index greater than 28 kg/m2) women with abdominal (A-BFD) (n = 10) and peripheral body fat distribution (P-BFD) (n = 9) and a group of 11 normal-weight controls were investigated in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. They were randomly given an 800-kcal HCHO-meal (containing 89% carbohydrates, 11% proteins, 0% lipids), and an 800-kcal HLP-meal (containing 53% lipids, 43% proteins, 4% carbohydrates), which were eaten within 15 min at noon, with an interval of 2 d between each meal. Blood samples for ACTH, cortisol, glucose, and insulin were obtained at 15-min intervals before and after each meal. Baseline hormone and glucose concentrations in the three groups were similar. After the HLP-meal, ACTH tended to similarly but insignificantly increase in all groups, whereas cortisol increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the P-BFD group and insignificantly in the other groups. Conversely, both ACTH and cortisol significantly (P < 0.05) increased only in the A-BFD group, without any significant changes in both controls and P-BFD women. The analysis of the interaction between meals and groups clearly indicated that the cortisol response to the HLP-meal and the HCHO-meal was significantly different (P < 0.025) between the two obese groups, the A-BFD group being characterized by a significantly lower response to the HLP-meal and a significantly higher response to the HCHO-meal, compared with the P-BFD group. Considering all groups together and after adjusting for body mass index, a highly significant relationship was found between cortisol-area under the curve and ACTH-area under the curve after each meal test. However, no relationships were found between changes in ACTH and cortisol and those of glucose, insulin, and the glucose:insulin ratio after each meal. Therefore, our data demonstrate that the response of the HPA axis to meals containing different macronutrient proportions may depend on the pattern of body fat distribution. We also suggest that the activation of the HPA axis following the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates may have some pathophysiological relevance, specifically in women with the abdominal obesity phenotype.

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Glucose homeostasis in abdominal obesity: hepatic hyperresponsiveness to growth hormone action

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.00375.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 287 (1) ◽

pp. E63-E68 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. M. Buijs ◽

J. A. Romijn ◽

J. Burggraaf ◽

M. L. de Kam ◽

M. Frölich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Hormone ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Glucose Production ◽

Endogenous Glucose Production ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obese Women ◽

Gh Secretion

It has been suggested that (abdominally) obese individuals are hypersensitive to growth hormone (GH) action. Because GH affects glucose metabolism, this may impact glucose homeostasis in abdominal obesity. Therefore, we studied the effect of GH on glucose metabolism in abdominally obese (OB) and normal-weight (NW) premenopausal women. A 1-h intravenous infusion of GH or placebo was randomly administered to six NW [body mass index (BMI) 21.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2] and six OB (BMI 35.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2) women in a crossover design. Insulin, glucagon, and GH secretion were suppressed by concomitant infusion of somatostatin. Glucose kinetics were measured using a 10-h infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose. In both groups, similar physiological GH peaks were reached by infusion of GH. GH strongly stimulated endogenous glucose production (EGP) in both groups. The percent increase was significantly greater in OB than in NW women (29.8 ± 11.3 vs. 13.3 ± 7.4%, P = 0.014). Accordingly, GH responsiveness, defined as the maximum response of EGP per unit GH, was increased in OB vs. NW subjects (6.0 ± 2.1 vs. 2.2 ± 1.5 μmol·min−1·mU−1·l−1, P = 0.006). These results suggest that the liver is hyperresponsive to GH action in abdominally obese women. The role of the somatotropic ensemble in the control of glucose homeostasis in abdominal obesity is discussed.

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The Association Between Parity and Metabolically Unhealthy Normal-Weight in Chinese Postmenopausal Women

10.21203/rs.3.rs-91685/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mengte Shi ◽

Xinhe Zhou ◽

Chao Zheng ◽

Youjin Pan

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Age At Menarche ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Drinking Status ◽

Chinese Postmenopausal Women

Abstract BackgroundStudies analyzing the association between parity and metabolically unhealthy normal-weight (MUHNW) individuals in postmenopausal women remain limited, this study aimed to explore the association between parity and MUHNW among Chinese postmenopausal women.MethodsIn total, 776 normal-weight undiagnosed type 2 diabetes postmenopausal women who visited the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University for a routine health check-up between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019 were included in the study. All individuals had fully completed information records encompassing standardized electronic medical records, physical examinations, and biochemical measurements. The association between parity and MUHNW was analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsCompared to women with a parity of one, the odds ratios (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] of the parity 2, 3, and ≥4 groups were observed to be 1.40 (0.89, 2.20), 2.00 (1.16, 3.44) and 1.87 (0.96, 3.62), respectively, with P for trend < 0.05 after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Women with a higher parity (≥3) had an increased OR of abdominal obesity, while the OR (95% CI) of the parity 3 group was 2.54 (1.46, 4.40) and that of the parity 4 group was 4.25 (2.11, 8.56), the P for trend < 0.001 after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), education level, first-degree relatives of patients with diabetes, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activity, pregnancy losses, age at menarche, and duration of reproductive years. No significant differences were detected for other metabolic disorders including high levels of triglycerides (TG), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in different parity groups.ConclusionHigher parity was associated with a higher risk of MUHNW in Chinese postmenopausal women. Accordingly, it may be plausible that parity serves as a risk factor for metabolic disorders irrespective of BMI, and abdominal obesity may play an important role in metabolic disorders.

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