The Royal Society’s role in the diffusion of information in the seventeenth century

1975 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-192 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Prime Factor ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Diffusion Of Information ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Looking Back

THE modern scientist or historian looking back at the first quarter-century of The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge (to give it its original full name, for once), sees an organization of scientists and lovers of science which successfully fostered, encouraged and honoured the best scientific brains of a seminal period in science, when an extraordinary number of these brains were English. It is not easy to decide which among its many aims was responsible for its noted success, nor is it necessary to assume that a simple analysis would suffice. Many would see the prime factor to lie in its adherence to principles of experimental science; others to its bringing together of diverse kinds of men and the encouragement of virtuosi everywhere; others to the social background of the age (2). One, possibly minor but nevertheless important factor, was its role in diffusing information throughout the world of learning, and its encouragement to Fellows and non-Fellows alike to communicate to the world the information they possessed and the discoveries they had made.

Cities and Industry, Sewage and Waste

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Cumbler
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Common People ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
New Britain ◽  
Looking Back

In 1886, James Olcott, a farmer, “having been bred in the old anti-slavery reform,” gave a speech before the Agricultural Board of Connecticut. Recalling an earlier age, he encouraged his audience and “the common people” of Connecticut to “agitate, agitate,” in order to “cleanse” the state of the “social evil” of the pollution “by sewage from families and factories, festering in every pool, and mill pond—formerly trout holes.” Olcott reminded the farmers that “our best hold on polluted streams reform lies in the fact that the mischief has brought on us its calamitous consequences in this country with such rapidity that men and women too not very greyhaired and in full bodily and mental vigor can shut their eyes and review the whole matter from its beginning.” The history Olcott conjured up was the transformation of a clean, clear environment from “one of the most salubrious to one of the worst in the world.” The change was intimately linked to the rise of industrial cities like Bellows Falls, Chicopee, Hartford, New Britain, and Holyoke. Although Olcott’s remembrance of the past was partly colored by romantic notions of a purer age, the pollution he pointed to was indeed a problem of growing obviousness and concern. Reflecting the rapid change that had occurred over the last quarter century, the Massachusetts State Board of Health complained that with the growth of densely populated industrial cities, the old habits of disposing of waste contributed to “a large part of the filth in our state,” and that “often the water which is used for domestic purposes [is disposed of] by being thrown upon the surface of the ground, or collected in loosewalled vaults and cesspools,” which might have been acceptable in a rural community but caused concern in the new industrial cities. As the New Hampshire Board of Health noted in 1887, looking back over the last few decades, “when men mass, . . . the conditions at once become aggravated. . . . Man comes in with his artificial constructions and sweeps away much of this economy of nature.”

scholarly journals Polylinguism and multiculturalism in the communication and educational space

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Tatyana Lipai ◽  
Evgeniya Khinevich
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Professional Communication ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linguistic Material

The problems of the relationship between language and society attract the attention of researchers from different countries representing various scientific areas: philosophy, history, biology, linguistics, theology, pedagogy, psychology, etc. This study actualizes the sociological approach to the study of the social determinants of the formation of polylingualism as a means of professional communication. According to the sociological results, about 70% of the world's population, to one degree or another, speaks two or more languages, which imposes additional obligations on workers providing international professional communications (Beacco, 2002). Modern multilingual interaction should not be one-sidedly understood only as a borrowing of professional foreign language terminology. It includes the social background of the linguistic material: traditions, mimic and pantomimic codes, the national picture of the world - and becomes the most important factor in professionalization. Methods of systemic and functional analysis, comparison. generalization and collection of empirical data (expert interviews, content analysis).

The Ecological Century

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barton Worthington
Keyword(s):  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Tropics

The historical perspective is becoming ever more important in scientific research and development—especially in regions of rapid political and social change, such as former colonial empires, where the past is readily forgotten. Therefore this essay attempts to reconstruct the evolution of Ecology as the scientific basis for environmental conservation and human progress, as seen through the eyes of a biologist who has exercised that science during a number of tasks in various parts of the world over most of the twentieth century.From its beginnings in evolutionary thinking during the nineteenth century, ecology emerged from natural history at the beginning of the twentieth. At first the running was made by botanists; but this was soon followed by zoologists, who dealt with more mobile communities. The first quarter-century was mainly exploratory; the second was mainly descriptive (although biological exploration was still dominant in the tropics). The third quarter saw ecology developing into an experimental science, and, as the environmental revolution got into its stride, ecology became organized both nationally and internationally.Although the term is now often misused and sometimes misunderstood by laymen, the last quarter-century is seeing the wide application of ecology in environmental and human affairs, and this gives some assurance that the twenty-first century will not become one of chaos. The Author expresses the hope that experienced practising ecologists will in future give higher priority to applying what they already know than to learning more and more about less and less.

scholarly journals PROFIL SASTRAWAN KAMPUS UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA

LITERA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suminto A. Sayuti ◽  
Else Liliani ◽  
Kusmarwanti Kusmarwanti
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Social Background ◽  
State University ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Energy

AbstrakKampus berfungsi tidak hanya sebagai jembatan untuk mencapai pendidikan tinggi, namun juga wahana untuk mengembangkan kompetensi individu, termasuk dalam bidang sastra. Sastrawan-sastrawan muda atau yang bertumbuh ketika menempuh pendidikan di perguruan tinggi atau kampus ini biasa disebut sastrawan kampus. Ppenelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasikan latar belakang sosial, ideologi, profesionalisme kepengarangan, dan posisi sosilal  sastrawan kampus FBS UNY khasanah sastra Indonesia. Penelitian  ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologis dengan fokus penelitian pada sastrawan kampus yang aktif menulis prosa (novel dan cerpen) di Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni UNY. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. Pertama, sastrawan kampus Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta sebagian besar berasal dari suku Jawa. Sastrawan kampus lebih banyak didominasi lelaki.  Umumnya, sastrawan kampus memiliki latar belakang keluarga yang berkorelasi dengan dunia pendidikan. Kedua, sastrawan kampus umumnya lebih memilih memperhatikan hal-hal yang dianggap sering diabaikan dalam kehidupan untuk ditulis dalam karya mereka. Idealisme mengenai nilai-nilai otentik yang berbenturan dengan nilai pragmatisme masyarakat menjadi energi besar yang menggerakkan sastrawan-sastrawan kampus untuk menulis. Ketiga, sastrawan-sastrawan kampus umumnya tidak menjadikan menulis sebagai profesi utama mereka. Menulis adalah kerja sampingan. Sastrawan kampus tidak bergantung pada patronase tertentu.  Keempat, beberapa sastrawan kampus memiliki posisi yang cukup penting dalam sastra Indonesia. Posisi ini dipengaruhi oleh produktivitas karya, promosi dan publikasi, serta jejaring yang dimiliki. Semakin banyak karya yang dihasilkan dan dipublikasikan secara massif di berbagai media, maka penulis karya tersebut akan semakin dikenal oleh masyarakat.Kata kunci: profil, sastrawan kampus, sosiologi pengarang   Abstract               The aims of this study are: (1) to identify the social background of campus writers, (2) to explain the social ideology of campus writer, (3) to explain the professionalism of campus writer, and (4) to map the social position of FBS UNY campus writers in Indonesian literature. This research is a fenomenological qualitative research with a focus of research on campus writers who are active in writing prose (novels and short stories) in the Faculty of Language and Arts of UNY, using the author's sociology approach. The research subjects were selected purposively, namely Herlinatiens, Kedung Darma Romansha, Eko Triono, Muhammad Qadhafi, and Kun Anindito. Data collection techniques used in interviews, searches and studies of campus literary works, as well as news searches in various media. The validity used is expertjudgment, while the reliability of the data is triangulation between researchers and sources. The results of the study show: (1) most of the Yogyakarta State University campus writers are from Javanese. Campus writers are dominated by men. Generally, campus writers have a family background that correlates with the world of education, except Kedung Dharma. (2) Campus writers generally prefer to pay attention to things that are considered often ignored in life to be written in their work. Idealism about authentic values that collide with the pragmatism of the community becomes a great energy that motivates campus writers to write. (3) Campus writers generally do not make writing their main profession. Writing is a side job. Campus writers do not depend on certain patronage. (5) Some campus writers have quite important positions in Indonesian literature. This position is influenced by the productivity of works, promotions and publications, and the networks that are owned. The more massive work produced and published in various media, the writer of the work will be increasingly known by the public.Keywords: profile, campus writer, author’s sociology approach

scholarly journals A Wholesome Horror: The Stigmas of Leprosy in 19th Century Hawaii

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Amundson ◽  
Akira Ruddle-Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Prime Factor ◽  
Social Influences ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Race And Racism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Village

<p>The village of Kalaupapa on Moloka'i is well known as the site of legally enforced exile for people in Hawaii with the disease of leprosy. Hawaii was the first nation in the world to institute such a treatment. Less well understood are the social influences that were seen to justify such a harsh treatment of so vulnerable a group of people. Race (and racism) was one influence, as was the fear of contagion. But equally significant was the social stigma produced by Western perceptions of the bodily differences of people with leprosy. Evidence from the Western press shows that the stigma produced by the perceived 'loathsomeness' of the symptoms of leprosy was a prime factor in the exile law. That stigma directly harmed not only people with leprosy, but also their friends and family who supported them.</p>

scholarly journals A social subject’s identity in everydayness: a reflection on waldenfels’s legacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 03047
Author(s):  
Tatiana Fanenshtil ◽  
Olga Ivenkova
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

Bernhard Waldenfels formulates the concept of everydayness as a “crucible of rationality”, in which everydayness is viewed as a social boundary and non-reflective social background of the subject’s interactions with the world of social reality. We explore the potential of everydayness in the detection of the identity of a social subject and rethink Waldenfels’s concept of everydayness. The research method is a phenomenological analysis. In everyday activities of the subject, structures of the humanity’s material culture are replicated and changed. The role of everydayness is growing in the modern world, along with the subjective role of a particular individual. The identification of the social subject in everydayness occurs at the level of natural and social corporeality, which is provided by the heuristics of the adaptive response to the transformation of social processes in the context of the subject’s everyday interactions. Everydayness is represented as constituent and constructive modes of the social being of the subject.

The Icon Project

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Sklair
Keyword(s):  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Capitalist Control

In the last quarter century, a new form of iconic architecture has appeared throughout the world's major cities. Typically designed by globe-trotting "starchitects" or by a few large transnational architectural firms, these projects are almost always funded by the private sector in the service of private interests. Whereas in the past monumental architecture often had a strong public component, the urban ziggurats of today are emblems and conduits of capitalist globalization. In The Icon Project, Leslie Sklair focuses on ways in which capitalist globalization is produced and represented all over the world, especially in globalizing cities. Sklair traces how the iconic buildings of our era-elaborate shopping malls, spectacular museums, and vast urban megaprojects--constitute the triumphal "Icon Project" of contemporary global capitalism, promoting increasing inequality and hyperconsumerism. Two of the most significant strains of iconic architecture--unique icons recognized as works of art, designed by the likes of Gehry, Foster, Koolhaas, and Hadid, as well as successful, derivative icons that copy elements of the starchitects' work--speak to the centrality of hyperconsumerism within contemporary capitalism. Along with explaining how the architecture industry organizes the social production and marketing of iconic structures, he also shows how corporations increasingly dominate the built environment and promote the trend towards globalizing, consumerist cities. The Icon Project, Sklair argues, is a weapon in the struggle to solidify capitalist hegemony as well as reinforce transnational capitalist control of where we live, what we consume, and how we think.

Epilogue

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Experimental Science ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Natural Knowledge ◽  
Individual Work ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Looking Back

The pages of this volume bear eloquent testimony to the impetus which the early Fellows gave to experimental science both by their individual work and by the warm spirit of fellowship that bound them together from the days of their earliest meetings. These usually ended in a convivial meal, a tradition that has been perpetuated in the Royal Society Club. Looking back over the three centuries it is pertinent to survey in this Epilogue the contributions the Fellowship has made to ‘the Improving of Natural Knowledge’ and to ask how far it has attained the objectives of the founders. Those centuries have seen a continuous growth of the stream of scientific knowledge, towards which every country is now contributing. They have witnessed the gradual emergence of individual sciences, each with its own disciplines and techniques, as all that knowledge became organized in systematic form. With that went hand in hand the inception of scientific faculties in the universities as centres of teaching and research. Most important of all have been those major episodes in the advance when some new conception has revolutionized men’s way of thinking. And lastly there has been the gradual realization of Bacon’s vision ‘the achieving of all things possible’, in the application of new knowledge and ideas to the improving of men’s way of living. What contributions has the Society made to all of this?

scholarly journals Diabetic care and religious bound dietary pattern

2013 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 094-095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Dietary Pattern ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Patient Needs ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Endocrine Disorder ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Diabetic Care

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder that can be seen around the world. The management of diabetic patient needs a holistic approach. The concern on the social background of the patients is required. In this short article, the author discusses on the diabetic care in the context of religious bound dietary pattern.

scholarly journals MakingOrganizationmatter: looking back and looking ahead

Organization ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Cheney ◽  
Daniel J. Lair ◽  
Brenden E. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Organizational Studies ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Positive Difference ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Level Of Analysis ◽  
Looking Back

This article calls upon scholars of organizational studies to take more active roles in confronting and addressing the social, political, economic and environmental problems of today. The article begins with the observation that the birth of organizational studies was deeply concerned with changes, problems and opportunities in an increasingly ‘organized’ world and argues that our studies should not abstract organizing from the world but use our conceptual and practical tools to engage the world fully. We offer six contemporary challenges for (critical) organizational studies in a global society: abstraction and virtuality, diversity and homogeneity, distinctiveness and linkage, boundaries and limits, transformations of labour/work and trust and cynicism. The article urges readers to consider in more specific terms how their work can not only illuminate these issues but also offer something practical, at whatever location or level of analysis, to make a positive difference in pedagogy, scholarship and wider community involvement.

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