scholarly journals Phylogeny affects host's weight, immune response and parasitism in damselflies and dragonflies

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 160421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaakko J. Ilvonen ◽  
Jukka Suhonen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Water Mite ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dragonfly Species

Host–parasite interactions are an intriguing part of ecology, and understanding how hosts are able to withstand parasitic attacks, e.g. by allocating resources to immune defence, is important. Damselflies and dragonflies show a variety of parasitism patterns, but large-scale comparative immune defence studies are rare, and it is difficult to say what the interplay is between their immune defence and parasitism. The aim of this study was to find whether there are differences in immune response between different damselfly and dragonfly species and whether these could explain their levels of gregarine and water mite parasitism. Using an artificial pathogen, a piece of nylon filament, we measured the encapsulation response of 22 different damselfly and dragonfly species and found that (i) there are significant encapsulation differences between species, (ii) body mass has a strong association with encapsulation and parasite prevalences, (iii) body mass shows a strong phylogenetic signal, whereas encapsulation response and gregarine and water mite prevalences show weak signals, and (iv) associations between the traits are affected by phylogeny. We do not know what the relationship is between these four traits, but it seems clear that phylogeny plays a role in determining parasitism levels of damselflies and dragonflies.

scholarly journals The Significance of Shocks in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Recipients

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Li ◽  
Amit Kaura ◽  
Nicholas Sunderland ◽  
Paramdeep S Dhillon ◽  
Paul A Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Shock Therapy ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
The Relationship

Large-scale implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) trials have unequivocally shown a reduction in mortality in appropriately selected patients with heart failure and depressed left ventricular function. However, there is a strong association between shocks and increased mortality in ICD recipients. It is unclear if shocks are merely a marker of a more severe cardiovascular disease or directly contribute to the increase in mortality. The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between ICD shocks and mortality, and explore possible mechanisms. Data examining the effect of shocks in the absence of spontaneous arrhythmias as well as studies of non-shock therapy and strategies to reduce shocks are analysed to try and disentangle the shocks versus substrate debate.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Association between Hypertention & Body Mass Index in Patients Visiting at Department of Medicine Pmch Nawabshah

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Sikander Ali Sial ◽  
Jagdesh Kumar ◽  
Attia Ayoob ◽  
Anwar Ali Jamali ◽  
Amir Hamzo Dahri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Hypertension is a common health issue all over the world; increased Body Mass Index (BMI) is alone one strong risk factor for the HTN. Objective: To assess the relationship between HTN & BMI in patients visited at department of Medicine PMCH Nawabshah. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at PMC Hospital Nawabshah during March 2019 to February 2020. Sample size was 385. This study was conducted after ethical approval of institutional committee and willing male and female subjects with hypertension were included in present study after consent. Age ranges from 15 years and above. Those having other co morbidities like, DM, IHD, stroke and other metabolic and endocrine disorders were excluded from the study. Patients with history of drugs causing weight gain were also excluded. Results: there were total 385 subjects included, 130 were females and 245 were males1:2 ratio of female and male. Mean age of patients was 46.50 sd ± 8.65 years, mean BMI was 26.18 sd ± 4.73, mean systolic HTN was158.35sd ± 30.40 and mean diastolic blood pressure was 95.75 sd ± 12.91 mmHg. Conclusion: There is strong association between hypertension and BMI, as the BMI will increase the risk of HTN will increase.

scholarly journals CHRONIC CHAGASIC CARDIOPATHY: THE PRODUCT OF A TURBULENT HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIP

1997 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Lourdes HIGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Infiltrate ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Host Parasite Relationship ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Indeterminate Form ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

The pathogenesis of chronic chagasic cardiopathy is still a debated matter. In this review, the main theories raised about it since the first description of the disease in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, are considered. The scarcity of T.cruzi parasites into the myocardium and the apparent lack of correlation between their presence and the occurrence of myocardial inflammatory infiltrate, have originated many theories indicating that chronic Chagas' cardiopathy is an autoimmune disease. Recently however, papers using immunohistochemical technique or PCR have demonstrated a strong association between moderate or severe myocarditis and presence of T.cruzi Ags, indicating a direct participation of the parasite in the genesis of chronic chagasic myocarditis. Different patterns of cytokine production seem to have important role in the outcome of the disease. Participation of the microcirculatory alterations and fibrosis as well as the relationship with the parasite are also emphasized. Finally, the author suggests that the indeterminate form of the disease occurs when the host immunological response against the parasite is more efficient while the chronic cardiopathy occurs in patients with hyperergic and inefficient immune response

scholarly journals Variation and covariation in infectivity, virulence and immunodepression in the host–parasite association Gammarus pulex – Pomphorhynchus laevis

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1676) ◽  
pp. 4229-4236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Cornet ◽  
Nathalie Franceschi ◽  
Loïc Bollache ◽  
Thierry Rigaud ◽  
Gabriele Sorci
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Acanthocephalan Parasite ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Immune Depression

Parasites often manipulate host immunity for their own benefit, either by exacerbating or suppressing the immune response and this may directly affect the expression of parasite virulence. However, genetic variation in immunodepression, which is a prerequisite to its evolution, and the relationship between immunodepression and virulence, have rarely been studied. Here, we investigated the variation among sibships of the acanthocephalan parasite, Pomphorhynchus laevis , in infecting and in immunodepressing its amphipod host, Gammarus pulex . We also assessed the covariation between infectivity, parasite-induced immune depression and host mortality (parasite virulence). We found that infectivity, the intensity of immunodepression and virulence were variable among parasite sibships. Infectivity and the level of immunodepression were not correlated across parasite sibships. Whereas infectivity was unrelated to host mortality, we found that gammarids that were exposed to the parasite sibships that immunodepressed their hosts the most survived better. This positive covariation between host survival and immunodepression suggests that gammarids exposed to the less immunodepressive parasites could suffer from damage imposed by a higher activity of the phenoloxidase.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

Relationship between Leptin Concentration in Cord Blood and Foetal Growth and Maternal Anthropometry of GDM Mothers at Delivery

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
S Jahan ◽  
TR Das ◽  
KB Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Cord Serum ◽  
The Relationship

Background and Aims: Cord blood leptin may reflect the leptinemic status of a newborn at birth more accurately than the leptin values of blood collected from other sites. The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship of cord serum leptin concentration at birth with neonatal and maternal anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods: Blood was taken from the umbilical cord of the babies at delivery. Maternal anthropometric measurements were recorded at admission for delivery. Neonatal anthropometric measurements were recorded within 48 hours after delivery. Linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between cord serum leptin concentration and anthropometric parameters of the baby and the mother. Both Serum leptin and serum C-peptide levels were measured by chemiluminescence-based ELISA method. Results: The leptin concentration (ng/ml, mean±SD) in cord blood was 39.13±14.44. Cord leptin levels correlated with birth weight (r=0.673, p<0.0001), ponderal index (r=0.732, p<0.0001) but it did not correlate with maternal body mass index, gestational age (r=0.135, p=0.349) at delivery or cord serum C-peptide concentration (r=-0.049, p=0.735) or placental weight (r=0.203, p=0.157). Conclusion: There are associations between cord leptin concentration at delivery and birth weight, ponderal index (PI) of the babies but not body mass index (BMI) of the mothers. High leptin levels of the baby could represent an important feedback modulator of substrate supply and subsequently for adipose tissue status during late gestation. (J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2007; 25 : 9-13)

New ''Cold War''

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Vladimir Batiuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Arms

In this article, the ''Cold War'' is understood as a situation where the relationship between the leading States is determined by ideological confrontation and, at the same time, the presence of nuclear weapons precludes the development of this confrontation into a large-scale armed conflict. Such a situation has developed in the years 1945–1989, during the first Cold War. We see that something similar is repeated in our time-with all the new nuances in the ideological struggle and in the nuclear arms race.

Investigating Diseases and Chemicals in COVID-19 Literature with Text Mining (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Karami ◽  
Brandon Bookstaver ◽  
Melissa Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Topic Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
International Health ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted nearly all aspects of life and has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. Given the rapidly unfolding nature of the current pandemic, there is an urgent need to streamline literature synthesis of the growing scientific research to elucidate targeted solutions. While traditional systematic literature review studies provide valuable insights, these studies have restrictions, including analyzing a limited number of papers, having various biases, being time-consuming and labor-intensive, focusing on a few topics, incapable of trend analysis, and lack of data-driven tools. OBJECTIVE This study fills the mentioned restrictions in the literature and practice by analyzing two biomedical concepts, clinical manifestations of disease and therapeutic chemical compounds, with text mining methods in a corpus containing COVID-19 research papers and find associations between the two biomedical concepts. METHODS This research has collected papers representing COVID-19 pre-prints and peer-reviewed research published in 2020. We used frequency analysis to find highly frequent manifestations and therapeutic chemicals, representing the importance of the two biomedical concepts. This study also applied topic modeling to find the relationship between the two biomedical concepts. RESULTS We analyzed 9,298 research papers published through May 5, 2020 and found 3,645 disease-related and 2,434 chemical-related articles. The most frequent clinical manifestations of disease terminology included COVID-19, SARS, cancer, pneumonia, fever, and cough. The most frequent chemical-related terminology included Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Oxygen, Chloroquine, Remdesivir, and water. Topic modeling provided 25 categories showing relationships between our two overarching categories. These categories represent statistically significant associations between multiple aspects of each category, some connections of which were novel and not previously identified by the scientific community. CONCLUSIONS Appreciation of this context is vital due to the lack of a systematic large-scale literature review survey and the importance of fast literature review during the current COVID-19 pandemic for developing treatments. This study is beneficial to researchers for obtaining a macro-level picture of literature, to educators for knowing the scope of literature, to journals for exploring most discussed disease symptoms and pharmaceutical targets, and to policymakers and funding agencies for creating scientific strategic plans regarding COVID-19.

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