scholarly journals Erosion by water-hammer

1928 ◽  
Vol 119 (783) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Hammer ◽  
Incompressible Fluids ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Corrosion Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Mechanical Explanation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mechanical Nature

Corrosion or erosion of the surfaces of metals under water is in many cases found to be actively promoted by their motion through the water, or by the motion of the water over them. In such cases the relative parts played in the action by corrosion and erosion respectively are not readily distinguished. Even where corrosion products are found the action may still be primarily one of erosion, the latter merely creating the conditions favourable to corrosion. It may, for example, have the effect of removing a surface layer or protective scale. On the other hand, where corrosion products are not found the process is frequently claimed to be a corrosive one, the only function allowed to erosion being that of removing the products of corrosion as fast as they are formed. No doubt in some instances this latter point of view is justifiable, but in many cases the reason for attributing the action to corrosion rather than to erosion is merely that the mechanical nature of the cause is not sufficiently apparent, through a failure to recognise the remarkable ability of water and other nearly incompressible fluids, under certain circumstances, to produce momentary pressures far in excess of the yield-point strength of ordinary materials. The object of this note is to show that in many instances a satisfactory mechanical explanation of such action can be advanced by associating it with the phenomenon known as water-hammer, and, in particular, to show that the same principles afford a satisfactory explanation of the impact pressures produced by drops of water impinging on metallic surfaces.

Wacana Kolonial dalam Novel Max Havelaar: Sebuah Kajian Poskolonial

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Ramadhan Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Voice

AbstrakHegemoni kolonialisme dalam budaya poskolonial merupakan alasan penelitian inikemudian mengkaji wacana kolonial dalam novel Max Havellar (MH) khususnya dampakditimbulkannya. Dampak dimaksud adalah posisi keberpihakan pemikiran tersirat darikarya tersebut. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan, secara temporal maupun permanen MHmenyuarakan ketidakadilan dalam kondisi-kondisi kolonial menyangkut penindasan sangpenjajah terhadap terjajah. Hanya saja, upaya mengatasnamakan atau mewakili suarakaum terjajah terbukti mengimplikasikan ciri ideologis statis kerangka kolonialisme(orientalisme); yakni cara pandang Eropasentris, di mana “Barat” sebagai self adalah superior,dan “Timur” sebagai other adalah inferior. Dalam konteks poskolonialisme, MH dengan sifatkritisnya yang berupaya “menyuarakan” nasib pribumi terjajah, justru menampilkan stigmapenguatan kolonialitas itu sendiri secara hegemonik. Artinya, “menyuarakan” nasib pribumidimaknai sebagai keberpihankan kolonial yang kontradiktif, di mana stigma penguatankolonialitas justru lebih terasa, ujung-ujungnya melanggengkan hegemoni kolonial. Tidakmembela yang terjajah, tetapi memperhalus cara kerja mesin kolonial.AbstractThe hegemony of colonialism in the culture of postcolonial society is the reason this studythen examines the colonial discourse in the novel Max Havellar (MH) in particular the impactit brings. The impact in question is the implied position of thought in the work. The resultsof the discussion show that, temporarily or permanently, MH voiced injustice in the colonialconditions regarding the oppression of the colonist against the colonized. However, the effort toname or represent the voice of the colonized has proven to imply a static ideological characterin the framework of colonialism (orientalism); ie Eropacentric point of view, in which “West” asself is superior, and “East” as the other is the inferior. In the context of postcolonialism, MH withits critical nature that seeks to “voice” the fate of the colonized natives, actually presents thestigma of strengthening coloniality itself hegemonicly. That is, “voicing” the fate of the pribumiis interpreted as a contradictory colonial flare, where the stigma of strengthening colonialityis more pronounced, which ultimately perpetuates the hegemony of colonialism. No longerdefending the colonized, but refining the workings of the colonial machinery.

scholarly journals Influence of Masks Protecting against SARS-CoV-2 on Thermal Comfort

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Ewa Zender-Świercz ◽  
Marek Telejko ◽  
Beata Galiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Protective Shield ◽  
Full Face ◽  
The Impact

Due to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, most countries have tightened their public health policies. One way to limit the spread of the virus is to make mouth and nose cover compulsory in public spaces. The article presents the impact of wearing masks on the perception of thermal comfort. The following masks were analysed: FFP2, cotton, medical, PM2.5, half-face protective shield plastic and full-face protective shield plastic. The research was carried out for two scenarios of an ambient temperature: −20 and 30 °C. A thermal manikin was used for the tests. In the case of when a temperature equals 20 °C, the dry masks increase comfort, both general and local, while wet masks reduce comfort. On the other hand, at 30 °C, only wet masks do not increase discomfort. In addition, moist masks require less heat flux to achieve a certain skin temperature. However, it should be remembered that it is not advisable to wet the masks from the health point of view.

Context, framing, and influence

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
B. Kim Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to help readers consider the value of identifying the values, beliefs, and vested interests of someone they wish to influence and to frame their idea, request, or call to action in a way that will make sense in the other person's internal model of the world and be interesting and attractive to him or her. Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines several key terms and presents a rationale for exploring the point of view of individuals one wishes to influence and framing an idea in a way that will be most meaningful to the other. Findings – There is no one way to view any idea. People have a set of mental filters that any influence attempt must pass through. These filters shape the impact and meaning of the other person's idea or request. The skillful influencer takes this into account in framing his or her influence approach. Research limitations/implications – This paper is the result of many years of observation and pattern recognition in situations where people are asked to influence one another. It is also consistent with current behavioral economics research, but is not itself based on laboratory research. Practical implications – Applying this approach should enable readers to have better results in influencing a variety of people. Originality/value – Influence is a key skill set for leaders and key contributors.

The Minimum of Sulfur Required for Vulcanization. A Résumé

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-295
Author(s):  
G. Bruni
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Satisfactory Explanation ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Fundamental Difficulty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exact Definition

Abstract The problem of the minimum proportion of sulfur necessary to effect vulcanization is fundamental to an interpretation of the very nature of vulcanization itself. Since the introduction of ultra-accelerators, it has been recognized that very small quantities of sulfur are sufficient to bring about vulcanization. In experiments carried out in 1918 in collaboration with G. Menghi in the Laboratory of Chemical and Physical-Chemical Research of the Pirelli Company of Milan, the author found that by the aid of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate or of similar substances there is an appreciable vulcanization with 0.2 per cent of sulfur. This fact was made public in patents applied for by the author the next year. On the other hand, it is generally recognized today that all vulcanization originates in a chemical reaction, though a fundamental difficulty lies in the fact that it has never been possible to give an exact definition of what is meant by vulcanization. When is a rubber considered vulcanized? From a technical point of view this question may be answered, but there has not been a satisfactory explanation up to this time.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Economic Development Dynamics of a Country Based on the Lorenz Curve

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Romualdas Ginevičius ◽  
Joanicjusz Nazarko ◽  
Dainora Gedvilaitė ◽  
Zdzisława Dacko-Pikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Lorenz Curve ◽  
The Impact

The welfare of a country depends on its economic development. In order to have the impact on it, we should have a possibility to quantitatively assess its situation at the desired point in time. Economic development, as a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, is reflected in two dimensions – intensity and uniformity. These mentioned above can be viewed as partial indicators of dynamics. Two main approaches to measuring development uniformity can be distinguished. In one of the cases, it is measured on the basis of an index that includes the main results of the country's economic development. In the other case, the values of the indicators reflecting all the essential development actions are combined in one appropriate way. From a scientific point of view, the second approach is more accurate as it allows for a better assessment of the complex nature of a country’s economic development. On the other hand, its application today is still problematic due to the fact that the models for this differ in terms of both the number and composition of indicators. For this reason, it is not possible to compare countries. Therefore, in international practice, the economic development of countries is measured by gross domestic product per capita (GDP). Based on GDP indicator, the method for the measurement of uniformity is proposed and the essence of which is the ratio of the length of the ideal trajectory of the development during the period under review to the length of the actual trajectory. Without ruling out the appropriateness of such an approach for assessing development uniformity, it makes sense to look for alternative methods. In this sense, methods that allow assessment of the extent of fluctuations of the phenomenon under consideration as an essential feature of development dynamics are suitable. These include the Gini coefficient, which is determined from the Lorenz curve.

scholarly journals Degree of Practicing Educational Supervisors in Zarqa First Education Zone of The Concept of Electronic Supervision from Their Point of View: درجة ممارسة المشرفين التربويين في مديرية تربية الزرقاء الأولى للإشراف الإلكتروني ومعوقاته ومتطلبات تطويره من وجهة نظرهم

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hamed Aledamat
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Educational Supervision ◽  
Google Drive ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
The Impact

The study aimed to identify the degree of exercise of educational supervisors in the Directorate of the first Zarqa education for electronic supervision from their point of view, and to identify the impact of sex, educational qualification, and area of ​​specialization, and experience in this, and the study used the descriptive survey method, and the tool was a questionnaire, distributed The results of the study showed that the degree of educational supervisors in Zarqa First Educational Directorate for the concept of electronic supervision of the tool as a whole; obtained an average of (3.55 out of 5) with a grade of (medium). ), And p At the level of the axes; the reality of the practice of electronic supervision, the highest average (3.95), with a rating (high) followed by the axis of the requirements of electronic supervision with an average (3.61), and thirdly, the importance of electronic supervision with an average (3.50), and finally the axis of obstacles to the use of electronic supervision with an average (The results showed that there are statistically significant differences due to the effect of sex in the field of the practice of electronic supervision and in favor of males, and the absence of statistically significant differences attributed to the other variables. In light of the results, the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Training workshops for educational supervisors on how to employ computer technologies in educational supervision and benefit from the services provided by the Internet and free sites such as Google Drive and others.

scholarly journals Characterization of Polyethylene Carrying Bags Before and After Isothermal Oxidative Aging in an Oven

2001 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-548
Author(s):  
Malik Jehanzeb Khurram ◽  
Musa Kaleem Baloch ◽  
Leonardo C. Simon ◽  
Wajid Rehman ◽  
Cun-Yueguo Cun-Yueguo
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Oxidative Aging ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Impact

Utility of polymeric material is a major contribution to the production of waste, particularly in Pakistan. An easy escape to it is the damping in the land which is not commendable for an environmental point of view. On the other hand, the aging of polymer is analogous to its burial conditions under the soil in the absence of light. Therefore, in this research report, two different brands of polyethylene carrying bags were investigated. One sample was obtained from Pakistan abbreviated as sample `Y` while the other from Canada abbreviated as `E`. In order to accelerate the degradation process and to observe the impact of aging in a shorter span of time, these samples were heated at an elevated temperature (80�C) in an oven for the period of 20 days. The samples were characterized before and after aging with an interval of 2 days by applying different techniques like FT-IR, SEM, DSC, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Carbonyl peak at 1715 cm-1 was observed only in the case of sample `E` displaying carbonyl index value as 28.45 % after 20 days of aging. The SEM images before and after aging revealed that the degradation took place at preferential sites in case of sample `Y` and at numerous sites in case of sample `E`. The results of percent crystallinity obtained by DSC showed an increasing pattern with aging for both the samples and was high in case of sample `E.` The activation energy determined by using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa showed a decreasing pattern for both the samples with aging. It concluded that the thermal aging initiates the process of degradation which was then accelerated by heating in TGA oven. The order of reaction was slightly decreased after aging for both the samples and was found to be independent of the heating rate.

TRIPs and Access to Drugs

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 85-104
Author(s):  
Manmeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Parallel Importation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Indian Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Doha Declaration

The Paper seeks to e,xamine the impact of obligations under the TRIPs Agreement on access to drugs. The issue of access has been addressed from the point of view of pricing. The spirit of the Agreement is embodied in Articles 7 and 8 and the argument advanced is that the Agreement be interpreted in view of the same. The paper examines the various options available within the framework of the Agreement. The most popular of these is compulsory licensing However, doubts persist as to when it would be possible to take recourse to such a measure. The other possible options under the agreement such as parallel importation and the now popular "Bolar Exemption" have also been examined. The Doha Declaration was hailed as a victory for the developing countries. However, in retrospect it seems that the celebrations were premature. More than one-and-a-half year have passed since the Declaration and the issue is still shrouded in controversy and negotiations are under a deadlock. Further, access under the existing Indian regime has been dealt with. The Patents Amendment Act 2002, which was enacted to bring Indian law in conformity with the Agreement provided for some of the tools discussed in the paper. The need for a comprehensive pharmaceutical policy was recently addressed by the Government and whether the policy is an effective tool or not is the question which needs to be answered. “We are called pirates, but who is being pirated? Patients in countries where there is a monopoly on these drugs.” At present, Zimbabwe, Uganda and the Ivory Coast would require to spend 265 per cent, 172 per cent and 84 per cent of their respective GNPs, just to buy drugs to treat their AIDS patients.

The Role of the Karguzar in the Foreign Relations of State and Society of Iran from the mid-nineteenth century to 1921. Part 1: Diplomatic Relations

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Martin ◽  
Morteza Nouraei
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe foreign relations of Iran from 1800 to 1921 have on the whole been discussed in terms of diplomatic relations between states, of ‘Great Power’ policy, and of the impact of the world economy upon a comparatively weak and traditional society. A brief survey of the existing literature reveals that Iran's lack of progress has been attributed among other factors to her form of government, foreign interference and to her predicament as a buffer state between the British and Russian empires. The traditional power structures of Iran, as dominated by an absolute monarchy intent on personal interest with a concomitant lack of realism when engaging in war, was, in Ramazani's view, the origin of the country's weakness. Kazemzadeh saw the subject from the point of view of Anglo-Russian rivalry at the highest levels, and argued that both powers sought to impose hegemony on Iran by a variety of means, including, putting pressure on the Shah and chief ministers, using commercial concessions and exercising intimidation. The competition of Britain and Russia was so intense that each was determined to undermine any plan of development proposed by the other, opportunities were numerous, as, for example, in the introduction of railways. Yapp, to some extent, questioned this argument by pointing out that British interests were more complex than those of the Russians; on the one hand a stronger Iran was a more efficient buffer-state, but on the other hand it could undermine British influence in Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf. Yapp also noted that the British and Russian presence gave advantages to Iran in terms of the development of international trade, the control of internal disorder and in the imposition of regional security. Greaves saw Britain's diplomatic connections with Iran as dominated by her preoccupation with the defence of India, and believed that its attitudes to Iran were neither consistent nor strong. Issawi, in his study of economic development, also presented a more complex picture which emphasises the variety of the factors involved, and also the fluctuations in the economy over the period. He pointed out that trade did grow steadily, that the country benefited from new technology, for example the telegraph and the construction of the Suez Canal, and that it lived within its means. On the other hand, involvement in the international economy from 1890–1914 led to rapidly increasing foreign financial and political factors, which undermined the county's independence. Wright provided a different approach in that, while acknowledging the baleful effects of aspects of Anglo-Russian rivalry on Iran, he was more concerned with the experiences of a variety of ‘English’ amongst the Iranians, and thus offered a study of interaction between foreigners and Iranians at a level below that of international politics.

Wacana Kolonial dalam Novel Max Havelaar: Sebuah Kajian Poskolonial

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Abu Bakar Ramadhan Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Voice

AbstrakHegemoni kolonialisme dalam budaya poskolonial merupakan alasan penelitian inikemudian mengkaji wacana kolonial dalam novel Max Havellar (MH) khususnya dampakditimbulkannya. Dampak dimaksud adalah posisi keberpihakan pemikiran tersirat darikarya tersebut. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan, secara temporal maupun permanen MHmenyuarakan ketidakadilan dalam kondisi-kondisi kolonial menyangkut penindasan sangpenjajah terhadap terjajah. Hanya saja, upaya mengatasnamakan atau mewakili suarakaum terjajah terbukti mengimplikasikan ciri ideologis statis kerangka kolonialisme(orientalisme); yakni cara pandang Eropasentris, di mana “Barat” sebagai self adalah superior,dan “Timur” sebagai other adalah inferior. Dalam konteks poskolonialisme, MH dengan sifatkritisnya yang berupaya “menyuarakan” nasib pribumi terjajah, justru menampilkan stigmapenguatan kolonialitas itu sendiri secara hegemonik. Artinya, “menyuarakan” nasib pribumidimaknai sebagai keberpihankan kolonial yang kontradiktif, di mana stigma penguatankolonialitas justru lebih terasa, ujung-ujungnya melanggengkan hegemoni kolonial. Tidakmembela yang terjajah, tetapi memperhalus cara kerja mesin kolonial.AbstractThe hegemony of colonialism in the culture of postcolonial society is the reason this studythen examines the colonial discourse in the novel Max Havellar (MH) in particular the impactit brings. The impact in question is the implied position of thought in the work. The resultsof the discussion show that, temporarily or permanently, MH voiced injustice in the colonialconditions regarding the oppression of the colonist against the colonized. However, the effort toname or represent the voice of the colonized has proven to imply a static ideological characterin the framework of colonialism (orientalism); ie Eropacentric point of view, in which “West” asself is superior, and “East” as the other is the inferior. In the context of postcolonialism, MH withits critical nature that seeks to “voice” the fate of the colonized natives, actually presents thestigma of strengthening coloniality itself hegemonicly. That is, “voicing” the fate of the pribumiis interpreted as a contradictory colonial flare, where the stigma of strengthening colonialityis more pronounced, which ultimately perpetuates the hegemony of colonialism. No longerdefending the colonized, but refining the workings of the colonial machinery.

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