scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among adolescents

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Déa M. Cardozo ◽  
Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho ◽  
Ana-Lúcia S. S. Andrade ◽  
Anníbal M. Silvany-Neto ◽  
Carla H. C. Daltro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stepwise Logistic Regression ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Pneumococcal Colonization

Data on the prevalence of pneumooccal nasopharyngeal carriage and its risk factors among adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to provide such information. A cross-sectional, population-based prospective study was conducted. Participants were 1013 adolescents (age range 10–19 years) randomly recruited in 22 public schools. Those schools were randomly chosen among 307 public schools from 11 Sanitary Districts of Salvador, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal samples were assessed by standard procedures to recover and identify Streptococcus pneumoniae. Data on potential risk factors were gathered by confidential interview based on a standardized questionnaire. Pneumococci were recovered from 8.2 % [83/1013, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 6.6–10.0]. By stepwise logistic regression, pneumococcal colonization was independently associated with younger age [odds ratio (OR) 0.85, 95 % CI 0.77–0.94, P=0.001], being male (OR 1.78, 95 % CI 1.11–2.85, P=0.02), exposure to passive smoke in the household (OR 1.76, 95 % CI 1.10–2.79, P=0.02), having an upper respiratory infection during recruitment (OR 2.67, 95 % CI 1.67–4.28, P<0.001) and having a history involving an episode of acute asthma during the last year (OR 2.89, 95 % CI 1.18–7.08, P=0.03). The estimated probability of pneumococcal colonization decreased with age (χ 2 for trend=8.52, P=0.003). These findings provide tools for increasing the use of prevention strategies for pneumococcal diseases, such as pneumococcal vaccination among asthmatic patients and public health measures to stop smoking.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study to Find Prevalence and Risk Factors for Childhood Asthma in Pune City, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cheraghi ◽  
Alireza Dadgarinejad ◽  
Sundeep Salvi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of

We aimed to determine current prevalence of asthma and risk factors associated with it in Pune, India. Methods. This was a cross-sectional school-population-based study in which parents of school children aged 6-7 and 13-14 were administered an ISAAC questionnaire and an additional set of questions that detected the presence of potential risk factors known to be associated with asthma during 2008-2009 academic years. Results. Prevalence of current asthma was 6.7% (7% amongst 6-7-year olds and 6.3% amongst 13-14 year olds. Asthma was more common amongst boys (8.1%) than girls (4.9%) and more frequent in students studying in private schools (7.3%) than in those studying in public schools (5.8%). Risk factors such as family history of atopy, caesarian delivery, use of biomass fuel for cooking, absence of separate kitchen, absence of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of life, preterm birth, snoring, dampness at home, male sex, and parental smoking were significantly associated with asthma. Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of childhood asthma in Pune, India, which was associated with genetic and environmental risk factors.

scholarly journals Multi-country cross-sectional study of colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms: protocol and methods for the Antibiotic Resistance in Communities and Hospitals (ARCH) studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Sharma ◽  
Ulzii-Orishikh Luvsansharav ◽  
Prabasaj Paul ◽  
Joseph D. Lutgring ◽  
Douglas R. Call ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽  
High Threat

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is a global health emergency. Persons colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are at risk for developing subsequent multidrug-resistant infections, as colonization represents an important precursor to invasive infection. Despite reports documenting the worldwide dissemination of MDROs, fundamental questions remain regarding the burden of resistance, metrics to measure prevalence, and determinants of spread. We describe a multi-site colonization survey protocol that aims to quantify the population-based prevalence and associated risk factors for colonization with high-threat MDROs among community dwelling participants and patients admitted to hospitals within a defined population-catchment area. Methods Researchers in five countries (Bangladesh, Chile, Guatemala, Kenya, and India) will conduct a cross-sectional, population-based prevalence survey consisting of a risk factor questionnaire and collection of specimens to evaluate colonization with three high-threat MDROs: extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (ESCrE), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Healthy adults residing in a household within the sampling area will be enrolled in addition to eligible hospitalized adults. Colonizing isolates of these MDROs will be compared by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to routinely collected invasive clinical isolates, where available, to determine potential pathogenicity. A colonizing MDRO isolate will be categorized as potentially pathogenic if the MLST pattern of the colonizing isolate matches the MLST pattern of an invasive clinical isolate. The outcomes of this study will be estimates of the population-based prevalence of colonization with ESCrE, CRE, and MRSA; determination of the proportion of colonizing ESCrE, CRE, and MRSA with pathogenic characteristics based on MLST; identification of factors independently associated with ESCrE, CRE, and MRSA colonization; and creation an archive of ESCrE, CRE, and MRSA isolates for future study. Discussion This is the first study to use a common protocol to evaluate population-based prevalence and risk factors associated with MDRO colonization among community-dwelling and hospitalized adults in multiple countries with diverse epidemiological conditions, including low- and middle-income settings. The results will be used to better describe the global epidemiology of MDROs and guide the development of mitigation strategies in both community and healthcare settings. These standardized baseline surveys can also inform future studies seeking to further characterize MDRO epidemiology globally.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae Nasopharyngeal Carriage and Antimicrobial Susceptibility among Children Under the Age of 5 Years in the Southwestern Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Gámez ◽  
Juan Pablo Rojas ◽  
Santiago Cardona ◽  
Juan David Castillo Noreña ◽  
María Alejandra Palacio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Benzyl Penicillin ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Pediatric Outpatients

Abstract Objective This work aims to evaluate the factors associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility among pediatric outpatients in southwestern Colombia, 2019. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using survey-based interviews and the collection of nasopharyngeal-swab specimens for microbiological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Logistic regression analyses were performed for factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage. Results A total of 452 children under the age of 5 years were examined in which 41.8% carried S. pneumoniae. Higher pneumococcal carriage frequencies were observed among participants aged <2 years and in individuals belonging to indigenous communities, which were lacking established pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine-10 immunization schemes. Additionally, children attending childcare institutions were also highly colonized by pneumococci. S. pneumoniae showed 57.7% nonsusceptibility to benzyl-penicillin (meningitis-cut); 45.5% intermediate-sensitivity to benzyl-penicillin (oral-cut) and 21.7% to cefotaxime; and resistance to erythromycin (40.7%), tetracycline (36.0%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (24.9%), clindamycin (24.3%), and ceftriaxone (27.0%). Conclusion The 41.8% of participants carrying S. pneumoniae show a scenario with the presence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains, which constitutes important reservoirs of bacterial transmission by children aged <5 years in Colombia, leading to an onset of pneumococcal diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need to expand conjugate pneumococcal immunization in the community and ensure compliance with established immunization schedules.

scholarly journals The characteristics and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection: an outpatient population-based study in Changsha, Hunan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingsi Gao ◽  
Yu-Ligh Liou ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
Lingxiao Zou ◽  
Waixing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Test Kit

AbstractThis cross-sectional study investigated the characteristics of cervical HPV infection in Changsha area and explored the influence of Candida vaginitis on this infection. From 11 August 2017 to 11 September 2018, 12,628 outpatient participants ranged from 19 to 84 years old were enrolled and analyzed. HPV DNA was amplified and tested by HPV GenoArray Test Kit. The vaginal ecology was detected by microscopic and biochemistry examinations. The diagnosis of Candida vaginitis was based on microscopic examination (spores, and/or hypha) and biochemical testing (galactosidase) for vaginal discharge by experts. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4. Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed by t-tests and by Chi-square tests, respectively. HPV infection risk factors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Of the total number of participants, 1753 were infected with HPV (13.88%). Females aged ≥ 40 to < 50 years constituted the largest population of HPV-infected females (31.26%). The top 5 HPV subtypes affecting this population of 1753 infected females were the following: HPV-52 (28.01%), HPV-58 (14.83%), CP8304 (11.47%), HPV-53 (10.84%), and HPV-39 (9.64%). Age (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1–1.01; P < 0.05) and alcohol consumption (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.09–1.56; P < 0.01) were found to be risk factors for HPV infection. However, the presence of Candida in the vaginal flora was found to be a protective factor against HPV infection (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.48–0.8; P < 0.001). Comparing with our previous study of 2016, we conclude that the subtype distribution of HPV infection is relatively constant in Changsha. Our data suggest a negative correlation between vaginal Candida and HPV, however, more radical HPV management is required in this area for perimenopausal women and those who regularly consume alcohol.

scholarly journals Gender-specific physical activity-related injuries and risk factors among university students in China: a multicentre population-based cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e040865
Author(s):  
Weicong Cai ◽  
Shangmin Chen ◽  
Liping Li ◽  
Pengying Yue ◽  
Xiaofan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
University Students ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Chinese University ◽  
Gender Specific

ObjectivesData on the problem of physical activity-related injury (PARI) in university students and the risk factors for PARI among different genders are rare. We conducted a multicentre population-based study to investigate the occurrence of PARI and to explore the gender-specific risk factors for PARI among Chinese university students.DesignCross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 5341 students in grades 1–3 at eight universities in four Chinese cities were selected to complete the online questionnaires during March and April 2017. The questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity PA) involvement, sleep duration, sedentary behaviour and PARI experiences in the past 12 months.Main outcome measuresPARI during the past 12 months.ResultsAmong the 5341 participants, 1293 suffered from at least one PARI in the past 12 months, with an overall incidence rate of 24.2% (males: 26.2%, females: 23.2%) and an injury risk of 0.38 injuries/student/year (males: 0.48, females: 0.32). Over half of the injured (57.3%) experienced a withdrawal time of PA and nearly two-fifths (39.6%) required medical attention. Irrespective of gender, Shantou and Xi’an students, sports team members and those who engaged in sports and leisure-time vigorous-intensity PA (VPA) at a higher frequency were more likely to suffer from PARI. Male students who participated in sports and leisure-time VPA for long durations had a greater likelihood of sustaining PARI, while having a chronic condition and being involved in sports and leisure-time moderate-intensity PA at a higher frequency and longer duration were potential contributors to PARI among females.ConclusionsThe occurrence of PARI and its risk factors differed by gender, which provides a direction towards developing targeted and effective gender-specific preventative programmes to protect Chinese university students from PARI.

Risk factors for cervical cancer in greenland and Denmark: A population-based cross-sectional study

1989 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne K. Kjaer ◽  
Chantal Telsen ◽  
Birthe J. Haugaard ◽  
Elsebeth Lynge ◽  
René B. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Clinical and epidemiological features of community-acquired pneumonia during an epidemic of respiratory viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-498
Author(s):  
N. I. Izmozherova ◽  
A. A. Popov ◽  
E. R. Prokopeva ◽  
A. A. Kuryndina ◽  
E. I. Gavrilova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Working Age

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common lower respiratory tract diseases. An increase in the CAP incidence has been reported to be associated with epidemics of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI).Aim. Аssess clinical and epidemiological features of CAP in patients admitted to hospital during an ARVI epidemic.Methods. A cross-sectional study included 208 patient records. Medical history, physical examination, laboratory and imaging data were analyzed. CAP severity was assessed by CRB-65 scale and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria.Results. Most CAP patients (75%) were of active working age; all presented signs of ARVI upon admission. Nasal mucosa diagnostic smears have revealed type A influenza viruses: H1N1 – 5 (83.3%) and H3N2 – 1 (16.7%) cases. 195 (93.8%) patients were not vaccinated against influenza. X-rays showed that unilateral (81.7%) and lobular pneumonia (55.8%) were the most common CAP types. 93.2% patients had nonsevere CAP, according to CRB-65. But 88 (42.3%) subjects qualified for SIRS upon admission. Concomitant conditions as risk factors of an adverse course of CAP were present in 89 patients (42.8%). Sputum analysis, if available, most frequently identified Streptococcus pneumoniae (23 cases or 38.9%) as a causative agent. Antibacterial drugs (ABD) used to treat CAP were ceftriaxone 206 (99%), macrolides 188 (90.4%), and fluoroquinolones 94 (45.2%). The initial antibacterial treatment regimens were: 186 (89.4%) prescriptions of ceftriaxone + macrolides, 16 (7.7%) prescriptions of ceftriaxone alone, and 6 (2.9%) prescriptions of levofloxacin. A switch between ABDs was reported in 78 (37.5%) cases, including 61 switches to fluoroquinolones. The median ABD administration duration was 10 (8 – 13) days.Conclusion. Most of the hospitalized CAP patients were of working age and not vaccinated against influenza. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common causative agent. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) smear analysis was performed only in 6 patients with ARVI, which does not allow us to assess the role of viruses and viral-bacterial associations in the etiology of CAP. In spite of non-severe CAP, all hospitalizations were justified, due to multiple risk factors of unfavorable prognosis of CAP and epidemiological factors. Most patients received a combination of generation 3 cephalosporins and macrolides as the initial therapy for CAP.

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