scholarly journals Testing the association between tobacco and cannabis use and cognitive functioning: Findings from an observational and Mendelian randomization study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam Mahedy ◽  
Robyn Wootton ◽  
Steph Suddell ◽  
Caroline Skirrow ◽  
Matt Field ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Study Designs

AbstractBackgroundAlthough studies have examined the association between tobacco and cannabis use in adolescence with subsequent cognitive functioning, study designs are usually not able to distinguish correlation from causation.MethodsFirst, separate patterns of tobacco and cannabis use were derived using longitudinal latent class analysis based on measures assessed on five occasions from ages 13 to 18 years in a large UK based population cohort (ALSPAC). Cognitive functioning measures comprised working memory, response inhibition, and emotion recognition assessed at 24 years of age. One- and two-sample Mendelian randomization, methods for testing causal inference using genetic variants as proxies for an exposure of interest, were used to examine the causal relationship between smoking initiation/lifetime cannabis use, and subsequent cognitive functioning in ALSPAC.ResultsWe found evidence of a relationship between tobacco and cannabis use and diminished cognitive functioning for each of the outcomes in the observational analyses. The clearest evidence demonstrated a dose-response relationship between tobacco use and working memory suggesting late-onset regular tobacco smokers (b=-0.29, 95%CI=-0.45 to - 0.13), early-onset regular smokers (b=-0.45, 95%CI=-0.84 to -0.05), and early-onset regular cannabis users (b=-0.62, 95%CI=-0.93 to -0.31) performed worse on this task compared to individuals with a very low probability of using tobacco/cannabis. Mendelian randomization analyses were imprecise and did not provide additional support for these results.ConclusionsOverall, there was some evidence to suggest that adolescent tobacco and cannabis use were associated with diminished cognitive functioning. Better powered genetic studies are required to determine whether these associations are causal.

The impact of early-onset cannabis use on functional brain correlates of working memory

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Daniel Wagner ◽  
Euphrosyne Gouzoulis-Mayfrank ◽  
Elmar Spuentrup ◽  
Jörg Daumann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Cannabis and cognitive performance in psychosis: a cross-sectional study in patients with non-affective psychotic illness and their unaffected siblings

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Meijer ◽  
N. Dekker ◽  
M. W. Koeter ◽  
P. J. Quee ◽  
N. J. M. van Beveren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Reasoning

BackgroundThe relationship between cannabis use and cognitive functioning in patients with psychosis has yielded contradictory findings. In individuals at genetic high risk for psychosis, information is sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the association between recency and frequency of cannabis use and cognitive functioning in patients with psychosis and their unaffected siblings.MethodWe conducted a cross-sectional study in 956 patients with non-affective psychosis, 953 unaffected siblings, and 554 control subjects. Participants completed a cognitive test battery including assessments of verbal learning, set shifting, sustained attention, processing speed, working memory, acquired knowledge, reasoning and problem solving and social cognition. Cannabis use was assessed by urinalysis and by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Using random-effect regression models the main effects of cannabis (recency and frequency) and the interaction with status (patient, sibling, control) on cognitive functioning were assessed.ResultsCurrent cannabis use was associated with poorer performance on immediate verbal learning, processing speed and working memory (Cohen's d −0.20 to −0.33, p<0.005). Lifetime cannabis use was associated with better performance on acquired knowledge, facial affect recognition and face identity recognition (Cohen's d+0.17 to +0.33, p<0.005). There was no significant interaction between cannabis and status on cognitive functioning.ConclusionsLifetime cannabis-using individuals might constitute a subgroup with a higher cognitive potential. The residual effects of cannabis may impair short-term memory and processing speed.

scholarly journals Cannabis use before age 15 and subsequent executive functioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 198 (6) ◽  
pp. 442-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Fontes ◽  
Karen I. Bolla ◽  
Paulo Jannuzzi Cunha ◽  
Priscila Previato Almeida ◽  
Flávia Jungerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Onset Group ◽  
Early Onset Group

BackgroundMany studies have suggested that adolescence is a period of particular vulnerability to neurocognitive effects associated with substance misuse. However, few large studies have measured differences in cognitive performance between chronic cannabis users who started in early adolescence (before age 15) with those who started later.AimsTo examine the executive functioning of individuals who started chronic cannabis use before age 15 compared with those who started chronic cannabis use after 15 and controls.MethodWe evaluated the performance of 104 chronic cannabis users (49 early-onset users and 55 late-onset users) and 44 controls who undertook neuropsychological tasks, with a focus on executive functioning. Comparisons involving neuropsychological measures were performed using generalised linear model analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThe early-onset group showed significantly poorer performance compared with the controls and the late-onset group on tasks assessing sustained attention, impulse control and executive functioning.ConclusionsEarly-onset chronic cannabis users exhibited poorer cognitive performance than controls and late-onset users in executive functioning. Chronic cannabis use, when started before age 15, may have more deleterious effects on neurocognitive functioning.

scholarly journals Smoking Patterns Among Third Level Students: A latent class analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Igboanugo ◽  
Anusha Malapati Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Social Smokers

Abstract Introduction: The psychosocial framework of adolescent transformation period is characterised by risk-taking behaviours such as the use of psychoactive substances like tobacco. Smoking initiated at this stage may lead to a lifetime nicotine-addiction. This study aims to identify and describe a typology of smoking among third level student smokers according to their pattern of smoking and to inform the designing of effective interventions in tobacco use among studentsMethods: Latent class analysis was used to characterise different smoking pattern among 361 third level students in an Irish university. The participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study by inviting them to complete an online survey.Results: Three groups were identified: (1) Late-onset, Social smokers (n=88, 41.3%). (2) late-onset, light smokers (n = 74, 34.4%). (3) Early-onset, Nicotine addicts (n = 52, 24.3%). The predominantly female Late-onset, Social smokers has a low probability of regular use of tobacco, a low number of lifetime cigarettes smoked and a high probability (83.0%) of initiating smoking in their adulthood. Nearly 100% of them had neither of the parents as smokers. The predominantly male late-onset, light smokers exhibits similar characteristics with the female-dominated class 1 but has consumed more of cigarettes in the lifetime relative to class 1. 33.8% of class 2 smokers had both parents as smokers; 42.0% had mothers and 33.8% reported their father was a smoker. 64.6% of this class reported their parents to smoke in the home and 54.3% initiated smoking in adulthood. Class 3 (Early-onset, Nicotine addicts) dominated by males has a higher probability of regular tobacco use and has smoked the largest number of cigarette in their lifetime compared to classes 1 and 2. The majority (60.0%) of those in this group had initiated smoking as a teenager. 14.9% had both parents as smokers; 10.6% had mothers who smoke and 20.6% reported their father was a smoker. 23.7% of this class reported their parents to smoke in the home.Conclusion: This study reveals the cigarette smoking behaviours among students and can further inform interventions and strategies to achieving a tobacco-free Ireland.

scholarly journals Use of Multivariable Mendelian Randomization to Address Biases Due to Competing Risk Before Recruitment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Schooling ◽  
P. M. Lopez ◽  
Z. Yang ◽  
J. V. Zhao ◽  
Shiu Lun Au Yeung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Competing Risk ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Q Statistic

Background: Mendelian randomization (MR) provides unconfounded estimates. MR is open to selection bias when the underlying sample is selected on surviving to recruitment on the genetically instrumented exposure and competing risk of the outcome. Few methods to address this bias exist.Methods: We show that this selection bias can sometimes be addressed by adjusting for common causes of survival and outcome. We use multivariable MR to obtain a corrected MR estimate for statins on stroke. Statins affect survival, and stroke typically occurs later in life than ischemic heart disease (IHD), making estimates for stroke open to bias from competing risk.Results: In univariable MR in the UK Biobank, genetically instrumented statins did not protect against stroke [odds ratio (OR) 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–2.20] but did in multivariable MR (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.98) adjusted for major causes of survival and stroke [blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and smoking initiation] with a multivariable Q-statistic indicating absence of selection bias. However, the MR estimate for statins on stroke using MEGASTROKE remained positive and the Q statistic indicated pleiotropy.Conclusion: MR studies of harmful exposures on late-onset diseases with shared etiology need to be conceptualized within a mechanistic understanding so as to identify any potential bias due to survival to recruitment on both genetically instrumented exposure and competing risk of the outcome, which may then be investigated using multivariable MR or estimated analytically and results interpreted accordingly.

scholarly journals Spontaneous Speech in Dementia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189
Author(s):  
Еда Джан ◽  
Куруоглу Гульміра
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Early Onset Alzheimer’S Disease

Introduction. Although memory impairment is the main symptom of Alzheimer Disease (AD), language impairment can be an important evidence, too. In many researches, it is stated that language is impaired in a different way in AD. Syntax, which is the sub-field of language are more preserved compared to the other fields. However, it is also known that syntactic features of AD patients can also be impaired in the moderate and severe stages of the illness. Another important thing that is important to differentiate the effects of illness is the onset. There are two subtypes of AD: early-onset (befor 65 years old) and late-onset (after 65 yaers old). Compared to late-onset, early onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD) is often associated with atypical symptoms including language and visuospatial dysfunction. Thus, in this study it was aimed to analyse the spontaneous speech of EOAD patients via two language tests and compare it with an age/education-matched control. In this analysis, just the declarative and interrogative sentences were compared. The results show that the number of declarative and interrogative sentences used by the EOAD patients differs from the control people. EOAD patients used more affirmative and interrogative sentences in story-picture sequencing test and more negative sentences in subject-based narration test compared to the control group. However, control group used more negative sentences in story-picture sequencing test and more affirmative and interrogative sentences in subject-based narration test compared to the EOAD patients. Conclusions. The working memory is the ability to maintain and use information for a short period of time and due to the working memory deficits in EOAD patients, the use of sentence types differ from age/matched healthy people.

scholarly journals Investigating causal pathways between liability to ADHD and substance use, and liability to substance use and ADHD risk, using Mendelian randomization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorien L Treur ◽  
Ditte Demontis ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Hannah Sallis ◽  
Tom G Richardson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Causal Pathways

ABSTRACTBackgroundAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has consistently been associated with substance (ab)use, but the nature of this association is not fully understood. In view of preventive efforts, a vital question is whether there are causal effects, from ADHD to substance use and/or from substance use to ADHD.MethodsWe applied bidirectional Mendelian randomization using summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on ADHD, smoking (initiation, cigarettes/day, cessation, and a compound measure of lifetime smoking), alcohol use (drinks/week and alcohol use disorder), cannabis use (initiation and cannabis use disorder (CUD)) and coffee consumption (cups/day). Genetic variants robustly associated with the ‘exposure’ were selected as instruments and then identified in the ‘outcome’ GWAS. Effect estimates from individual genetic variants were combined with inverse-variance weighted regression and five sensitivity analyses were applied (weighted median, weighted mode, MR-Egger, generalized summary-data-based MR, and Steiger filtering).ResultsWe found strong evidence that liability to ADHD increases likelihood of smoking initiation and also cigarettes per day among smokers, decreases likelihood of smoking cessation, and increases likelihood of cannabis initiation and CUD. In the other direction, there was evidence that liability to smoking initiation and CUD increase ADHD risk. There was no clear evidence of causal effects between liability to ADHD and alcohol or caffeine consumption.ConclusionsWe find evidence for causal effects of liability to ADHD on smoking and cannabis use, and of liability to smoking and cannabis use on ADHD risk, indicating bidirectional pathways. Further work is needed to explore causal mechanisms.

scholarly journals Age of onset of cannabis use and decision making under uncertainty

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Ramón Alameda-Bailén ◽  
Pilar Salguero-Alcañiz ◽  
Ana Merchán-Clavellino ◽  
Susana Paíno-Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
And Control

Objective Cannabis, like other substances, negatively affects health, inducing respiratory problems and mental and cognitive alterations. Memory and learning disorders, as well as executive dysfunctions, are also neuropsychological disorders associated to cannabis use. Recent evidence reveals that cannabis use during adolescence may disrupt the normal development of the brain. This study is aimed to analyze possible differences between early-onset and late-onset cannabis consumers. Method We used a task based on a card game with four decks and different programs of gains/losses. A total of 72 subjects (19 women; 53 men) participated in the study; they were selected through a purposive sampling and divided into three groups: early-onset consumers, late-onset consumers, and control (non-consumers). The task used was the “Cartas” program (computerized version based on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT)), with two versions: direct and inverse. The computational model “Prospect Valence Learning” (PVL) was applied in order to describe the decision according to four characteristics: utility, loss aversion, recency, and consistency. Results The results evidence worst performance in the IGT in the early-onset consumers as compared to late-onset consumers and control. Differences between groups were also found in the PVL computational model parameters, since the process of decision making of the early-onset consumers was more influenced by the magnitude of the gains-losses, and more determined by short-term results without loss aversion. Conclusions Early onset cannabis use may involve decision-making problems, and therefore intervention programs are necessary in order to reduce the prevalence and delay the onset of cannabis use among teenagers.

Cannabis use and transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2503-2512 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. R. Valmaggia ◽  
F. L. Day ◽  
C. Jones ◽  
S. Bissoli ◽  
C. Pugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ultra High Risk ◽  
Continued Use

BackgroundCannabis use is associated with an increased risk of developing a psychotic disorder but the temporal relationship between cannabis use and onset of illness is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess prospectively the influence of cannabis use on transition to psychosis in people at ultra-high risk (UHR) for the disorder.MethodLifetime and continued cannabis use was assessed in a consecutively ascertained sample of 182 people (104 male, 78 female) at UHR for psychosis. Individuals were then followed clinically for 2 years to determine their clinical outcomes.ResultsLifetime cannabis use was reported by 134 individuals (73.6%). However, most of these individuals had stopped using cannabis before clinical presentation (n = 98, 73.1%), usually because of adverse effects. Among lifetime users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after presentation were all associated with an increase in transition to psychosis. Transition to psychosis was highest among those who started using cannabis before the age of 15 years and went on to use frequently (frequent early-onset use: 25%; infrequent or late-onset use: 5%; χ21 = 10.971, p = 0.001). However, within the whole sample, cannabis users were no more likely to develop psychosis than those who had never used cannabis (cannabis use: 12.7%; no use: 18.8%; χ21 = 1.061, p = 0.303).ConclusionsIn people at UHR for psychosis, lifetime cannabis use was common but not related to outcome. Among cannabis users, frequent use, early-onset use and continued use after clinical presentation were associated with transition to psychosis.

scholarly journals Early cannabis use and its relation to the development of psychiatric disorders: a review

Salud Mental ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Roncero ◽  
◽  
Raúl Felipe Palma-Álvarez ◽  
Víctor Barrau ◽  
Neide Urbano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
The World

Background. Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug in the world. Both an early cannabis use onset and the amount used contribute to the risk of suffering mental disorders in adulthood. Objective. Review longitudinal studies conducted on adolescents associating early cannabis use with the subsequent occurrence of mental disorders. Method. A search was conducted in PubMed until December 2016, focusing on longitudinal researches and prioritizing studies that clearly distinguished between an early and late onset of cannabis use. To achieve the objective, the word “cannabis” was used in combination with the main psychiatric diseases. A manual search of articles that appeared in the references was also conducted. Results. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, but only five studies discriminated clearly between early and late onset of cannabis use. An association was found between early onset of cannabis use and mental disorders, particularly psychosis. The information regarding affective and anxiety disorders is more controversial. Discussion and conclusion. Early onset of cannabis use is associated with mental disorders, especially psychosis. Prevention plans for cannabis use in adolescents should be developed in order to decrease the risk of mental disorders.

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