scholarly journals COVID-19: An Update on the Epidemiological, Genomic Origin, Phylogenetic study, India centric to Worldwide current status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murugan Nandagopal ◽  
R. Sagaya Jansi
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Global Data

AbstractThe pandemic spread of novel coronavirus, (SARS-CoV-2) causing CoronaVirus Infectious Diseases (COVID-19) emerged into a global threat for human life causing serious death rates and economic crunch all over the globe. As on April 17, 2020 at 2:00am CEST, there include a total of 2,034,802 confirmed cases for Corona and 1,35,163 deaths worldwide have been reported which includes 212 countries, areas or territories reported by World Health Organization (WHO), in which USA tops 6,32,781 confirmed cases (28,221 deaths) followed by Italy 1,65,155 (21,647 deaths), Spain 1,77,633 (18,579 deaths) and China 84,149 (4,642 deaths). This study aims to compare the genomic nature of SARS-CoV-2 genome reported from Wuhan, China with two Indian isolate genome reported by ICMR-NIV, India. Further Phylogenetic studies performed with coronavirus infecting non-human species like Bats, Duck, and sparrow were compared with Indian and other country whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV2 using MegaX and traced out the association between the human coronavirus with the other species viral genome. In addition, epidemiological reports on COVID-19 among Worldwide and India centric data were compared between April 7, 2020 to April 17, 2020 global data and the number of active cases were increased dramatically in this 10 days period studied, highlighted in the current study.

scholarly journals An Awakening Alarm for Dental Professionals in Pandemic of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1098-1101
Author(s):  
Aditi Vinay Chandak ◽  
Surekha Dubey Godbole ◽  
Tanvi Rajesh Balwani ◽  
Tanuj Sunil Patil
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
New York ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Human Life ◽  
New York Times ◽  
World Health ◽  
Typical Structure ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Ecosystem, which consists of the physical environment and all the living organisms, on which we all depend, is declining rapidly because of its destruction caused by humans. It’s a two-way relationship between the humans and mother nature. If we destroy the natural environment around us, human life will be seriously affected, and the life of next generation will be endangered unless serious steps are taken. One such effect of human overexploitations has come in the form of coronavirus outbreak. Coronavirus, a contagious disease of 2019 known as Covid-19, is the latest swiftly spreading global infection. The aetiology of Covid-19 is different from SARS-CoV which has the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but it has the same host receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The novel coronavirus which is zoonotic (spreading from an animal to a human) and mainly found in the bats and pangolins is a single stranded ribonucleic acid virus of Coronaviridae family. 1 The typical structure of 2019-nCoV possessed ‘spike protein’ in the membrane envelope, also expressed various polyproteins, nucleoproteins and membrane protein. The S protein binds to the receptor cell of host to facilitate the entry of virus in the host. Currently four genera for coronavirus are found α-CoV, ßCoV, γ-CoV, δ-CoV. SARS-CoV first originated in Wuhan, China and has spread across the globe. World Health Organization (WHO) and public health emergency of international concern declared it as 2019 - 2020 pandemic disease.2 According to WHO report, (7th April 2020) update on this pandemic coronavirus disease, there have been more than 13,65,004 confirmed cases and 76,507 deaths across the world and these figures are rapidly increasing. Therefore, actions for proper recognition, management and its prevention must be prompted for relevant alleviation of its outspread.3 Health care professionals are mainly indulged in the national crises and are working diligently around-the-clock, small ratio of the health care workers have become affected and few died tragically. Dentists are most often the first ones to be affected because they work with patients in close proximity. On 15th March 2020, the New York Times published an article titled “The workers who face the greatest Coronavirus risk” described the dentists are highly exposed, than the paramedical staffs and general physicians, to the risk of novel coronavirus disease 19.4

scholarly journals Coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19 and impacts on medical education: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Kelly Kelly ◽  
Lie Rebecca Yen Hwei ◽  
Gilbert Sterling Octavius
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been affected by the novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. The virus’ infectious nature pushed all sectors to implement social distancing measures in an effort to limit its transmission, including the education sector. We searched PubMed and Science Direct on June 12th and found 24 papers that are relevant to our review. After the World Health Organization announced that COVID-19 is a global threat, various countries took a variety of measures to limit the disease spread such as social distancing, self-quarantine, and closing public facilities that hold large gatherings, including universities and schools. Hospitals started to prioritize services for COVID-19 cases. Medical education programs are also affected by this disease, but not continuing in-person classes outweighs any benefit from traditional teaching methods. The previous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) pandemics have shown ways to shift medical education to online platforms. In the current pandemic, online meetings are being used to hold lectures, classes, laboratory practices, and clinical skills classes. For clerkship students, online platforms might not be feasible because this eliminates patient-doctor relationships, but it appears for now to be the only option. Some institutions have involved medical students in the frontlines altogether. We encourage all parties to constantly evaluate, review, and improve the efforts of continuing medical education, especially during this pandemic. Further research is needed to evaluate students’ performance after adopting e-learning and to discover the best methods in medical education in general and clerkship education in particular.

scholarly journals Prophylaxis and Treatment against Klebsiella pneumoniae: Current Insights on This Emerging Anti-Microbial Resistant Global Threat

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4042
Author(s):  
Vanessa Arato ◽  
Maria Michelina Raso ◽  
Gianmarco Gasperini ◽  
Francesco Berlanda Scorza ◽  
Francesca Micoli
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Global Threat

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is an opportunistic pathogen and the leading cause of healthcare-associated infections, mostly affecting subjects with compromised immune systems or suffering from concurrent bacterial infections. However, the dramatic increase in hypervirulent strains and the emergence of new multidrug-resistant clones resulted in Kp occurrence among previously healthy people and in increased morbidity and mortality, including neonatal sepsis and death across low- and middle-income countries. As a consequence, carbapenem-resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Kp have been prioritized as a critical anti-microbial resistance threat by the World Health Organization and this has renewed the interest of the scientific community in developing a vaccine as well as treatments alternative to the now ineffective antibiotics. Capsule polysaccharide is the most important virulence factor of Kp and plays major roles in the pathogenesis but its high variability (more than 100 different types have been reported) makes the identification of a universal treatment or prevention strategy very challenging. However, less variable virulence factors such as the O-Antigen, outer membrane proteins as fimbriae and siderophores might also be key players in the fight against Kp infections. Here, we review elements of the current status of the epidemiology and the molecular pathogenesis of Kp and explore specific bacterial antigens as potential targets for both prophylactic and therapeutic solutions.

scholarly journals The Trend Distribution and Temporal Pattern Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic using GIS framework in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Sahrul Syukri Yahya ◽  
Edie Ezwan Mohd Safian ◽  
Burhaida Burhan
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Emergency Case ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Currently, the most severe infectious disease was the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in all countries in 2019 and 2020. At the end of December 2019, in Wuhan, China, there was an international cluster of cases involving Novel Coronavirus pneumonia (SARS-COV-2). The worldwide number of active cases and deaths is rising, especially in the top countries such as the United States (U.S), Brazil, and India. In Malaysia, these cases of COVID-19 have significantly decreased the number of active infections and deaths in May and June 2020. COVID-19 has had a significant effect on human life, socio-economic growth, and public relation. It is aimed at senior groups and individuals with various health conditions such as cancer, respiratory problems, diabetes, hypertension, and heart-related issues. The World Health Organization (WHO) has formally declared COVID-19 as an international emergency case. As a result, Kuala Lumpur was the most affected state in Malaysia as of 12 July 2020, followed by Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Johor. Regardless of the infection chain ratio, the favorable cases in each affected state of Malaysia are rising every day. The Malaysian Government attempted to split the infection chain ratio affected by COVID-19 via the lockdown definition. The research aims to use GIS software to analyze COVID-19's spatial trend distribution and temporal pattern analysis for human health. Geographic information systems (GIS) technologies have played a significant role in spatial information, spatial tracking of confirmed cases, active case, death, and discharge cases, and predicting the magnitude of the spread. Monitoring, evaluating, and planning using geospatial analysis are essential for controlling the spread of COVID-19 within the country.

The novel coronavirus and its possible treatment by vaccines, therapeutics and drug delivery systems: Current status and future perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhurya Kadavakollu ◽  
Veera Venkata Satyanarayana Reddy Karri ◽  
Kuppusamy Gowthamarajan ◽  
Arun Radhakrishnan ◽  
Dhanabal Palanisamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In the mid-end of December 2019, several cases of pneumonia outbreak of unknown cause and etiology were identified in Wuhan City of Hubei province in China, a city with a population of over 11 million.Till date(April 2020) around 1,051,635 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) and 56,985 confirmed deaths have been reported according to COVID-19 Situation Report – 75 by WHO. On 7th January 2020, the causative agent was identified and named consequently as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) from throat swab samples. Later, on 12th January 2020, this coronavirus was named as 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by World Health Organization (WHO) and in 11th February 2020,it has been declared the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) as it is spreading rapidly from its origin in Wuhan City to the rest of the world. In this context, the current review provides a landscape of the novel Corona Virus including its origin, transmission, epidemiology, drugs and vaccines in clinical trials for better understanding to the reads and peoples the status and future perspectives of this pandemic disease

scholarly journals Counting on COVID-19 Vaccine: Insights into the Current Strategies, Progress and Future Challenges

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1740
Author(s):  
Ramesh Kandimalla ◽  
Pratik Chakraborty ◽  
Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu ◽  
Anupama Chaudhary ◽  
Sonalinandini Samanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Subunits ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The emergence of a novel coronavirus viz., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 and its subsequent substantial spread produced the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Given its unprecedented infectivity and pathogenicity, the COVID-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on human health, and its clinical management has been a great challenge, which has led to the development and speedy trials of several vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 at an exceptional pace. As a result, several COVID-19 vaccines were made commercially available in the first half of 2021. Although several COVID-19 vaccines showed promising results, crucial insights into their epidemiology, protective mechanisms, and the propensities of reinfection are not largely reviewed. In the present report, we provided insights into the prospects of vaccination against COVID-19 and assessed diverse vaccination strategies including DNA, mRNA, protein subunits, vector-based, live attenuated, and inactivated whole/viral particle-based vaccines. Next, we reviewed major aspects of various available vaccines approved by the World Health Organization and by the local administrations to use against COVID-19. Moreover, we comprehensively assessed the success of these approved vaccines and also their untoward effects, including the possibility of reinfection. We also provided an update on the vaccines that are under development and could be promising candidates in the future. Conclusively, we provided insights into the COVID-19 vaccine epidemiology, their potency, and propensity for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, while a careful review of their current status, strategies, success, and future challenges was also presented.

scholarly journals COVID-19 ‘The Pandemic’: An Update on the Present Status of the Outbreak and Possible Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1791-1807
Author(s):  
Deepika Purohit ◽  
Manisha Saini ◽  
Nisha Pathak ◽  
Ravinder Verma ◽  
Deepak Kaushik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Status ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Global Threat

A novel threat to mankind by novel coronavirus infection occurred in December 2019. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Situation Report-141, 7,039,918 confirmed cases and 404,396 death cases were observed till 9 June 2020 in the different regions of world. Therefore, this article aims to summarize and share the update on the present status of the outbreak and possible treatment options. The present review focuses on latest statistics, diagnostic and preventive measures under study and the future planning of the researchers to discover an effective cure for this threat to the mankind. For carrying out this review, literature searches were performed on Clinicaltrials.gov, official website of WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PubMed, Google scholars, etc. Data from these searches was collected and evaluated for getting the available literature on COVID-19 outbreak and drugs under study. The details of history, virology, epidemiology, possible therapeutic options, associated risk factors and preventive measures related to COVID-19 are compiled here in this review. Along with this, some ongoing clinical trials have also been included in this review in order to conclude the efforts of researchers towards controlling this outbreak. The trajectory and severity of this outbreak can’t be predicted at present, but immediate actions are required to be taken in order to develop and implement an effective treatment against the global threat.

scholarly journals Epidemia do novo coronavírus (COVID-19): análise dos indicadores nos três primeiros meses, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roudom Ferreira Moura ◽  
Ana Paula Miranda Mundim-Pombo ◽  
Rosângela Elaine Minéo Biagolini ◽  
Janessa de Fátima Morgado de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Status ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Introdução: O Estado de São Paulo foi a Unidade da Federação onde ocorreu a notificação do primeiro caso de COVID-19 no Brasil e América Latina,apresentando indicadores de saúde alarmantes e boa parte dos municípios afetados. Objetivo: Analisar os indicadores de saúde do Novo Coronavírus (COVID-19) no Estado de São Paulo (ESP) nos três primeiros meses da epidemia a partir da confirmação do primeiro caso. Material e método: Estudo ecológico, descritivo, considerando os casos confirmados de COVID-19 captados pelo Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica do ESP para o período de 26 de fevereiro a 26 de maio de 2020. Resultados: Houve crescimento do número de municípios (35, 284 e 510), casos confirmados (1.015, 20.652 e 85.459), óbitos (57, 1.700 e 6.423), coeficientes de incidência (2,21; 44,97 e 186,11 para cada 100.000 habitantes) e mortalidade (0,12; 3,70 e 13,99 para cada 100.000 habitantes) - respectivamente, março, abril e maio. Observou-se declínio do coeficiente de letalidade no terceiro mês comparado ao segundo (respectivamente, 8,23 e 7,52 para cada 100 casos). Conclusão: A magnitude do COVID-19 extrapola os indicadores mundiais em algumas localidades do Estado de São Paulo.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Pandemias; Epidemiologia Descritiva; Estudos Ecológicos.ReferênciasTan W, Zhao X, Ma X, Wang W, Niu P, Xu W et al. A Novel Coronavirus Genome Identified in a Cluster of Pneumonia Cases — Wuhan, China 2019−2020. China CDC Weekly, 2020;2(4):61-2.Rafael RDMR, Neto M, Carvalho MMB de, David HMSL, Acioli S, Faria MG de A. Epidemiologia, políticas públicas e pandemia de Covid-19: o que esperar no Brasil? Rev enferm UERJ. 2020;28:e49570.Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, Gao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern [published correction appears in Lancet. 2020. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470-73.Di Gennaro F, Pizzol D, Marotta C, Antunes M, Racalbuto V, Veronese N et al.  Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) Current Status and Future Perspectives: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2690.World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) Situation Report - 117. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2020;8(1):3–8. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200516-covid-19-sitrep-117.pdf?sfvrsn=8f562cc_World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report 138. 2020;(June). Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200606-covid-19-sitrep-138.pdf?sfvrsn=c8abfb17_4BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde S de V em S. Boletim Epidemiológico Especial COE COVID-19. Bol Epidemiológico Espec COE-COVID19 [Internet]. 2020; Available at: https://www.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/May/29/2020-05-25---BEE17---Boletim-do-COE.pdf.The Lancet. COVID-19 in Brazil: "So what?". Lancet. 2020;395(10235):1461.Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Gallego V, Escalera-Antezana JP, Mendez CA, Zambrano LI, Franco-Paredes  et. al.  COVID-19 in Latin America: The implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;35:101613.Governo do Estado de São Paulo10 - Secretaria de Estado da Saúde - Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças - Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica “Prof. Alexandre Vranjac” – Novo Coronavírus (COVID-19) - Situação Epidemiológica 26 de fevereiro a 26 de maio de 2020, disponíveis em: http://www.saude.sp.gov.br/cve-centro-de-vigilancia-epidemiologica-prof.-alexandre-vranjac/areas-de-vigilancia/doencas-de-transmissao-respiratoria/coronavirus-covid-19/situacao-epidemiologicaIBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Brasil. São Paulo. Arandu. Disponível em: https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/arandu/pesquisa/37/30255Castro Delgado R, Arcos González P. Analyzing the health system's capacity to respond to epidemics: a key element in planning for emergencies. El análisis de la capacidad de respuesta sanitaria como elemento clave en la planificación ante emergencias epidémicas. Emergencias. 2020;32(3):157-59.World-o-Meter. Disponível em: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Acesso em: 14 de maio de 2020.Ren H, Zhao L, Zhang A, Song L, Liao Y, Lu W et al. Early forecasting of the potential risk zones of COVID-19 in China's megacities. Sci Total Environ. 2020;729:138995.Morgenstern H. Ecologic studies in epidemiology: concepts, principles, and methods. Annu Rev Public Health. 1995;16:61-81. Organização Pan-americana de Saúde. REDE Interagencial de Informação para a Saúde – RIPSA. Indicadores Básicos para a Saúde no Brasil: conceitos e aplicações. 2. ed. – Brasília: Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, 2008. p. 144. Disponível em: http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/tabdata/livroidb/2ed/CapituloC.pdfMedeiros de Figueiredo A, Daponte A, Moreira Marculino de Figueiredo DC, Gil-García E, Kalache A. Letalidad del COVID-19: ausencia de patrón epidemiológico [Case fatality rate of COVID-19: absence of epidemiological pattern] Gac Sanit. 2020;S0213-9111(20)30084-4.SEADE – Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados. Perfil dos Municípios Paulistas. Disponível em: https://perfil.seade.gov.br/. Acessado em: 10/06/2020.Governo de São Paulo. SP Contra o Novo Coronavírus. Adesão ao Isolamento Social em São Paulo. Disponível em: https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus/isolamento/. Acessado em 10/06/2020.

scholarly journals Current Status of COVID-19 Diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surabhi Dixit ◽  
Monal Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

In December 2019, an unexpected outbreak was caused by novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lung disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was given the name of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020. Since its origin in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in China, now it has spread to 218 countries worldwide. Panic situation created by COVID-19 has compelled researchers and doctors to work collaboratively. To combat with the disease, every control measures are under consideration from drug discovery to vaccine development. In the management of disease, rapid diagnosis is equally important as development of vaccine and drug. At present, various diagnostic kits are available for COVID-19. With the disease progression, global demand for diagnostics is raising. So, this chapter will include the updates on efficient diagnostic assays and future of diagnostic.

scholarly journals The scientific community in COVID-19 global pandemic: A systematic update on recent progress and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Zeba Firdaus ◽  
Sushil Kumar Singh ◽  
Tryambak Deo Singh ◽  
Meenakshi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel coronavirus, which emerged in China in late December 2019, is officially named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The rapid spread of the virus across the continent has disrupted human life in every aspect leading to health and economic crises. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel coronavirus outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. In spite of complete lockdown and quarantine efforts in many countries, the occurrence of infections continues to rise, with more than 88 million laboratory-confirmed cases and over 1.9 million deaths worldwide as on January 10, 2021. Since the beginning of the outbreak, lot of intriguing studies about the phylogenetic evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, clinical characteristics, and possible treatment of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been published. This review aims to provide an insight into the progress in this regard and provides a reference for future studies including general awareness. We have discussed the origin, transmission, and infection mechanism of coronaviruses in host cells as well as available treatment options with relevant case studies. Furthermore, the stages of vaccine development, types of vaccines, and candidate vaccines with their phases of clinical trial are also incorporated. In a nutshell, the article is an attempt to retrieve the latest information available on virus behavior, efficacy of the available drugs, and development of candidate vaccines on SARS-CoV-2.

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