scholarly journals Evaluation of sampling frequency and normalization of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations for capturing COVID-19 burdens in the community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuchen Feng ◽  
Adélaïde Roguet ◽  
Jill S. McClary-Gutierrez ◽  
Ryan J. Newton ◽  
Nathan Kloczko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Health Measurement ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Measurement Variability ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
High Frequency Sampling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Case Data

AbstractWastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 provides an approach for assessing the infection burden across a city. For these data to be useful for public health, measurement variability and the relationship to case data need to be established. We measured SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in the influent of twelve wastewater treatment plants from August 2020 to January 2021. Replicate samples demonstrated that N1 gene target concentrations varied by ±21% between technical replicate filters and by ±14% between duplicate assays. COVID-19 cases were correlated significantly (rho≥0.70) to wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations for seven plants, including large and small cities. SARS-CoV-2 data normalized to flow improved correlations to reported COVID-19 cases for some plants, but normalizing to a spiked recovery control (BCoV) or a fecal marker (PMMoV or HF183) generally reduced correlations. High frequency sampling demonstrated that a minimum of two samples collected per week was needed to maintain accuracy in trend analysis. We found a significantly different ratio of COVID-19 cases to SARS-CoV-2 loads in one of three large communities, suggesting a higher rate of undiagnosed cases. These data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance can provide a useful community-wide metric to assess the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reliability of the Minimum Masking Level as Outcome Variable in Tinnitus Clinical Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Mancini ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tang-Chuan Wang ◽  
Helena Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Minimum Intensity

Purpose The minimum masking level (MML) is the minimum intensity of a stimulus required to just totally mask the tinnitus. Treatments aimed at reducing the tinnitus itself should attempt to measure the magnitude of the tinnitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the MML. Method Sample consisted of 59 tinnitus patients who reported stable tinnitus. We obtained MML measures on two visits, separated by about 2–3 weeks. We used two noise types: speech-shaped noise and high-frequency emphasis noise. We also investigated the relationship between the MML and tinnitus loudness estimates and the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ). Results There were differences across the different noise types. The within-session standard deviation averaged across subjects varied between 1.3 and 1.8 dB. Across the two sessions, the Pearson correlation coefficients, range was r = .84. There was a weak relationship between the dB SL MML and loudness, and between the MML and the THQ. A moderate correlation ( r = .44) was found between the THQ and loudness estimates. Conclusions We conclude that the dB SL MML can be a reliable estimate of tinnitus magnitude, with expected standard deviations in trained subjects of about 1.5 dB. It appears that the dB SL MML and loudness estimates are not closely related.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

Relationship of Semicircular Canal Size to Vestibular-Nerve Afferent Sensitivity in Mammals

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 3197-3205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aizhen Yang ◽  
Timothy E. Hullar
Keyword(s):  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Vestibular Nerve ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Vestibular Nerve Afferents ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Irregular Afferents ◽  
Anterior Canal

The relationship between semicircular canal radius of curvature and afferent sensitivity has not been experimentally determined. We characterized mouse semicircular canal afferent responses to sinusoidal head rotations to facilitate interspecies and intraspecies comparisons of canal size to sensitivity. The interspecies experiment compared the horizontal canal afferent responses among animals ranging in size from mouse to rhesus monkey. The intraspecies experiment compared afferent responses from the larger anterior canal to those from the smaller horizontal canal of mice. The responses of mouse vestibular-nerve afferents showed a low- and high-frequency phase lead and high-frequency gain enhancement. Regular horizontal-canal afferents showed a sensitivity to 0.5-Hz sinusoidal rotations of 0.10 ± 0.03 (SD) spike · s−1/deg · s−1 and high-gain irregular afferents showed a sensitivity of 0.25 ± 0.11 spike · s−1/deg · s−1. The interspecies comparison showed that the sensitivity of regular afferents was related to the radius of curvature R according to the formula Gr = 0.23R − 0.09 ( r2 = 0.86) and the sensitivity of irregular afferents was related to radius according to the formula Gi = 0.32R + 0.01 ( r2 = 0.67). The intraspecies comparison showed that regularly firing anterior canal afferents were significantly more sensitive than those from the relatively smaller horizontal canal, with Gr = 0.25R. This suggests that canal radius of curvature is closely related to afferent sensitivity both among and within species. If the relationship in humans is similar to that demonstrated here, the sensitivity of their regular vestibular-nerve afferents to 0.5-Hz rotations is likely to be about 0.67 spike · s−1/deg · s−1 and of their high-gain irregular afferents about 1.06 spikes · s−1/deg · s−1.

Van rechtvaardigheid naar uitputting en bevlogenheid

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Verboon ◽  
Klaas Schakel ◽  
Karen van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Positive Behavior ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Group Engagement ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

From justice to exhaustion and engagement. The role of affective commitment to the organization From justice to exhaustion and engagement. The role of affective commitment to the organization In two studies the relationship between perceived organizational justice and emotional exhaustion and engagement was studied. Especially, the role of affective commitment to the organization in this relationship was examined. According to the group engagement model of Tyler and Blader (2003), procedural justice will result in positive behavior and attitudes because it increases commitment to the organization, thus implying that affective commitment mediates the relationship of justice with exhaustion and engagement. Conversely, Glazer and Kruse (2008) argue that a strong commitment to the organization can mitigate the effect of stressors, like injustice perceptions, on exhaustion and engagement, implying a moderating effect of commitment. These models were tested in two samples with employees working in a police organization. Both studies supported the mediating role of commitment; no evidence was found for a moderating role of commitment. The implication of these outcomes and the limitations of the study are discussed.

Do Anxious Swimmers Swim Slower? Reexamining the Elusive Anxiety-Performance Relationship

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon Burton
Keyword(s):  
Low Complexity ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Somatic Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Cognitive Anxiety ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Moderate Complexity ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to utilize a multidimensional measure of anxiety and a more sensitive intraindividual performance measure to evaluate the relationship between anxiety and performance. Three hypotheses were tested. First, cognitive anxiety is more consistently and strongly related to performance than is somatic anxiety. Second, somatic anxiety demonstrates an inverted-U relationship with performance, whereas self-confidence and performance exhibit a positive linear relationship and cognitive anxiety and performance exhibit a negative one. Finally, short duration and high and low complexity events demonstrate stronger relationships between somatic anxiety and performance than do long duration or moderate complexity events. Two samples of swimmers completed the CSAI-2 prior to competition, and performance data were obtained from meet results. Correlational and multiple regression analyses generally supported Hypotheses 1 and 3, while polynomial trend analyses on standardized CSAI-2 scores confirmed trends predicted in Hypothesis 2. Overall, these results not only revealed that improved instrumentation allows demonstration of consistent anxiety-performance relationships, but they also provided additional construct validity for the CSAI-2.

The effect of management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems on employees’ discretionary behaviour

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unai Elorza ◽  
Christopher Harris ◽  
Aitor Aritzeta ◽  
Nekane Balluerka
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Work Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
High Performance Work Systems ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems (HPWS) relate to employee discretionary behaviour. In addition, the paper examines to what extent the relationship between employees’ perception of the HPWS and discretionary behaviour varies among different organizations/groups. Design/methodology/approach – Two samples were used in the study. The first sample included data from 51 managers and 1,023 employees from 26 manufacturing companies. The second sample included 52 managers and 6,382 employees from 42 manufacturing companies. Findings – The study shows that employee rated HPWS mediates the relationship between management rated HPWS and individual-level discretionary behaviour. Moreover, results showed that the effect of employee rated HPWS on discretionary behaviour varies among different organizations/groups. Practical implications – Results show that employee perceptions of the HPWS more strongly predict employees’ discretionary behaviour than management rated HPWS. Moreover, it shows that employees’ perceptions of the same HPWS, but operating in different organizational contexts exhibit different levels of discretionary behaviour. Originality/value – The study differentiates between management and employee perspectives of the HPWS. It also examines the variability of the relationship between HPWS and discretionary behaviour. Multilevel structural equation modelling is used to test the hypotheses.

Simulation of Pathological High Impedance Tympanograms

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel J. Van Camp ◽  
Janet E. Shanks ◽  
Robert H. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Secretory Otitis Media ◽  
High Impedance ◽  
The Relationship

The Vanhuyse, Creten, and Van Camp (1975) model for analyzing high frequency tympanograms predicts the shapes of conductance, susceptance, and admittance tympanograms from the relationship between resistance and reactance tympanograms at the tympanic membrane. This model has been applied primarily to low impedance middle-ear pathologies but has not been applied extensively to the more commonly occurring high impedance pathologies. The purpose of this study was to extend the Vanhuyse et al. (1975) model to high impedance pathologies and to identify tympanometric parameters associated with otosclerosis, secretory otitis media, and lateral ossicular fixation. Data from previous experiments on the shape and absolute values of resistance and reactance tympanograms were used to calculate 678-Hz admittance tympanograms that were unique to each of the three high impedance pathologies. Guidelines for differentiating among the middle-ear pathologies on the basis of high frequency tympanometric shapes are presented.

scholarly journals 2014 Dahlberg Award Winner The effects of dietary toughness on occlusopalatal variation in savanna baboons

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Evan Muzzall ◽  
Ryan M. Campbell ◽  
Meadow Campbell ◽  
Robert S. Corruccini
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Award Winner ◽  
Diet Sample ◽  
Soft Diet ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Structural Irregularities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Craniofacial Variation

This study investigates the relationship between dietary toughness and craniofacial variation in two groups of savanna baboons. Standard craniofacial and malocclusion data were collected from a captive, soft-diet experiment group (n=24) and a sample of wild-captured baboons, raised on tougher, natural foods (n=19). We tested the hypothesis that in the absence of normal masticatory stress experienced during the consumption of wild foods, the captive baboons would exhibit higher levels of facial and dental structural irregularities. Principal component analysis indicates separation of the two samples. The soft-diet sample exhibits significantly shorter palates, greater variability in palate position, and higher frequencies of occlusal irregularities that correlate with the shorter palates. Results offer further support that long-term dietary chewing stresses have a measurable effect on adult craniofacial variation.

scholarly journals Partner Commitment in Close Relationships Mitigates Social Class Differences in Subjective Well-Being

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinth Jia Xin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Kraus ◽  
Emily Impett ◽  
Dacher Keltner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Relationship

Close relationships can be a source of positive subjective well-being for lower-class individuals, but stresses of lower-class environments tend to negatively impact those relationships. The present research demonstrates that a partner’s commitment in close relationships buffers against the negative impact of lower-class environments on relationships, mitigating social class differences in subjective well-being. In two samples of close relationship dyads, we found that when partners reported low commitment to the relationship, relatively lower-class individuals experienced poorer well-being than their upper-class counterparts, assessed as life satisfaction among romantic couples (Study 1) and negative affect linked to depression among ethnically diverse close friendships (Study 2). Conversely, when partners reported high commitment to the relationship, deficits in the well-being of lower-class relative to upper-class individuals were attenuated. Implications of these findings for upending the class divide in subjective well-being are discussed.

scholarly journals High frequency repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) is not associated with efficient recombination in Neurospora.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 1093-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
J T Irelan ◽  
A T Hagemann ◽  
E U Selker
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutation ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Recombination Frequency ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Copy Gene ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Repeat Induced Point Mutation

Abstract Duplicated DNA sequences in Neurospora crassa are efficiently detected and mutated during the sexual cycle by a process named repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Linked, direct duplications have previously been shown to undergo both RIP and deletion at high frequency during premeiosis, suggesting a relationship between RIP and homologous recombination. We have investigated the relationship between RIP and recombination for an unlinked duplication and for both inverted and direct, linked duplications. RIP occurred at high frequency (42-100%) with all three types of duplications used in this study, yet recombination was infrequent. For both inverted and direct, linked duplications, recombination was observed, but at frequencies one to two orders of magnitude lower than RIP. For the unlinked duplication, no recombinants were seen in 900 progeny, indicating, at most, a recombination frequency nearly three orders of magnitude lower than the frequency of RIP. In a direct duplication, RIP and recombination were correlated, suggesting that these two processes are mechanistically associated or that one process provokes the other. Mutations due to RIP have previously been shown to occur outside the boundary of a linked, direct duplication, indicating that RIP might be able to inactivate genes located in single-copy sequences adjacent to a duplicated sequence. In this study, a single-copy gene located between elements of linked duplications was inactivated at moderate frequencies (12-14%). Sequence analysis demonstrated that RIP mutations had spread into these single-copy sequences at least 930 base pairs from the boundary of the duplication, and Southern analysis indicated that mutations had occurred at least 4 kilobases from the duplication boundary.

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