scholarly journals Metrology characterization of ultraprecise bendable mirrors for the European XFEL: from offsite calibration to installation and commissioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114
Author(s):  
Maurizio Vannoni ◽  
Idoia Freijo Martín ◽  
Silja Schmidtchen ◽  
Thomas M. Baumann ◽  
Michael Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Flat Surface ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Correct Position ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Technical Design Report ◽  
Accuracy And Repeatability ◽  
General Specification

The European XFEL requires long and ultraflat X-ray mirrors of high precision for the beam offset and distribution system [Altarelli et al. (2006), XFEL Technical Design Report, DESY 2006-097. DESY, Hamburg, Germany]. A general specification of the beam transport mirrors is a length of up to 950 mm and an optical surface with a deviation from a perfectly flat surface of <30 nm peak-to-valley and a figure error of <2 nm peak-to-valley. From a production point of view, such a mirror cannot be easily fabricated so, in each beamline, it is foreseen to have at least one mirror with bending capabilities. In this way, it is possible to correct the residual divergence of the beam in order to focus it in the correct position with high accuracy and repeatability. This is practically implemented using a mechanical bender in which the mirror is mounted and bent through a motorized actuator. One such system was characterized in the metrology lab using a large-aperture Fizeau interferometer and a capacitive sensor. It was then installed in the beamline and calibrated again using the X-ray beam. Here, the procedure is described and the two different methods are compared, stressing the differences and the possible explanations and improvements.

Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Nanostructures for Catalytic CO2 Photoconversion

2011 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Iwulska ◽  
G. Sliwinski
Keyword(s):  
Active Surface ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Photocatalytic Applications

The titanium dioxide target (99.7%) of 1 cm in dia was ablated in vacuum by laser pulses (6 ns) at 266 nm and at repetition rate of 10 Hz. During deposition the laser fluence between 1 and 3.5 J/cm2 and the O2 pressure from the range of 10-2 – 1 Pa were applied. The thin TiO2 films were deposited on glass substrate (1 × 1 cm2) heated up to 500 °C. The chemical composition of the film and samples produced by annealing were investigated by spectroscopic techniques (μ-Raman, EDX) and the structure, porosity and surface morphology were analysed by means of SEM and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM inspection of the TiO2 thin film samples indicates that the obtained material is mostly crystalline. After annealing in O2 at 500 °C the structure characterized by the presence of both anatase and rutile phases is observed in the Raman spectra and confirmed by the XRD data. The phase content ratio depends on the O2 pressure applied. Results confirm that nanostructures produced in this way represent densely packed columns and promote deep penetration of guest particles such as CO2.The resulting large active surface is advantageous from the point of view of photocatalytic applications.

scholarly journals Microscopic Characterization of Bioactivate Implant Surfaces: Increasing Wettability Using Salts and Dry Technology

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2608
Author(s):  
Francesco Gianfreda ◽  
Donato Antonacci ◽  
Carlo Raffone ◽  
Maurizio Muzzi ◽  
Valeria Pistilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Acid Etching ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Topographic Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nanostructured Surfaces ◽  
Salt Deposition ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Etched Surface

The surface topography of dental implants plays an important role in cell-surface interaction promoting cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation influencing osseointegration. A hydrophilic implant leads to the absorption of water molecules and subsequently promotes the adhesion of cells to the implant binding protein. Dried salts on the implant surfaces allow one to store the implant surfaces in a dry environment while preserving their hydrophilic characteristics. This process has been identified as “dry technology”. The aim of the present study is to describe from a micrometric and nanometric point of view the characteristics of this new bioactivated surface obtained using salts dried on the surface. Topographic analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and contact angle characterization were performed on the samples of a sandblasted and dual acid-etched surface (ABT), a nanosurface (Nano) deriving from the former but with the adding of salts air dried and a nanosurface with salts dissolved with distilled water (Nano H2O). The analysis revealed promising results for nanostructured surfaces with increased wettability and a more articulated surface nanotopography than the traditional ABT surface. In conclusion, this study validates a new promising ultra-hydrophilic nano surface obtained by sandblasting, double acid etching and surface salt deposition using dry technology.

scholarly journals Development and application of methods to characterize micro semi-finished products and micro components

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 15012
Author(s):  
Bernd Köhler ◽  
Brigitte Clausen ◽  
Hans-Werner Zoch
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Microhardness Testing ◽  
The One ◽  
Backscatter Diffraction

In the production of semi-finished products for the production of microcomponents and the components themselves, the characterization of their physical properties is of particular importance. Due to the often oligocrystalline character of these semi-finished products and components, it is necessary to use a suitable testing technique for static and dynamic investigations, as the mechanical properties are not transferable from the macroscopic point of view. In addition, the micro semi-finished products and components often show inhomogeneities induced by the manufacturing process. On the one hand, these are directly reflected in the microstructure and on the other hand they have an effect on quantities such as hardness or residual stresses, which play a decisive role in the application. Mechanical testing, conventional metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), ultra-microhardness testing and X-ray residual stress analysis were used as measuring and analysis techniques suitable for the sub-millimeter range. In the following, the possibilities and limitations of two these methods are illustrated using the example of mechanical testing and EBSD. In this paper several examples for possible characterization techniques are given.

scholarly journals An Insight into the Ultrastructural and Physiochemical Characterization of Potato Starch: a Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-476
Author(s):  
Sreeshna Jagadeesan ◽  
Indira Govindaraju ◽  
Nirmal Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Potato Starch ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

Abstract Potatoes are highly consumed food around the world, usually following processing of some kind. Apart from its noteworthy presence in diets, potato starch has a multitude of industrial applications as a food additive and recently in novel domains such as nanotechnology and bioengineering. This review examines the microscopic and spectroscopic methods of characterizing potato starch and compares the different properties. The microscopic techniques such as optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) allow observation of structural elements of potato starch. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) delves into the thermal behavior of starch in presence of water, while Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyze the behavior of various chemical bonds and crystallinity of starch. These characterizations are important from a dietary point of view for patients requiring a low-glycemic diet, as well as in facilitating research into a wider array of industrial applications.

scholarly journals Isolation and Biological Characterization of Homoisoflavanoids and the Alkylamide N-p-Coumaroyltyramine from Crinum biflorum Rottb., an Amaryllidaceae Species Collected in Senegal

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Marco Masi ◽  
Manoj Koirala ◽  
Antonella Delicato ◽  
Roberta Di Lecce ◽  
Natacha Merindol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cancer ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Relative Configuration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Pure Compounds

Crinum biflorum Rottb. (syn. Crinum distichum) is an Amaryllidaceae plant used in African traditional medicine but very few studies have been performed on this species from a chemical and applicative point of view. Bulbs of C. biflorum, collected in Senegal, were extracted with ethanol by Soxhlet and the corresponding organic extract was purified using chromatographic methods. The pure compounds were chemically characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1D and 2D 1H and 13C NMR, HR MS and ECD) and X-ray analysis. Four homoisoflavonoids (1–4) and one alkylamide (5) were isolated and characterized as 5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (1), as 3-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (2), as 3-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (3) and as 5,6,7-trimethoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)chroman-4-one (4), and the alkylamide as (E)-N-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylamide (5), commonly named N-p-coumaroyltyramine. The relative configuration of compound 1 was verified thanks to the X-ray analysis which also allowed us to confirm its racemic nature. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were assigned by comparing their ECD spectra with those previously reported for urgineanins A and B. Flavanoids 1, 3 and 4 showed promising anticancer properties being cytotoxic at low micromolar concentrations towards HeLa and A431 human cancer cell lines. The N-p-coumaroyltyramine (5) was selectively toxic to A431 and HeLa cancer cells while it protected immortalized HaCaT cells against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Compounds 1–4 also inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity with compound 3 being the most potent. The anti-amylase and the strong anti-glucosidase activity of compound 5 were confirmed. Our results show that C. biflorum produces compounds of therapeutic interest with anti-diabetic, anti-tumoral and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties.

Physicochemical and Environmental Characterization of Industrial Wastes in Powder

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1789-1794
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Quaranta ◽  
Marta G. Caligaris ◽  
Nicolás Lalla ◽  
Gisela Pelozo ◽  
Adrián Cristobal
Keyword(s):  
Steel Slag ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Converter Steel ◽  
Leaching Test ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

In the present work residual powders of diverse industries are characterized from the environmental and physicochemical point of view, in order to determine the properties of them and establish the feasibility of reutilization or recycling. Cinders of additives, waste of scrap shredding process, LD converter steel slag and other powders of industrial processes were characterized by using optical and electronic microscopic techniques, semiquantitative chemical analysis, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, leaching test, among others. As a function of the obtained results some possible ways for recycling or reuse of these residual powders were proposed.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

Plant Pathology Diagnosed by X-Ray Microanalysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 974-975
Author(s):  
J. H. Resau ◽  
N. Howell ◽  
S. H. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Parasitic Infestation ◽  
X Ray

Spinach grown in Texas developed “yellow spotting” on the peripheral portions of the leaves. The exact cause of the discoloration could not be determined as there was no evidence of viral or parasitic infestation of the plants and biochemical characterization of the plants did not indicate any significant differences between the yellow and green leaf portions of the spinach. The present study was undertaken using electron microscopy (EM) to determine if a micro-nutrient deficiency was the cause for the discoloration.Green leaf spinach was collected from the field and sent by express mail to the EM laboratory. The yellow and equivalent green portions of the leaves were isolated and dried in a Denton evaporator at 10-5 Torr for 24 hrs. The leaf specimens were then examined using a JEOL 100 CX analytical microscope. TEM specimens were prepared according to the methods of Trump et al.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document