Payment for health in the Philippines

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 46-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Reisman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of the Philippines is seeking to expand access to the formal sector of medical care. Concentrates on the alternative ways in which that expansion can be financed. First, provides the background by presenting data on mortality and morbidity as indicators of health status, and of manpower and institutions as measures of care inputs. Second, examines private payment, concentrating on family resources, community co‐operatives, private insurance and employer provided services. Third, considers direct provision and national health insurance, which are the principal modes of public payment for care. Makes recommendations about the financing of health care and the mixed health economy that are of relevance in developed and less‐developed countries alike.

Determinants of educational outcomes: Analysis of the Republic of Tatarstan

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Demetrio Tovar García
Keyword(s):  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
School Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Family Resources ◽  
Educational Achievements ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Future Work

This paper studies the determinants of educational outcomes in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Using principle component analysis, least squares with robust standard errors, and probit models, I found that family resources, including socioeconomic status, cultural and social capital, show a statistically significant effect on educational achievements and plans about educational trajectories. However, little of the variation in the dependent variables can be explained by variation in family resources. In Tatarstan, as in developed countries, family resources have a low influence on educational outcomes. Moreover, school quality, gender, nationality, peers, health, plans about future work, and other physical and psychological factors play important roles in influencing educational outcomes. Girls obtain better results than boys, and Tatar speakers show higher educational achievements than Russian speakers.

Health care in South Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
Elena Frolova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

Every person who is at least somewhat familiar with the history of medicine knows the name of Christiaan Barnard, cardiac surgeon who performed the first successful heart transplant. This happened on December 3, 1967 at a hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. A man suffering from an incurable heart disease had a healthy organ transplant from a 25-yearold girl who died in a car accident. The patient lived for two weeks and died from complicated bilateral pneumonia, however, this case marked the beginning of a new era in transplantology giving hope of saving hundreds of patients. What do we know about health care of the Republic of South Africa, one of the most developed countries on the African continent? How much does the present situation allow the government to be classified as a world leader in healthcare? Unfortunately, according to the World Health Organization newsletter, South Africa at the present stage tops the sad ranking of countries by the number of HIV-infected and AIDS patients — about 7 million out of the 58 million people are infected with a dangerous virus. Unlike developed countries, where the main cause of death is pathology of the cardiovascular system, strokes and malignant neoplasms, three quarters of patients in the Republic of South Africa die due to infectious processes. Speaking about the heterogeneity of medicine, we were almost for the first time confronted with the fact that health services can be divided not only into health care for the «rich and poor», but also for the «white and black».

Incidence and Mortality of Cervical Cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan: 2007-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnar SHALGUMBAYEVA ◽  
Almagul ZHABAGINA ◽  
Anargul KUANYSHEVA ◽  
Marat SANDYBAYEV ◽  
Raida FAIZOVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Cervical Cancer Mortality ◽  
The Republic

Background: Epidemiology of cervical cancer is relatively well studied in developed countries of the world, but little is known about Central Asian states. This study aimed to analyze the changing patterns of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods: The statistical analysis of official data on cervical cancer mortality and morbidity was performed for the whole country. Data on cervical cancer patients were retrieved for the period 2007-2016. Results: There was an increase in the incidence of cervical cancer among the population of Kazakhstan from 15.24 per 100,000 in 2007 to 18.83 per 100,000 in 2016. This might be attributed to the introduction of national health program in 2011, which improved early identification. Over the last few years, the decreasing cervical cancer mortality is observed influenced by early diagnosis. The age-standardized incidence rates show that the majority of cervical cancer cases occur in the 40-49 yr age group. Conclusion: The incidence of and mortality from cervical cancer in Kazakhstan in 2007-2016 are comparable with those in the neighboring former Soviet Union countries. Significant variations in incidence and mortality rates and one-year cancer-specific survival were observed between country regions.  

Two Models for Change in the Health Services in Zimbabwe

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

The health situation in pre-Independence Zimbabwe was much as elsewhere in the Third World. While the majority suffered excess mortality and morbidity, the affluent enjoyed a health status similar to that of the populations of developed countries. The health services also showed the familiar pattern, with expenditure concentrated on sophisticated facilities in the towns, leaving the rural majority with practically no services at all. With the coming of Majority Rule, the previous pattern of controlling access to facilities on the basis of race could not continue. Two broad routes forward were defined. On the one hand, the private doctors, the private insurance companies, and the settler state proposed a model based on improving urban facilities, depending on a trickle-down to eventually answer the needs of the rural people. On the other hand, the post-Independence Ministry of Health advocated a policy of concentrating on developing services in the rural areas. The pattern of the future health service will depend on the capacity of the senior health planners and on the enthusiasm of front-line health workers but, of overriding importance will be the political commitment to answer the needs of the majority and the outcome of the inevitable struggle for access to scarce health sector resources.

scholarly journals Health of the migrants as a social problem

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
I B Kuznetsova ◽  
L M Mukharyamova ◽  
G G Vafina
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Examination Method ◽  
Continuous Interaction ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Poor Nutrition

An analysis of law and enactments, mass-media publications, statistics and healthcare institutions documents, interviews with experts and diasporas leaders was performed to assess the contemporary international and Russian approaches to migrants health and to reveal the features of healthcare services provided for migrants in the Republic of Tatarstan. A social risk connected to migrants health is associated with increase of number of migrant workers with ailments, returning to their communities for treatment and rehabilitation. In societies receiving migrant workers there is an increase of socially dangerous diseases spreading risk due to low immunity, poor nutrition and sanitary life conditions, cultural distress and social isolation. The governmental policy of healthcare and medical services provided for migrants diverges in different countries between a right for free medical care and curtail of such right. «One window» medical examination method provided for migrants in the Republic of Tatarstan shows its effectiveness in decreasing risk and improving the sanitary and epidemiologic situation among this particular community and the whole society. It is concluded that continuous interaction with public, consideration of migrants’ health status and needs, embedding the problem on regional and federal levels should be an important aspects of providing accessible health care for migrants.

scholarly journals Potential years of life lost as an indicator of public health in the Republic of Srpska

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darijana Antonić ◽  
Mirjana Martinov Cvejin ◽  
Risto Kozomara
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Republic

Mortality is one of the important indicators of health status of the population, especially the knowledge of causes of death that give the full picture in the analysis of certain diseases. Assessment of health status of the population is not only new ideas but also a new concept in health care. In other words, the assessment of health status should be the first step and a prerequisite for continued systematic and planned work to improve both their health and overall health care system, or work on their reform. Given these facts, this article through the data on mortality as an indicator of the health status of the population indicated the state of his health and efficiency through the use of prevention programs potential years of life lost due to premature death. The five-year period of observation in the Republic of Srpska largest number of potential years of life lost due to diseases of the circulatory system, malignant diseases, then injuries, poisoning and the influence of external factors, diseases of the digestive systems and diseases of glands with internal secretion, nutrition and metabolism.

scholarly journals Externally Acquired Radiological Data for the Clinical Routine – A Review of the Reimbursement Situation in Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 190 (05) ◽  
pp. 427-432
Author(s):  
Andreas Schreyer ◽  
René Steinhäuser ◽  
Britta Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Second Opinion ◽  
Health Economy ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Radiological Data ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Near Future

Background Interdisciplinary radiological conferences and boards can improve therapeutic pathways. Because of the reinterpretation and presentation of external image data, which already was read, an additional workload is created which is currently not considered by health care providers. In this review we discuss the ongoing basics and possibilities in health economy for a radiological second opinion for the outpatient and inpatient sector in Germany. Method Based on up-to-date literature and jurisdiction, we discuss the most important questions for the reimbursement for second opinions and conference presentations of external image data in an FAQ format. Additionally, we focus on the recently introduced E-Health law accordingly. Results Radiological services considering second opinion or board presentation of externally acquired image data are currently not adequately covered by health care providers. In particular, there is no reimbursement possibility for the inpatient sector. Only patients with private insurance or privately paid second opinions can be charged when these patients visit the radiologist directly. Conclusion Currently there is no adequate reimbursement possibility for a radiological second opinion or image demonstrations in clinical conferences. It will be essential to integrate adequate reimbursement by health care providers in the near future because of the importance of radiology as an essential diagnostic and therapeutic medical partner. Key Points:  Citation Format

scholarly journals Survival and prognostic factors in patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treated in private health care

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Henrique de Lima Araujo ◽  
Clarissa Seródio Baldotto ◽  
Mauro Zukin ◽  
Fernando Meton de Alencar Camara Vieira ◽  
Ana Paula Victorino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Median Survival ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Private Health Care ◽  
Small Cell Lung

INTRODUCTION: Outcomes data on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) are scarce with regard to the private health care in Brazil. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics, treatments performed, and the survival of patients with NSCLC in a Brazilian private oncologic institution. METHODS: Medical charts from patients treated between 1998 and 2010 were reviewed, and data were transferred to a clinical research form. Long-term follow-up and survival estimates were enabled through active surveillance. RESULTS: Five hundred sixty-six patients were included, and median age was 65 years. Most patients were diagnosed in advanced stages (79.6% III/IV). The overall survival was 19.0 months (95%CI 16.2 - 21.8). The median survival was 99.7, 32.5, 20.2, and 13.3 months for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively (p < 0.0001). Among patients receiving palliative chemotherapy, the median survival was 12.2 months (95%CI 10.0 - 14.4). CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes described are favorably similar to the current literature from developed countries. Besides the better access to health care in the private insurance scenario, most patients are still diagnosed in late stages.

scholarly journals Real-World Treatment Patterns of Lung Cancer in a Resource-Restricted Country: the Experience of Georgia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863292110552
Author(s):  
Ivane Kiladze ◽  
Elene Mariamidze ◽  
Branislav Jeremic
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Oncologic Patients ◽  
Stage Iv Disease

Lung cancer (LC) is the most common malignancy responsible for 1.8 million of deaths worldwide. Lung and bronchus cancer represents 13% (n = 1217) of all new cancer cases in Georgia. In 2018, in Georgian males lung cancer age-standardized incidence rate was 35.7/per 100 000, less compared to regional countries as Turkey (70.6), Russia (48.2), Ukraine (41.7), and Armenia (58.5), but higher than in neighbor Azerbaijan (25.5). Incidence is higher compared to central and eastern Europe (27.3) and near similar to North America (34.5). Georgia is an Eastern European, middleincome country with 3.7 million residents and one of the highest numbers of active smokers in the European Region. The Georgian health care system is divided into a public and a private sector, with coverage of nearly 100% of the population. There is a national healthcare system as well as private insurance and all patients, irrespective of insurance (private or governmental) can choose the hospital for treatment by themselves all over the country. The Basic Package of the Universal Health Care Program includes the treatment of oncologic patients, specifically surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and radiotherapy and investigations and medications related to these procedures. The program covers all types of laboratory and instrumental investigations related to planned treatment. Georgia lacks an LC screening program for smokers and partially because of this, the majority of patients with lung cancer present at an advanced stage. The National Centre for the Disease Control (NCDC) showed that almost 90% of LC patients in the country present with advanced stages (III-IV) with 60% of patients having stage IV disease at diagnosis . Lung cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage. For non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the proportion with metastatic disease (TNM stage IV) ranged from 46.8% to 61.2% in developed countries. In recent years, there have been several publications addressing specifics of LC worldwide, but none concerning Georgia. In light of the rapidly changing landscape in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of LC, we thought to define the state of practice in Georgia by convening specialists who treat LC across 13 institutions in our country with the goal to describe differences in access and approaches to LC.

Population Ageing, Dependency and Healthcare Services Utilisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Jose Luis HernandezNavarro Espigares ◽  
Elisa Hernández Torres ◽  
Teresa García Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The Impact

The increase in the percentage of the elderly (the population 65 years or older) in developed countries is a cause for concern about the levels of health care services expenditures and the widening of long-term care services in these countries. The current debate includes the issue of establishing a system of protection for dependence as a new modality of social protection. The objective of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the degree of dependence in the Spanish population over 65 years during the period between 1997 and 2003, and to estimate the impact of dependence on health status and health care utilisation for the same period. An increasing trend of dependence prevalence as well as of the consumption of health care services has been found. A statistical association between the degree of dependence and the variables of health status, drug consumption and in-patient services has been observed. But this association is not significant in the case of medical consultations. The low degree of association between dependence and out-patient health care services strengthens the hypothesis that the elderly population presents specific necessities, oriented to assistance of dependence needs rather than ambulatory health care services.

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