Thermal cycling, microstructure and tensile performance of PLA-PHA polymer printed using fused deposition modelling technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane Guessasma ◽  
Sofiane Belhabib ◽  
Hedi Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tensile Performance

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effect of printing temperature on the thermal and the mechanical behaviour of polylactic acid (PLA)-polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) blend printed using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Design/methodology/Approach Because of the use of an infra-red camera, thermal cycling during the laying down is quantified. In addition, X-ray micro-tomography is considered to reveal the microstructural arrangement within the three-dimensional printed material. Tensile loading conditions are used to derive Young’s modulus, tensile strength and fracture toughness, and relate these to the printing temperature. Finite element computation based on three-dimensional microstructure information is used to predict the role of defects on the tensile performance. Findings The results show a remarkable cohesive structure of PLA-PHA, particularly at 240°C. This cohesive structure is explained by the ability to ensure heat accumulation during laying down as evidenced by the nature of thermal cycling. The printing temperature is found to be a key factor for tuning the ductility of the printed PLA-PHA allowing full restoration of tensile strength at high printing temperature. Originality/value This study reports new results related to the thermo-mechanical behaviour of PLA-PHA that did not receive much attention in three-dimensional printing despite its potential as a candidate for pharmacological and medical applications. This study concludes by a wide range of possible printing temperatures for PLA-PHA and a remarkable low porosity generated by FDM.

Animal orthosis fabrication with additive manufacturing – a case study of custom orthosis for chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Maria Wojnarowska ◽  
Jakub Najowicz ◽  
Tomasz Piecuch ◽  
Michał Sochacki ◽  
Dawid Pijanka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
Aided Design

Purpose Chicken orthoses that cover the ankle joint area are not commercially available. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to fabricate a customised temporary Ankle–Foot Orthosis (AFO) for a chicken with a twisted ankle using computer-aided design (CAD) and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The secondary objective of the paper is to present the specific application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in veterinary medicine. Design/methodology/approach The design process was based on multiple sketches, photos and measurements that were provided by the owner of the animal. The 3D model of the orthosis was made with Autodesk Fusion 360, while the prototype was fabricated using fused deposition modelling (FDM). Evaluation of the AFO was performed using the finite element method. Findings The work resulted in a functional 3D printed AFO for chicken. It was found that the orthosis made with AM provides satisfactory stiffen and a good fit. It was concluded that AM is suitable for custom bird AFO fabrication and, in some respects, is superior to traditional manufacturing methods. It was also concluded that the presented procedure can be applied in other veterinary cases and to other animal species and other parts of their body. AM provides veterinary with a powerful tool for the production of well-fitted and durable orthoses for animals. Research limitations/implications The study does not include the chicken's opinion on the comfort or fit of the manufactured AFO due to communication issues. Evaluation of the final prototype was done by the researchers and the animal owner. Originality/value No evidence was found in the literature on the use of AM for chicken orthosis, so this study is the first to describe such an application of AM. In addition, the study demonstrates the value of AM in veterinary medicine, especially in the production of devices such as orthoses.

scholarly journals The Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of PLA and ABS Pieces Manufactured by FDM: A Comparative Analysis

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrián Rodríguez-Panes ◽  
Juan Claver ◽  
Ana Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Layer Orientation ◽  
Lower Variability

This paper presents a comparative study of the tensile mechanical behaviour of pieces produced using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing technique with respect to the two types of thermoplastic material most widely used in this technique: polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The aim of this study is to compare the effect of layer height, infill density, and layer orientation on the mechanical performance of PLA and ABS test specimens. The variables under study here are tensile yield stress, tensile strength, nominal strain at break, and modulus of elasticity. The results obtained with ABS show a lower variability than those obtained with PLA. In general, the infill percentage is the manufacturing parameter of greatest influence on the results, although the effect is more noticeable in PLA than in ABS. The test specimens manufactured using PLA perform more rigidly and they are found to have greater tensile strength than ABS. The bond between layers in PLA turns out to be extremely strong and is, therefore, highly suitable for use in additive technologies. The methodology proposed is a reference of interest in studies involving the determination of mechanical properties of polymer materials manufactured using these technologies.

scholarly journals Accuracy of chair-side fused-deposition modelling for dental applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-863
Author(s):  
Fusong Yuan ◽  
Yao Sun ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Yuchun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Dental Model ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Dental Applications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish a chair-side design and production method for a tooth-supported fixed implant guide and to evaluate its accuracy. Design/methodology/approach Three-dimensional (3D) data of the alveolar ridge, adjacent teeth and antagonistic teeth were acquired from models of the edentulous area of 30 patients. The implant guides were then constructed using self-developed computer-aided design software and chair-side fused deposition modelling 3D-printing and positioned on a dental model. A model scanner was used to acquire 3D data of the positioned implant guides, and the overall error was then evaluated. Findings The overall error was 0.599 ± 0.146 mm (n = 30). One-way ANOVA revealed no statistical differences among the 30 implant guides. The gap between the occlusal surface of the teeth covering and the tissue surface of the implant guide was measured. The maximum gap after positioning of the implant guide was 0.341 mm (mean, 0.179 ± 0.019 mm). The implanted axes of the printed implant guide and designed guide were compared in terms of overall, lateral and angular error, which were 0.104 ± 0.004 mm, 0.097 ± 0.003 mm, and 2.053° ± 0.017°, respectively. Originality/value The results of this study demonstrated that the accuracy of a new chair-side tooth-supported fixed implant guide can satisfy clinical requirements.

scholarly journals Printability and Tensile Performance of 3D Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Using Fused Deposition Modelling

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane Guessasma ◽  
Sofiane Belhabib ◽  
Hedi Nouri
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tensile Performance ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Micro Tomography

Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) is a thermoplastic formed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ethylene glycol and known for his high impact resistance and ductility. The printability of PETG for fused deposition modelling (FDM) is studied by monitoring the filament temperature using an infra-red camera. The microstructural arrangement of 3D printed PETG is analysed by means of X-ray micro-tomography and tensile performance is investigated in a wide range of printing temperatures from 210 °C to 255 °C. A finite element model is implemented based on 3D microstructure of the printed material to reveal the deformation mechanisms and the role of the microstructural defects on the mechanical performance. The results show that PETG can be printed within a limited range of printing temperatures. The results suggest a significant loss of the mechanical performance due to the FDM processing and particularly a substantial reduction of the elongation at break is observed. The loss of this property is explained by the inhomogeneous deformation of the PETG filament. X-ray micro-tomography results reveal a limited amount of process-induced porosity, which only extends through the sample thickness. The FE predictions point out the combination of local shearing and inhomogeneous stretching that are correlated to the filament arrangement within the plane of construction.

Influence of ABS print parameters on a 3D open-source, self-replicable printer

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733-1738
Author(s):  
André Luiz Alves Guimarães ◽  
Vicente Gerlin Neto ◽  
Cesar Renato Foschini ◽  
Maximiliano dos Anjos Azambuja ◽  
Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss the influence of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) print by fused deposition modelling (FDM). The mechanical properties of ABS are highly influenced by printing parameters, and they determine the final product quality of printed pieces. Design/methodology/approach For the paper’s purpose, five main parameters (extrusion temperature, infill pattern, air gap, printing speed and layer thickness) were selected and varied during ABS printing on an open-source and self-replicable FDM printer. Three different colors of commercially available ABS were also used to investigate color and printing parameter’s influence on the tensile strength. Findings The research results suggest that two parameters (infill pattern and layer thickness) were most influential on the mechanical properties of print ABS, being able to enhance its tensile strength. Another key influential factor was material color selected prior to printing, which influenced the tensile strength of the print specimen. Originality/value This study provides information on print parameters’ influence on the tensile strength of ABS print on replicable open-source three-dimensional (3D) printers. It also suggests the influence of materials’ color on print pieces’ tensile strength, indicating a new parameter for materials selection for 3D printing.

scholarly journals Modern Applications of 3D Printing: The Case of an Artificial Ear Splint Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Athanasios Argyropoulos ◽  
Pantelis N. Botsaris
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Preservation ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Protruding Ears ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Wide Range

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a leading manufacturing technique in the medical field. The constantly improving quality of 3D printers has revolutionized the approach to new challenges in medicine for a wide range of applications including otoplasty, medical devices, and tissue engineering. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of an artificial ear splint model applied to the human auricle for the treatment of stick-out protruding ears. The deformity of stick-out protruding ears remains a significant challenge, where the complex and distinctive shape preservation are key factors. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol that involves photogrammetry techniques, reverse engineering technologies, a smart prototype design, and 3D printing processes. Specifically, we fabricated a 3D printed ear splint model via fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology by testing two materials, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer material (Z-Flex) and polycaprolactone (PCL 100). Our strategy affords a custom-made and patient-specific artificial ear aligner with mechanical properties that ensures sufficient preservation of the auricular shape by applying a force on the helix and antihelix and enables the ears to pin back to the head.

Analysis of the influence of polylactic acid (PLA) colour on FDM 3D printing temperature and part finishing

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Breda Soares ◽  
João Finamor ◽  
Fabio Pinto Silva ◽  
Liane Roldo ◽  
Luis Henrique Cândido
Keyword(s):  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the effect of different polylactic acid (PLA) colours used on fused deposition modelling (FDM), considering the product finishing quality produced with the same process conditions. Design/methodology/approach The methodology adopted was to design a virtual modelling object and three-dimensional (3D) print it with FDM with different PLA colours (natural, green and black), using the same parameters. 3D scanning and scanning electron microscopy was used to analyse the model finishing of each sample. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize the material and verify if the colour affected its thermal behaviour. Findings Findings showed that different PLA colours lead to distinct 3D printed finishings under the same process conditions. Thermal analysis showed a reason for the printing finishing difference. The degradation temperatures and the glass temperatures vary depending on the PLA colour. This affects the FDM working temperature. Originality/value This study will contribute to improving the finishing quality of 3D printed products by collaborating to the determination of its process conditions.

Optimising the FDM additive manufacturing process to achieve maximum tensile strength: a state-of-the-art review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Jane Gordelier ◽  
Philipp Rudolf Thies ◽  
Louis Turner ◽  
Lars Johanning
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maximum Tensile Strength ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Raster Angle

Purpose Additive manufacturing or “3D printing” is a rapidly expanding sector and is moving from a prototyping service to a manufacturing service in its own right. With a significant increase in sales, fused deposition modelling (FDM) printers are now the most prevalent 3D printer on the market. The increase in commercial manufacturing necessitates an improved understanding of how to optimise the FDM printing process for various product mechanical properties. This paper aims to identify optimum print parameters for the FDM process to achieve maximum tensile strength through a review of recent studies in this field. Design/methodology/approach The effect of the governing printing parameters on the tensile strength of printed samples will be considered, including material selection, print orientation, raster angle, air gap and layer height. Findings The key findings include material recommendations, such as the use of emerging print materials like polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), to produce samples with tensile strength over 200 per cent that of conventional materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Amongst other parameters, it is shown that printing in the “upright” orientation should be avoided (samples can be up to 50 per cent weaker in this orientation) and air gap and raster width should be concurrently optimised to ensure good “inter-raster” bonding. The optimal choice of raster angle depends on print material; in ABS for example, selecting a 0° raster angle over a 90° angle can increase tensile strength by up to 100 per cent. Originality/value The paper conclusions provide researchers and practitioners with an up-to-date, single point reference, highlighting a series of robust recommendations to optimise the tensile strength of FDM-printed samples. Improving the mechanical performance of FDM-printed samples will support the continued growth of this technology as a viable production technique.

scholarly journals Rapid prototyping model for the manufacturing by thermoforming of occlusal splints

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jiménez ◽  
L. Romero ◽  
M. Domínguez ◽  
M.M. Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Occlusal Splints ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
The Cost

Purpose – This paper aims to present an optimal prototyping technology for the manufacture of occlusal splints. Design/methodology/approach – To carry out this study, a comparative technique was used to analyze models obtained by different prototyping techniques. Subsequently, further tests were carried out with respect to the manufacturing of splints by means of thermoforming in a vacuum. This involved an analysis of the most important variables such as prototype material, geometric accuracy, surface finish and costs. Findings – It was found that there is a group of prototyping technologies that are suitable for the manufacture of the models used in the thermoforming of correction splints, the most appropriate technologies being based on ink jet printing (IJP-Objet), ultraviolet photo polymerization and fused deposition modelling due to the fact that they offer an optimal relationship between the cost and the quality of the model required for thermoforming. Practical implications – The application of rapid prototyping techniques in medicine makes the production of physical models from three-dimensional medical image processing and their subsequent use in different specialties possible. It also makes preoperative planning processes, the production of prostheses and the preparation of surgical templates possible, thereby offering a higher quality of diagnosis, safer surgery and cost and time savings compared to conventional manufacturing technologies. Originality/value – This paper suggests that there exists a group of prototyping technologies for the manufacture of splints that offer advantages over existing technologies. The results also suggest that, in many cases, the most expensive technology is not the most appropriate: there are other options that provide an optimal model in terms of the cost and the quality needed for thermoforming.

Experimental study on tensile strength of copper microparticles filled polymer composites printed by fused deposition modelling process

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Adibi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Ultimate Tensile Strength ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Noise Analysis ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Process Parameter ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Filling Pattern

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variables of the fused deposition modelling (FDM) process and improve their effect on the mechanical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) components reinforced with copper microparticles. Design/methodology/approach In the experimental approach, after drying the ABS granule, it was mixed with copper microparticles (at concentrations of 5%, 8% and 10%) in a single screw extruder to fabricate pure ABS and composite filaments. Then, by making the components by the FDM process, the tensile strength of the parts was determined through tensile strength tests. Taguchi DOE method was used to design the experiments in which nozzle temperature, filling pattern and layer thickness were the design variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise analysis were conducted to determine the effectiveness of each FDM process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength of printed samples. Following that, the main effect analysis was used to optimize each process parameter for pure ABS and its composite at different copper contents. Findings The study allows the layer thickness and filling pattern had the highest effects on the ultimate tensile strength of the printed materials (pure and composite) in the FDM process. Moreover, the results show that the ultimate tensile strength of the ABS composite containing 5% copper was nearly 12.3% higher than the pure ABS part. According to validation tests, the maximum error of experiments was about 0.96%. Originality/value In this paper, the effect of copper microparticles (as filling agent) was investigated on the ultimate tensile strength of printed ABS material during the FDM process.

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