Contributing for Myself, but Free riding for My Group?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Iida ◽  
Christiane Schwieren
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Real World ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Good Game ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
General Difference

Abstract Many real-world decisions are made by individuals as representatives of groups. Most research, however, studies either individuals or groups as decision-makers. This paper explores whether there is a general difference between a decision made as an individual and as a representative of a group in the context of a public good game. We conducted a series of experiments to test this question and to understand mechanisms contributing to potential differences. We found that representatives contributed less than individuals when they could not communicate with their constituency. However, when they could discuss their strategy before playing, they contributed at least as much as individual decision-makers. Furthermore, when they could justify their decision after playing, they contributed even more than individual decision-makers. We discuss potential reasons for this and directions for future research.

Domanda di inflazione come «bene pubblico» e regimi di indicizzazione dei redditi*

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Mario Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The Real ◽  
Inflation Tax ◽  
Natural Way

Abstract The traditional approach to inflation as a tax does not take any account of the state of indexation of the economy, as if universal «implicit» indexation of individual incomes to inflation by adjustment of inflationary expectations prevailed. This article shows that if - as is the case in much of the real world today - explicit indexation through wage escalator clauses and the like is sufficiently widespread but does not cover all individuals in the economy, then it may become feasible and attractive for a coalition of voters to pass inflationary budgets. Since budget choices and the determination of the associated inflation tax are outcomes of a collective (political) decision process while indexation is privately negotiated in the market, indexed voters may try to make non-indexed voters pay the bill of budget benefits to themselves through the inflation tax. Inflation thus becomes a peculiar, negative public good with a private exit: the inflation tax can now be individually avoided through indexation, and a demand for inflation in the literal meaning can manifest itself through the electoral process. Various properties of this perverse budget-inflation game are discussed, showing that the only natural way out of it appears to be universal indexation, which would eliminate the incentive to free-riding behavior by the indexed voters, though at some transitional cost to society.

scholarly journals Worth-based choice: giving an offered smaller pear an even greater fictional value

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Si-Chu Shen ◽  
Ming-Xing Xu ◽  
Li-Lin Rao ◽  
Shu Li
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Self ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Value Maximization ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
One Step ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Choice Approach

AbstractChoices between options represented in a multidimensional space, in which each dimension signifies a distinct attribute describing the objects, are presumably guided by the principle of value maximization. However, the current study assumes that in a real-world setting, those who are able to imagine things that do not actually exist could modify the multidimensional space by self-generating an unoffered but fictional dimension. We define the utility (Uv) assigned by the decision makers to the options on the offered/given dimension as value (v[x]) and the utility (Uw) on the self-generated/fictional dimension as worth (w[xc]). Our series of experiments demonstrated that an option with a greater value established strictly on that given set of dimensions might not necessarily be chosen (which contradicted the principle of value maximization). Choosing an option with less value (i.e. giving away the bigger pear) behavior can be described and explained by the “worth-based choice” approach, as people behave to select the option with the highest worth rather than that with the highest value. We are optimistic that the resulting findings will facilitate our understanding of the beauty of such a “one step further” choice and assist us in understanding the following: the ability to further generate a fictional dimension and to assign a delayed utility (worth) to the options on the fictional dimension, and to make a worth-based choice, which could eventually be taken as the operational definition to measure the degree of “fiction-generating ability”, as proposed by Harari (2014).

scholarly journals Mapping the use of Group-Based Trajectory Modelling in medication adherence research: A scoping review protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Walsh ◽  
Sara Mucherino ◽  
Valentina Orlando ◽  
Kathleen E. Bennett ◽  
Enrica Menditto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Real World ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adherence Behaviour ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Adherence Assessment ◽  
Trajectory Modelling

The use of group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) within the medication adherence literature is rapidly growing. Researchers are adopting enhanced methods to analyse and visualise dynamic behaviours, such as medication adherence, within ‘real-world’ populations. Application of GBTM based on longitudinal adherence behaviour allows for the identification of adherence trajectories or groups.  A group is conceptually thought of a collection of individuals who follow a similar pattern of adherence behaviour over a period of time. A common obstacle faced by researchers when implementing GBTM is deciding on the number of trajectory groups that may exist within a population. Decision-making can introduce subjectivity, as there is no ‘gold standard’ for model selection criteria. This study aims to examine the extent and nature of existing evidence on the application of GBTM for medication adherence assessment, providing an overview of the different GBTM techniques used in the literature. The methodological framework will consist of five stages: i) identify the research question(s); ii) identify relevant studies; iii) select studies; iv) chart the data and finally, v) collate, summarise and report the results. Original peer-reviewed articles, published in English, describing observational and interventional studies including both concepts and/or sub-concepts of GBTM and medication adherence or any other similar terms, will be included. The following databases will be queried: PubMed/MEDLINE; Embase (Ovid); SCOPUS; ISI Web of Science and PsychInfo. This scoping review will utilise the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool to report results. This scoping review will collect and schematise different techniques in the application of GBTM for medication adherence assessment available in the literature to date, identifying research and knowledge gaps in this area. This review can represent an important tool for future research, providing methodological support to researchers carrying out a group-based trajectory analysis to assess medication adherence in a real-world context.

scholarly journals Strike one hundred to educate one: Measuring the efficacy of collective sanctions experimentally

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0248599
Author(s):  
Philipp Chapkovski
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Collective Responsibility ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Public Good Game ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
Experimental Survey

In this paper, we test whether sanctions applied to an entire group on account of the free-riding of one of its members can promote group cooperation. To measure the efficiency of such collective sanctions, we conducted a lab experiment based on a standard public good game. The results show that, overall, collective sanctions are ineffective. Moreover, when subjects are able to punish their peers, the level of cooperation is lower in the regime of collective sanctions than under individual sanctions. Both outcomes can be explained by a general disapproval of the collective responsibility for an individual fault: in the post-experimental survey, an absolute majority evaluated such regimes as unfair. While collective sanctions are not an effective means for boosting group compliance, there are nevertheless two insights to be gained here. First, there are differences across genders: under collective sanctions, men’s level of compliance is significantly higher than under individual sanctions, while the opposite is true for women. Second, there were intriguing differences in outcomes between the different regime types. Under collective sanctions, a person who is caught tends to comply in the future, at least in the short term. By contrast, under individual sanctions, an individual wrongdoer decreases his or her level of compliance in the next period.

scholarly journals Resolving Conflicts Between People and Over Time in the Transformation Toward Sustainability: A Framework of Interdependent Conflicts

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann M. Majer ◽  
Matthias Barth ◽  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Marie van Treek ◽  
Roman Trötschel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transition Management ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Interpersonal Conflicts ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
Intergenerational Conflicts ◽  
Negotiation Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

Transformative and mutually beneficial solutions require decision-makers to reconcile present- and future interests (i.e., intrapersonal conflicts over time) and to align them with those of other decision-makers (i.e., interpersonal conflicts between people). Despite the natural co-occurrence of intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts in the transformation toward sustainability, both types of conflicts have been studied predominantly in isolation. In this conceptual article, we breathe new life into the traditional dialog between individual decision-making and negotiation research and address critical psychological barriers to the transformation toward sustainability. In particular, we argue that research on intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts should be tightly integrated to provide a richer understanding of the interplay between these conflicts. We propose a novel, unifying framework of interdependent conflicts that systematically structures this interplay, and we analyze how complex interdependencies between the social (i.e., conflict between decision-makers) and temporal (i.e., conflict within a decision-maker) dimensions pose fundamental psychological barriers to mutually beneficial solutions. Since challenges to conflict resolution in the transformation toward sustainability emerge not only between individual decision-makers but also frequently between groups of decision-makers, we scale the framework up to the level of social groups and thereby provide an interdependent-conflicts perspective on the interplay between intra- and intergenerational conflicts. Overall, we propose simple, testable propositions, identify intervention approaches, and apply them to transition management. By analyzing the challenges faced by negotiating parties during interdependent conflicts and highlighting potential intervention approaches, we contribute to the transformation toward sustainability. Finally, we discuss implications of the framework and point to avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Mapping the use of Group-Based Trajectory Modelling in medication adherence research: A scoping review protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Walsh ◽  
Sara Mucherino ◽  
Valentina Orlando ◽  
Kathleen E. Bennett ◽  
Enrica Menditto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Real World ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adherence Behaviour ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Adherence Assessment ◽  
Review Protocol

The use of group-based trajectory (GBTM) modelling within the medication adherence literature is rapidly growing. Researchers are adopting enhanced methods to analyse and visualise dynamic behaviours, such as medication adherence, within ‘real-world’ populations. Application of GBTM based on longitudinal adherence behaviour allows for the identification of adherence trajectories or groups.  A group is conceptually thought of a collection of individuals who follow a similar pattern of adherence behaviour over a period of time. A common obstacle faced by researchers when implementing GBTM is deciding on the number of trajectory groups that may exist within a population. Decision-making can introduce subjectivity, as there is no ‘gold standard’ for model selection criteria. This study aims to examine the extent and nature of existing evidence on the application of GBTM for medication adherence assessment, providing an overview of the different GBTM techniques used in the literature. The methodological framework will consist of five stages: i) identify the research question(s); ii) identify relevant studies; iii) select studies; iv) chart the data and finally, v) collate, summarise and report the results. Original peer-reviewed articles, published in English, describing observational studies including both concepts and/or sub-concepts of GBTM and medication adherence or any other similar terms, will be included. The following databases will be queried: PubMed/MEDLINE; Embase (Ovid); SCOPUS; ISI Web of Science and PsychInfo. This scoping review will utilise the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool to report results. This scoping review will collect and schematise different techniques in the application of GBTM for medication adherence assessment available in the literature to date, identifying research and knowledge gaps in this area. This review can represent an important tool for future research, providing methodological support to researchers carrying out a group-based trajectory analysis to assess medication adherence in a real-world context.

Individualism-collectivism cultural differences in performance feedback theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-364
Author(s):  
Mooweon Rhee ◽  
Valerie Alexandra ◽  
K. Skylar Powell
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Aspiration Levels ◽  
Decision Making Processes

PurposePerformance feedback theory (PFT) has informed analyses in numerous national contexts and has been used to explain various business and management activities of firms. Stemming from behavioral theory and grounded in a cognitive perspective, which views organizational actions as being the results of decisions produced by groups of individual decision-makers, PFT research has mostly assumed the universal nature of cognition and decision-making processes. However, PFT also presumes that individual decision-makers bring with them different backgrounds and experiences. Hence, this paper offers propositions on how cultural differences in individualism-collectivism influence the major components of PFT, including the formation and revision of performance goals (aspiration levels), and search behaviors and risk preferences in response to gaps between goals and actual performance. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.Design/methodology/approachThis paper offers theoretical propositions for the above purpose.FindingsThis is not an empirical analysis.Originality/valueBy integrating the individualism-collectivism differences framework into the PFT model, the authors answer previous calls to integrate concepts and frameworks from other theories into PFT while considering the role of cultural differences in aspiration-consequence relationships. Additionally, much of PFT research has focused on outcomes, while actual internal processes have remained unobserved. By focusing on how cultural differences influence various PFT processes, this conceptual analysis sheds light on the unobserved bounds of decision-makers' cognitions.

People versus Policies: Decision-makers have divergent preferences for decisions about individuals and equivalent policies that affect individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mauricio Munguia Gomez ◽  
Emma Levine
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
College Admissions ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Preference Reversal ◽  
Lay People ◽  
Admissions Officers ◽  
New Type ◽  
Selection Policies

Across nine main studies (N = 7,024) and nine supplemental studies (N = 3,279), we find that people make systematically different choices when choosing between individuals and choosing between equivalent policies that affect individuals. In college admissions and workplace hiring contexts, we randomly assigned participants to select one of two individuals or choose one of two selection policies. People were significantly more likely to choose a policy that would favor a disadvantaged candidate over a candidate with objectively higher achievements than they were to favor a specific disadvantaged candidate over a specific candidate with objectively higher achievements. We document these divergent choices among admissions officers, working professionals, and lay people, using both within-subject and between-subject designs, and across a range of stimuli and decision contexts. We find evidence that these choices diverge because thinking about policies causes people to rely more on their values and less on the objective attributes of the options presented, which overall, leads more people to favor disadvantaged candidates in selection contexts. This research documents a new type of preference reversal in important, real-world decision contexts, and has practical and theoretical implications for understanding why our choices so frequently violate our espoused policies.

Harnessing Visible Representation to Mitigate Bias

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Shropshire ◽  
Kerri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Mental Image ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Evaluative Reactions

Numerous attempts to improve diversity by way of changing the hearts of decision makers have fallen short of the desired outcome. One underappreciated factor that contributes to bias resides not in decision makers’ hearts, but instead in their minds. People possess images, or mental representations, for specific roles and professions. Which mental image or representation springs spontaneously to mind depends on the current status quo within a field. Whether or not an individual or groups’ appearance matches visual stereotypes results in perceptually mediated preferences and prejudices, both of which harbor pernicious assumptions about who belongs in a professional setting and why. Leveraging these scientific insights can enact change. Shifting visible exemplars can change people’s mental representations and their heart’s evaluative reactions to others.

scholarly journals Social Pressure in Networks Induces Public Good Provision

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
David Jimenez-Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Public Good Provision ◽  
Public Good Game ◽  
The Public ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Good Provision

I develop a dynamic model with forward looking agents, and show that social pressure is effective in generating provision in a public good game: after a small group of agents start contributing to the public good, other agents decide to contribute as well due to a fear of being punished, and this generates contagion in the network. In contrast to earlier models in the literature, contagion happens fast, as part of the best response of fully rational individuals. The network topology has implications for whether contagion starts and the extent to which it spreads. I find conditions under which an agent decides to be the first to contribute in order to generate contagion in the network, as well as conditions for contribution due to a self-fulfilling fear of social pressure.

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