Group-Identity Completion and the Symbolic Value of Property

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 873-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Ledgerwood ◽  
Ido Liviatan ◽  
Peter J. Carnevale
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Group Conflict ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Symbolic Value

Building on symbolic self-completion theory, we conceptualize group identity as a goal toward which group members strive, using material symbols of that identity. We report four studies showing that the value placed on such material symbols (e.g., a building) depends on commitment to group identity, the extent to which a symbol can be used to represent in-group identity, and situational variability in goal strength induced through group-identity affirmation or threat. Our results suggest that property derives value from its capacity to serve as an effective means in the pursuit of group-identity goals. Implications for inter-group conflict are discussed.

scholarly journals On the Stability of Social Preferences in Inter-Group Conflict: A Lab-in-the-Field Panel Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272199408
Author(s):  
Robert Böhm ◽  
Jürgen Fleiß ◽  
Robert Rybnicek
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group Conflict ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Specific Preference ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Stability

Despite the omnipresence of inter-group conflicts, little is known about the heterogeneity and stability of individuals’ social preferences toward in-group and out-group members. To identify the prevalence and stability of social preferences in inter-group conflict, we gather quota-representative, incentivized data from a lab-in-the-field study during the heated 2016 Austrian presidential election. We assess social preferences toward in-group and out-group members one week before, one week after, and three months after the election. We find considerable heterogeneity in individuals’ group-(in)dependent social preferences. Utilizing various econometric strategies, we find largely stable social preferences over the course of conflict. Yet, there is some indication of variation, particularly when the conflict becomes less salient. Variation is larger in social preferences toward in-group members and among specific preference types. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings and outline potential avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Giving to versus Taking from In- and Out-Group Members

Games ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Alt ◽  
Carlo Gallier ◽  
Achim Schlüter ◽  
Katherine Nelson ◽  
Eva Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Dictator Game ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Minimal Group Paradigm ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Full Factorial

In this experiment, we test whether subjects’ responses to variations in the action set in a dictator game depends on induced group identities. The action set includes choices in which the dictator can either give money to or take money from the other player. As an extension to the anonymous setting, we introduce induced group identities using the minimal group paradigm. Based on a dictator game conducted with more than 300 students in Indonesia, we implement a full factorial design in order to analyze the framing of the action set in a varied cultural context and to examine varied prevalence of social norms given a group identity context. If group identity is not salient, we find that participants are slightly more generous when they have an opportunity to give to rather than to take from the recipient. However, when participants are matched with in-group members, this result is reversed and highly significant. The result of differing responses to framing effects in within-group interactions compared to a neutral setting are largely ascribed to the varied compliance with existing social norms.

Effects of Group Conflict, Problem-Relevance, Manipulative Success and Decision-Satisfaction on Machiavellianism

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 691-694
Author(s):  
Vernon E. Cronen ◽  
Nancy Mihevc
Keyword(s):  
Group Conflict ◽  
Conflict Problem ◽  
High Conflict ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Separate Step ◽  
Decision Satisfaction ◽  
Regression Problems ◽  
Predictors Of Change

60 Ss participated in groups making personally relevant decisions that affected their grades. The MACH IV test was administered before and after the discussions. It was hypothesized that Ss' perceptions of manipulative success and decision-satisfaction would be significant predictors of change in Machiavellian orientation in high-conflict groups but not in low-conflict groups. Data were analyzed as two separate step-wise regression problems. Only manipulative success was a significant predictor of change for the high-conflict group members ( F = 6.1, df = 1/23, P < .025). An unexpected though nonsignificant relationship was found in low-conflict groups between decision-satisfaction and changes in MACH IV scores ( F = 1.8, df = 1/32, P < .1).

scholarly journals “If a Muslim says ‘homo’, nothing gets done”: Racist discourse and in-group identity construction in an LGBT youth group

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Jones
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Local Form ◽  
Youth Group ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Identity Positioning ◽  
Racist Discourse ◽  
Lgbt People ◽  
Asian People

ABSTRACTThis article presents ethnographic data emerging from research with a group of LGBT young people, detailing the construction of a shared identity. Using discourse analysis, it shows how the group members position people of South Asian descent as a homogenous out-group, one framed as ‘other’ to their own in-group identity of ‘non-Asian’ due to the assumption that Asian people are homophobic. It is argued that this very local form of identity construction is facilitated by broader discourses of Islamophobia, as well as homonormative ideologies positioning gay people as white. The article therefore provides evidence to support Bucholtz & Hall's (2005) claim that identity positioning relates not only to the interactional moment and the norms of a given ethnographic context, but that it also encompasses macro-level discourses and ideologies. It also, however, reveals the pervasiveness of Islamophobic discourses in Britain today, and the marginalisation of LGBT people of colour. (LGBT identity, racist discourse, homonormativity, Islamophobia)*

scholarly journals Between-group competition and human cooperation

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1655) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Puurtinen ◽  
Tapio Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Social Dilemma ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Group Conflict ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Organizational Hierarchy ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Group Members

A distinctive feature of human behaviour is the widespread occurrence of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Explaining the maintenance of costly within-group cooperation is a challenge because the incentive to free ride on the efforts of other group members is expected to lead to decay of cooperation. However, the costs of cooperation can be diminished or overcome when there is competition at a higher level of organizational hierarchy. Here we show that competition between groups resolves the paradigmatic ‘public goods’ social dilemma and increases within-group cooperation and overall productivity. Further, group competition intensifies the moral emotions of anger and guilt associated with violations of the cooperative norm. The results suggest an important role for group conflict in the evolution of human cooperation and moral emotions.

scholarly journals Group identity, empathy and shared suffering: Understanding the ‘community’ impacts of anti-LGBT and Islamophobic hate crimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Walters ◽  
Jenny L Paterson ◽  
Liz McDonnell ◽  
Rupert Brown
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Community Impacts ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Muslim Communities

This article examines the indirect impacts of hate crimes on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim communities in the United Kingdom. Based on 34 qualitative interviews, we explore both the perceived meaning of ‘community’ in the context of targeted victimization and the emotional and behavioural effects that anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Islamophobic hate crimes have on other members of the victim’s group. Building on previous quantitative data undertaken as part of a larger programme of research, this study helps to explain how and why hate crimes have significant indirect consequences on two distinct but commonly targeted communities. The focus on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim communities allowed us to draw out similarities and commonalities across different groups, further enhancing the understanding of the impacts of hate crime. In particular, the article highlights how for many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender and Muslim people feelings of anger and anxiety about hate crimes were linked to enhanced levels of empathy towards those that they share a group identity with. These empathic bonds often gave rise to a sense of ‘shared suffering’, with participants frequently feeling connected to group members worldwide through their common experiences of hate and prejudice. Although group identity was important to many participants’ sense of belonging to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender or Muslim communities, it was clear that the most profound impacts of hate crime were experienced when incidents occurred within someone’s local area. This highlighted the importance of location as a key variable in understanding both the meaning of ‘community’ and the indirect impacts of hate crime.

scholarly journals “What Kind of Soviet Citizen Will You Grow into?”: Ukrainian Adventure for Adolescents in the Stalinist Epoch

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-51
Author(s):  
Daria Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Soviet Citizen ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Adventure Stories

This article analyzes a number of Soviet Ukrainian adventure narratives written during the 1930-40s, including the novels “Lakhtak” (“Lakhtak,” 1934) and Shkhuna “Kolumb” (Schooner “Columbus,” 1940) by Mykola Trublaini, Shkola nad morem (A School by the Sea, 1937) by Oles' Donchenko, Hospodari Okhots'kykh hir (The Owners of the Okhotsk Mountains, 1949) by Ivan Bahmut, and several short stories. This entertaining genre was used to educate its young readers about their place and aims in the world, as well as about the boundaries of the newly-forged Soviet identity and its meaning. This period witnessed a radical change in the criteria for defining group identity, as proposed to young readers: ethno-national markers were substituted by belonging to an ideological community and by class affiliation. As a result, although anyone originating from outside the Soviet borders was perceived as a menace, some foreigners of a “correct political orientation” could be recognized as potentially belonging to “our” community. At the same time, this change implied that there were hidden “enemies” among alleged “in-group” members, which justified the mobilized state of the group identity. The adventure stories analyzed here also shed light on the fostering of a sense of Union-wide unity through the parallels they drew between the experiences of young Ukrainian readers and those of their counterparts in faraway regions of the USSR.

scholarly journals “Deep Cover”: Identities and ethics in martial arts fieldwork

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2s) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Green
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Academic Goals ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Case Basis

<div><p>Qualitative research in the social sciences typically requires a personal engagement with resource persons. The widely used participant-observation method requires that the researcher assume as far as possible the role of community member. Even when participant observation is not the chosen method, group members assign identities to investigators. Role assignment in martial contexts may range from the “intruder” who disrupts ongoing events (e.g., outsiders may not see “secret techniques”) to one who is allowed insider access, usually after having gone through some test or rite of passage. Data collected in “natural context” is ideal. The primary problem here is that act of observation inevitably changes phenomena under examination. The most effective means of gathering information in a natural context is by engaging in what is known in the Intelligence community as “deep cover” actually joining a community for the purpose of secretly gathering information. This, of course, brings with it serious ethical dilemmas. While it is clear that we must all address the issue of transparency vs. efficiency, most decisions actually are made on a case by case basis. I suggest that it may be time to develop a general set of guidelines to help us keep faith with informants and accomplish our academic goals of accurately depicting the martial cultures with which we engage.</p></div>

scholarly journals Active pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine groups: Their group identities and attitudes toward science

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261648
Author(s):  
Józef Maciuszek ◽  
Mateusz Polak ◽  
Katarzyna Stasiuk ◽  
Dariusz Doliński
Keyword(s):  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Online Discussion ◽  
Attitudes Toward Science ◽  
General Science ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Group Members

Vaccine rejection is a problem severely impacting the global society, especially considering the COVID-19 outbreak. The need to understand the psychological mechanisms underlying the active involvement of the pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine movements is therefore very important both from a theoretical and practical perspective. This paper investigates the group identities of people with positive and negative attitudes towards vaccination, and their attitudes toward general science. A targeted sample study of 192 pro-vaccine and 156 anti-vaccine group members showed that the group identity of pro-vaccine individuals is higher than of anti-vaccine individuals. and that both pro-vaccine and anti-vaccine individuals had a positive attitude toward science. Results are discussed in context of the heterogeneity of motivations causing vaccine rejection and the relation between active involvement in online discussion and group identity.

ELABORATION OF THE METHOD TO RESEARCH SOCIAL REPRESENTATION OF CONSOLIDATION AND WAYS TO ACHIEVE IT

2020 ◽  
pp. 122-138
Author(s):  
S. I. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Group Identity ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Splitting Method ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Structure Detection ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Building Component ◽  
Four Levels

The article presents the elaboration of the author`s method for social representations about consolidation and ways for its achieving. Its creation is based on understanding consolidation as a kind of unity which is composed of the existing common ideological basis and a sense of group identity which is fully realized in the group member’s readiness for common actions of like-minded people for the sake to achieve common goals. The consolidation structure includes the cognitive-reflexive component (the idea on consolidation and the ideological core that unites the group members on the level of the ideas), the affective one (group identity and a sense of “us”) and the behavioral component (willingness to act together). The system-building component of consolidation is a cognitive-reflexive component that is social representations about the consolidation and ways to achieve it. The tool is designed for adults older than 21 years, when political socialization is formed. The psychological tool contains 26 questions divided into three scales: «dialogical - categorical», «totalitarianism - the primacy of rights», «monolithic - the balance of interests». The content of the scales reflects different sides of consolidation and possible ways of its achieving. The method was searched for reliability (splitting method, Cronbach's alpha). For internal structure detection and scale separation, the factor analysis and the correlation analyzes were used, as well as the frequency analysis and Mann-Whitney statistical test for difference between two samples (electoral groups). The tool standartization was performed by calculating percentile rankings corresponding to four levels: high, average, below the average, low.

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