scholarly journals Physiological roles of tryptophan in teleosts: current knowledge and perspectives for future studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyyed Morteza Hoseini ◽  
Amalia Pérez-Jiménez ◽  
Benjamin Costas ◽  
Rita Azeredo ◽  
Manuel Gesto
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Studies

Mesophyll conductance: the leaf corridors for photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gago ◽  
Danilo M. Daloso ◽  
Marc Carriquí ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Melanie Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Change Framework ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma

Besides stomata, the photosynthetic CO2 pathway also involves the transport of CO2 from the sub-stomatal air spaces inside to the carboxylation sites in the chloroplast stroma, where Rubisco is located. This pathway is far to be a simple and direct way, formed by series of consecutive barriers that the CO2 should cross to be finally assimilated in photosynthesis, known as the mesophyll conductance (gm). Therefore, the gm reflects the pathway through different air, water and biophysical barriers within the leaf tissues and cell structures. Currently, it is known that gm can impose the same level of limitation (or even higher depending of the conditions) to photosynthesis than the wider known stomata or biochemistry. In this mini-review, we are focused on each of the gm determinants to summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms driving gm from anatomical to metabolic and biochemical perspectives. Special attention deserve the latest studies demonstrating the importance of the molecular mechanisms driving anatomical traits as cell wall and the chloroplast surface exposed to the mesophyll airspaces (Sc/S) that significantly constrain gm. However, even considering these recent discoveries, still is poorly understood the mechanisms about signaling pathways linking the environment a/biotic stressors with gm responses. Thus, considering the main role of gm as a major driver of the CO2 availability at the carboxylation sites, future studies into these aspects will help us to understand photosynthesis responses in a global change framework.

Plant Compounds for the Treatment of Diabetes, a Metabolic Disorder: NF-κB as a Therapeutic Target

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (39) ◽  
pp. 4955-4969
Author(s):  
Ravi Sahukari ◽  
Jyothi Punabaka ◽  
Shanmugam Bhasha ◽  
Venkata S. Ganjikunta ◽  
Shanmugam K. Ramudu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
World Population ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Online Library ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Activation ◽  
Plant Compounds

Background: The prevalence of diabetes in the world population hás reached 8.8 % and is expected to rise to 10.4% by 2040. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of drugs against therapeutic targets to sojourn its prevalence. Previous studies proved that NF-κB serves as a central agent in the development of diabetic complications. Objectives: This review intended to list the natural plant compounds that would act as inhibitors of NF-κB signalling in different organs under the diabetic condition with their possible mechanism of action. Methods: Information on NF-κB, diabetes, natural products, and relation in between them, was gathered from scientific literature databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley online library. Results and Conclusion: NF-κB plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications because of its link in the expression of genes that are responsible for organs damage such as kidney, brain, eye, liver, heart, muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue and pancreas by inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Activation of PPAR-α, SIRT3/1, and FXR through many cascades by plant compounds such as terpenoids, iridoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, and phytocannabinoids recovers diabetic complications. These compounds also exhibit the prevention of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus by inhibiting NF-κB activators, such as VEGFR, RAGE and TLR4 receptors, which in turn, prevent the activation of many genes involved in tissue damage. Current knowledge on the treatment of diabetes by targeting NF-κB is limited, so future studies would enlighten accordingly.

Mechanisms involved in developmental programming of hypertension and renal diseases. Gender differences

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Analia Lorena Tomat ◽  
Francisco Javier Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Developmental Programming ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Renal Changes

AbstractA substantial body of epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests that a poor fetal and neonatal environment may “program” susceptibility in the offspring to later development of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases.This review focuses on current knowledge from the available literature regarding the mechanisms linking an adverse developmental environment with an increased risk for cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases in adult life. Moreover, this review highlights important sex-dependent differences in the adaptation to developmental insults.Developmental programming of several diseases is secondary to changes in different mechanisms inducing important alterations in the normal development of several organs that lead to significant changes in birth weight. The different diseases occurring as a consequence of an adverse environment during development are secondary to morphological and functional cardiovascular and renal changes, to epigenetic changes and to an activation of several hormonal and regulatory systems, such as angiotensin II, sympathetic activity, nitric oxide, COX2-derived metabolites, oxidative stress and inflammation. The important sex-dependent differences in the developmental programming of diseases seem to be partly secondary to the effects of sex hormones. Recent studies have shown that the progression of these diseases is accelerated during aging in both sexes.The cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases during adult life that occur as a consequence of several insults during fetal and postnatal periods are secondary to multiple structural and functional changes. Future studies are needed in order to prevent the origin and reduce the incidence and consequences of developmental programmed diseases.

scholarly journals Interaction between Parkin and α-Synuclein in PARK2-Mediated Parkinson’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Daniel Aghaie Madsen ◽  
Sissel Ida Schmidt ◽  
Morten Blaabjerg ◽  
Morten Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Functional Interaction ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome

Parkin and α-synuclein are two key proteins involved in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurotoxic alterations of α-synuclein that lead to the formation of toxic oligomers and fibrils contribute to PD through synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, defective endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi function, and nuclear dysfunction. In half of the cases, the recessively inherited early-onset PD is caused by loss of function mutations in the PARK2 gene that encodes the E3-ubiquitin ligase, parkin. Parkin is involved in the clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulates mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis. PARK2-related PD is generally thought not to be associated with Lewy body formation although it is a neuropathological hallmark of PD. In this review article, we provide an overview of post-mortem neuropathological examinations of PARK2 patients and present the current knowledge of a functional interaction between parkin and α-synuclein in the regulation of protein aggregates including Lewy bodies. Furthermore, we describe prevailing hypotheses about the formation of intracellular micro-aggregates (synuclein inclusions) that might be more likely than Lewy bodies to occur in PARK2-related PD. This information may inform future studies aiming to unveil primary signaling processes involved in PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals A Review of the Epidemiology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose F. Téllez-Zenteno ◽  
Lizbeth Hernández-Ronquillo
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Mesial Temporal Sclerosis ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Temporal Epilepsy

Partial-onset epilepsies account for about 60% of all adult epilepsy cases, and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of partial epilepsy referred for epilepsy surgery and often refractory to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Little is known about the epidemiology of TLE, because it requires advanced neuroimaging, positive EEG, and appropriate clinical semiology to confirm the diagnosis. Moreover, recently recognized incidentally detected mesial temporal sclerosis in otherwise healthy individuals and benign temporal epilepsy indicate that the true epidemiology of TLE is underestimated. Our current knowledge on the epidemiology of TLE derives from data published from tertiary referral centers and/or inferred from population-based studies dealing with epilepsy. This article reviews the following aspects of the epidemiology of TLE: definitions, studies describing epidemiological rates, methodological observations, the interpretation of available studies, and recommendations for future studies.

scholarly journals How do we construct and operate experimental streams? An overview of facilities, protocols, and studied questions

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 847 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noémi Menczelesz ◽  
Ildikó Szivák ◽  
Dénes Schmera
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Natural Stream ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
Organism Group ◽  
Experimental Stream ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Experimental streams are bounded and partly enclosed lotic units that facilitate the simulation of certain aspects of natural stream ecosystems under controlled conditions. We summarized the current knowledge regarding experimental streams in order to support researchers in designing and undertaking future studies using experimental streams. We observed an increase in the number of such studies since 1975. The geographically uneven distribution of studies suggests that the generalization of findings to global scale may not be straightforward. Our results indicate that macroinvertebrates, fish, and algae are the most frequently studied organisms and that the size of the experimental streams was related to the focal organism group(s) studied. The size of the units decreased over time, while the number of treatments, interpreted as the combination of the levels of factors, increased. These results suggest that biologically complex studies have gradually been replaced by biologically less complex ones. In contrast, the experimental complexity (the number of treatments) and the statistical power (number of replication) increased. Finally, we identified a number of important, but poorly documented pieces of information regarding experimental stream systems and experimental protocols and made recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Beverages in Rheumatoid Arthritis: What to Prefer or to Avoid

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinalini Dey ◽  
Maurizio Cutolo ◽  
Elena Nikiphorou
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

Background: The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has gained increasing attention in recent years. A growing number of studies have focussed on the diverse nutritional contents of beverages, and their possible role in the development and progression of RA. Main body: We aimed to summarise the current knowledge on the role of a range of beverages in the context of RA. Beverages have a key role within the mosaic of autoimmunity in RA and potential to alter the microbiome, leading to downstream effects on inflammatory pathways. The molecular contents of beverages, including coffee, tea, and wine, have similarly been found to interfere with immune signalling pathways, some beneficial for disease progression and others less so. Finally, we consider beverages in the context of wider dietary patterns, and how this growing body of evidence may be harnessed by the multidisciplinary team in patient management. Conclusions: While there is increasing work focussing on the role of beverages in RA, integration of discussions around diet and lifestyle in our management of patients remains sparse. Nutrition in RA remains a controversial topic, but future studies, especially on the role of beverages, are likely to shed further light on this in coming years.

scholarly journals The structure of the female reproductive system of nematodes from the genus Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-896
Author(s):  
Gaetan Borgonie ◽  
Wim Bert ◽  
Julia Zograf
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic

AbstractFemales of six species of nematodes from the genus Steinernema (S. affine, S. arenarium, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. glaseri) were studied using light microscopy. Investigation of the gonoduct morphology was completed with ultrastructural data for S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae. Except for S. bicornutum, all species studied show an overall similarity in reproductive system architecture, i.e., a swollen proximal region of the ovaries, an oviduct consisting of irregular rows with two to four cells in cross-section and a uterus divided into two morphologically distinguishable parts (except S. carpocapsae). Such a gonoduct structure is distinctive from any other known nematode gonoduct, especially the particular arrangement of the oviduct cells in mostly long irregular rows with two to four cells in cross-section (except S. bicornutum), which is, according to current knowledge, unique within the Rhabditida. These results indicate the coherence of the genus Steinernema as shown from other morphological and molecular studies. The distal swelling of the uterus is considered to be a spermatheca-uterus complex that possibly functions to store and activate sperm and as a fertilisation chamber. The diversity of the cellular architecture of the Steinernema gonoduct provides valuable information for the delineation of species within a morphologically conserved genus. Furthermore, limited results point to a congruence between the gonoduct characters and current molecular phylogenetic hypothesis within Steinernema. Future studies in this direction must ultimately lead to a better understanding of evolutionary processes within the genus.

scholarly journals CHIRAL LATTICE GAUGE THEORIES VIA MIRROR–FERMION DECOUPLING: A MISSION (IM)POSSIBLE?

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 2761-2813 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERICH POPPITZ ◽  
YANWEN SHANG
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chiral Symmetries ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Lattice Gauge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lattice Gauge Theories ◽  
Wilson Fermions

This is a review of the status and outstanding issues in attempts to construct chiral lattice gauge theories by decoupling the mirror fermions from a vectorlike theory. In the first half, we explain why studying nonperturbative chiral gauge dynamics may be of interest, enumerate the problems that a lattice formulation of chiral gauge theories must overcome, and briefly review our current knowledge. We then discuss the motivation and idea of mirror–fermion decoupling and illustrate the desired features of the decoupling dynamics by a simple solvable toy model. The role of exact chiral symmetries and matching of 't Hooft anomalies on the lattice is also explained. The second, more technical, half of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the known and unknown features of mirror-decoupling dynamics formulated with Ginsparg–Wilson fermions. We end by pointing out possible directions for future studies.

scholarly journals The Association between Hope and Quality of Life among Adolescents with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
Ai Mardhiyah ◽  
Koshy Philip ◽  
Henny Suzana Mediani ◽  
Iyus Yosep
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
English Language ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: Hope has been identified as a protective factor that contributes to achieving a better quality to life, especially in patients with chronic disease. The purpose of this review was to synthesize current knowledge about the relationship between hope and quality of life among adolescents living with chronic illnesses.Methods: We searched major English-language databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL) for studies from January 1, 2002 to July 12, 2019. Studies were included if they provided data on hope and its relationship with quality of life among adolescents with chronic diseases.Results: In total, five articles were selected from the 336 studies that were retrieved. All five studies reported a positive correlation between hope and quality of life, such that people with a higher level of hope had a better quality of life. Hope was found to have direct and indirect effects on quality of life in adolescents with chronic diseases.Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should make more efforts to enhance hope in adolescents with chronic diseases in order to improve their quality of life. Future studies exploring how hope develops in adolescents with chronic diseases and the long-term impact of hope on quality of life are necessary.

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