A Grid-based Invisible Watermarking for .Jpeg Images Using Least Significant Bit

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushalinni Nair Radakrishnan ◽  
Hazinah Kutty Mammi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Least Significant Bit ◽  
Watermark Embedding ◽  
Invisible Watermarking ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The Media ◽  
User Friendly

Internet is a one stop centre for users to download any media file such as image, audio and even videos. It is an excellent distribution system for digital media as it is inexpensive, eliminates warehousing and stock and user-friendly. However, there is an issue where user may copy or share the data illegally which eventually can increase the risk of privacy level of the media. Digital watermarking is introduced in order to solve the issue where it can provide copyright protection of the media and also to provide ownership that can be used to protect data from piracy. An efficient scheme of invisible watermarking is that it has to be able to overcome attacks on social media such in a way where when people download and crop any image from social media, the owner of the image can proof that the image is rightfully his. The loss of synchronization caused by geometrical modifications of an image, such as cropping, increases the difficulty of watermark detection, especially for invisible watermarking schemes. In this research, the Spatial Domain technique based algorithms were considered and two experiments were conducted in where one is text-based watermark embedding and another is image-based watermark embedding, The text-based watermarking method preserved the watermark after being uploaded and download to social media but decreases in terms of size of image. For the case of image-based watermark, the watermark was preserved for images with minimal colours or solid colours. It has also survived the watermark originality once being uploaded to social media. 

scholarly journals Social Media Influencer’s Reputation: Developing and Validating a Multidimensional Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Eun Ah Ryu ◽  
Eun Kyoung Han
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Opinion Formation ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Media

Since the introduction of smartphones in 2009, social networking services (SNS), which have seen a surge in users, facilitated changes in the media environment along with social influence that has increased the economic value and political influence of SNS. In particular, as consumers’ media use and consumption behavior change around digital media, social media plays a very important role in consumers’ lives. From this perspective, influencers who influence not only consumers’ consumption behavior, but also decision-making and opinion formation based on social media are attracting attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop items to measure an influencer’s reputation as a new source of information in the SNS environment; no previous researchers have presented generalized measurement items for an influencer’s reputation. We intended to identify what dimensions and items in the existing literature could effectively measure a social media influencer’s reputation and to verify each item’s relevance as a measure of a social media influencer’s reputation. Based on in-depth interviews with 30 experts and empirical findings from 557 adults, this study identified dimensions that impact on a consumer’s perception of a social media influencer and developed a scale. The results showed that the social media Influencer’s Reputation scale comprises four distinctive dimensions: Communication skills, influence, authenticity, and expertise. Additionally, the reliability and validity of the scale were assessed, using exploratory and confirmatory analyses and construct validity. The findings confirmed that the social media influencer’s reputation scale measurement items, in this study, can be used as a consistent measurement tool for each dimension. It is also important to develop value in favor of the marketing strategy by increasing value through the influencer’s reputation.

Unknown Publics

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
Susan Zieger
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
First Century ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
The Media ◽  
Twenty First Century

The conclusion reviews the five central components through which the book has posited connections between nineteenth- and twenty-first century habits of media consumption. It shows how “addiction” still serves as a descriptive metaphor for the consumption of information, now networked and constantly refreshing itself; how the fantasy of infinite mental retention still governs fantasies of mastering information overload; how playback has only continued to conflate memory with information storage, resulting in programmable subjects and information as a super-commodity; how digital media reproduction and circulation ironically still creates the aura of mass live events; and finally, how the media consumer’s dilemma of establishing authenticity has only become more aggravated in an era of self-branding on social media.

Impact of Digital Marketing on ICDL 2016 Event Promotion

2020 ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Reeta Sharma ◽  
P. K. Bhattacharya ◽  
Shantanu Ganguly ◽  
Arun Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
The World ◽  
Knowledge Economies ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
User Friendly

Today's world is technology-driven. Technology has penetrated almost every sphere of human life. Digital marking is one of the technologies that have attracted people from different age groups all over the world with their advanced nature of applications and uses. One of the foremost reasons why patrons like to use this technology is because these are not only user-friendly in nature and innovativeness but also carry the knowledge economies. Marketing and branding through digital media channels are very decent ventures that have steadily increased in value and are thereby considered safe and secure investments. In this chapter, the authors discuss a case study of ICDL 2016 conference where social media and other technology is widely used to market this event and catch prospective users.

Iraqi media entrepreneurs across social media: Factors and challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omar Bali ◽  
Sherko Jabar ◽  
Hazhar Jalal ◽  
Mahdi Sofi-Karim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
International Media ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Firms ◽  
Media Market

Influenced by digital technologies, the cost of media production has considerably decreased, and the traditional media is faced with new agile, flexible and low-cost media entrepreneurs. This article examines the dynamics of the Iraqi media market transformation with an emphasis on factors that help to merge media entrepreneurs and digital media firms that target an audience on social media. A qualitative method was adopted in this study using open, in-depth interviews with nineteen media entrepreneurs and three managers of media firms. The study revealed that relative freedom and advanced communication technologies have encouraged media entrepreneurs to drive the new media on producing short videos and broadcast them on social media, which has become popular among media consumers. This new era in Iraqi media entrepreneurship has created an abstract space in which media entrepreneurs get involved in the media market, collaborate with international media and deliver values through the use of user-generated content and flexible journalism. This opportunity is shaped by three key interrelated factors: first, the relative freedom of journalism that resulted from the political environment, current regulations and advanced communication technologies that provide more space of freedom; second, the development of communication technologies that allow journalists and media entrepreneurs to employ the media market effectively; third, the emergence of media entrepreneurs themselves who are convinced to seize the opportunities presented by the two previous factors.

scholarly journals In/visibility in Social Media Work: The Hidden Labor Behind the Brands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Erin Duffy ◽  
Megan Sawey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Technical Communication ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
The Media ◽  
Marginal Status ◽  
Media Professionals ◽  
Media Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

Despite the staggering uptick in social media employment over the last decade, this nascent category of cultural labor remains comparatively under-theorized. In this paper, we contend that social media work is configured by a visibility paradox: while workers are tasked with elevating the presence—or visibility—of their employers’ brands across Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more, their identities—and much of their labor—remains hidden behind branded social media accounts. To illuminate how this ostensible paradox impacts laborers’ conditions and experiences of work, we present data from in-depth interviews with more than 40 social media professionals. Their accounts make clear that social media work is not just materially concealed, but rendered socially invisible through its lack of crediting, marginal status, and incessant demands for un/under-compensated emotional labor. This patterned devaluation of social media employment can, we show, be situated along two gender-coded axes that have long structured the value of labor in the media and cultural industries: 1). technical-communication and 2). creation-circulation. After detailing these in/visibility mechanisms, we conclude by addressing the implications of our findings for the politics and subjectivities of work in an increasingly digital media economy.

scholarly journals Students’ perceptions on social media teaching tools in higher education settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Mònica Figueras-Maz ◽  
María-del-Mar Grandío-Pérez ◽  
Julio-César Mateus
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
University Students ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Media ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Academic Year

Young people use social networks extensively in their daily lives, and using social media is, without doubt, the media practice they do the most. Therefore, there are increasing efforts to include students’ use of social media outside the classroom into university learning practices. However, there is still very little innovative application of mobile technology and its social networks in Spanish universities. In this article we explore Spanish university students’ perceptions of the use of social networks for educational purposes in the classroom. We found students to have an ambivalent perception as they are both critical and approving of using mobile devices in university teaching. We present data from the research project “Media competencies of citizens in emerging digital media in university environments” funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain. The study is based on 897 questionnaires given to Spanish university students studying various degrees, as well as four focus groups held in Seville, Madrid, Huelva and Barcelona during the 2017-2018 academic year. The data show that there is little use of social networks for educational and creative purposes in Spanish universities, and formal practices (organized by the teacher) are very different from informal practices (organized spontaneously by students). The latter is the most common among university students and WhatsApp is the most used internal tool, followed far behind by Facebook and Instagram. Students appreciate the direct and immediate communication of these networks, but are concerned about their distracting influence in the classroom and the possibility that teachers could invade their privacy.

Conflict and interest between journalists and politicians in Iraq in the age of media entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omar Bali
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study examines the ethical conflict of interest that exists in this sphere between journalists and politicians in an age of media entrepreneurship in Iraq, which theoretically would enable journalists to express their own voices and hold a greater stake in the media market. A qualitative method was adopted for this study using open, in-depth interviews with 36 participants. The study found that relative freedom, smartphone applications and social media helped innovative Iraqi journalists to become media entrepreneurs and own media enterprises themselves. These media enterprises are characterized by activities such as publishing material that is critical in tone and satirical in content and accompanied by short videos that are broadcast on social media. This is then easily accessible for media consumers using their smartphones. Media enterprises appear to offer journalists an opportunity for professional and financial independence, but their operation in the Iraqi media space tends to reflect the propagandistic function of traditional media outlets instead of fulfilling this emancipatory role. The findings also showed that there is a dark side to Iraqi digital media enterprise, which involves politicians exploiting journalists to troll and attack activists through anonymous digital media. This in turn harms the freedom of expression and suppresses critical views voice against the political establishment.

scholarly journals Social participation in the media: The dialogue of digital journalists with audiences

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-28
Author(s):  
Simón Peña-Fernández ◽  
◽  
Jesús Ángel Pérez-Dasilva ◽  
Koldobika Meso-Ayerdi ◽  
Ainara Larrondo-Ureta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Relationship

The emergence of social media altered the relation between journalism and the public in digital media and bequeathed the relationship a more active and collaborative role. As such, the general objective of this research is to characterise the dialogue between digital journalists and their audiences through social media and to describe how they perceive the consequences of this relationship. To this end, a survey was conducted with 73 digital journalists. The results display an ambivalent attitude on the part of the professionals regarding the use of social media as a tool for dialogue with their audiences. On one hand, they believe that using them is a priority need to maintain a fluid relationship with readers, although they mainly lean toward a majority one-way and limited use of them and believe that media managers have mainly perceived participation as a channel to garner audience loyalty and increase audiences.

Iraqi media entrepreneurs across social media: Factors and challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 00 (00) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omar Bali ◽  
Sherko Jabar ◽  
Hazhar Jalal ◽  
Mahdi Sofi-Karim
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
New Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
International Media ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Firms ◽  
Media Market

Influenced by digital technologies, the cost of media production has considerably decreased, and the traditional media is faced with new agile, flexible and low-cost media entrepreneurs. This article examines the dynamics of the Iraqi media market transformation with an emphasis on factors that help to merge media entrepreneurs and digital media firms that target an audience on social media. A qualitative method was adopted in this study using open, in-depth interviews with nineteen media entrepreneurs and three managers of media firms. The study revealed that relative freedom and advanced communication technologies have encouraged media entrepreneurs to drive the new media on producing short videos and broadcast them on social media, which has become popular among media consumers. This new era in Iraqi media entrepreneurship has created an abstract space in which media entrepreneurs get involved in the media market, collaborate with international media and deliver values through the use of user-generated content and flexible journalism. This opportunity is shaped by three key interrelated factors: first, the relative freedom of journalism that resulted from the political environment, current regulations and advanced communication technologies that provide more space of freedom; second, the development of communication technologies that allow journalists and media entrepreneurs to employ the media market effectively; third, the emergence of media entrepreneurs themselves who are convinced to seize the opportunities presented by the two previous factors.

Media and Protest Logics in the Digital Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis L.F. Lee ◽  
Joseph M. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Media Institutions ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Social Movement

Digital and social media are increasingly integrated into dynamics of protest movements. They strengthen the mobilization power of movements, extend movement networks, facilitate new modes of protest participation, and lead to the emergence of new protest formations. Meanwhile, conventional media remain an important arena where the contest for public support between protesters and their targets play out. This book examines the role of the media—understood as an integrated system composed of both conventional media institutions and digital media platforms—in the formation and dynamics of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong in 2014. It grounds the analysis into the broad background of the rise of protest politics in Hong Kong since the early 2000s. More important, this book connects the case of the Umbrella Movement to recent theorizations of new social movement formations. It treats the Umbrella Movement as a case where connective action intervenes into a collective action campaign, leading to an extended occupation mixing old and new protest logics. The analysis shows how the media had not only empowered the protest movements in certain ways, but also introduced forces not conducive to the sustainability and efficacy of the movement. Conventional and digital media could also be used by the state to undermine protests. Through a combination of protester surveys, population surveys, analyses of news contents, and social media activities, this book reconstructs a rich and nuanced account of the Umbrella Movement, which helps shed light on numerous issues about the media-movement nexus in the digital era.

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