Conflict and interest between journalists and politicians in Iraq in the age of media entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Omar Bali
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study examines the ethical conflict of interest that exists in this sphere between journalists and politicians in an age of media entrepreneurship in Iraq, which theoretically would enable journalists to express their own voices and hold a greater stake in the media market. A qualitative method was adopted for this study using open, in-depth interviews with 36 participants. The study found that relative freedom, smartphone applications and social media helped innovative Iraqi journalists to become media entrepreneurs and own media enterprises themselves. These media enterprises are characterized by activities such as publishing material that is critical in tone and satirical in content and accompanied by short videos that are broadcast on social media. This is then easily accessible for media consumers using their smartphones. Media enterprises appear to offer journalists an opportunity for professional and financial independence, but their operation in the Iraqi media space tends to reflect the propagandistic function of traditional media outlets instead of fulfilling this emancipatory role. The findings also showed that there is a dark side to Iraqi digital media enterprise, which involves politicians exploiting journalists to troll and attack activists through anonymous digital media. This in turn harms the freedom of expression and suppresses critical views voice against the political establishment.

The role of communication technology in political change and the freedom of digital media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdullah ◽  
Kurdistan Saeed ◽  
Kanaan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
New Information ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the nature of the relationship between journalists and politicians in the age of media entrepreneurship, with emphasis on the factors and challenges faced by both media entrepreneurs and politicians while using digital media. This study relies on an inductive approach through using the qualitative method, this involves conducting interviews (N: 41) with journalists to discover whether they work in traditional media organizations or/and own and manage digital media enterprises, it also brings to lights new information about politicians, especially those who have media inclinations. This study reveals that digital media provide journalists with opportunities to achieve professional and financial independence. However, their work in the context of Iraqi scope does not go beyond spreading propaganda and promoting various agenda of political parties and politicians. In terms of the content of media entrepreneurship, this study unveils anonymous social media which are affiliated with/ or supported by politicians which work as piracy for trolling political opponents and activists. It is assumed that such social media have serious repercussions for freedom and privacy. This worries activists and journalists that they are unable to express their opinions freely for fear of being attacked by anonymous social media working on behalf of politicians. Therefore, the ethics of social media and their ownership seems to be a major concern in the Iraqi political media space, and it should be taken into consideration in future research.

The role of communication technology in political change and the freedom of digital media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Bali ◽  
Kurdistan Saeed ◽  
Kanaan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
New Information ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the nature of the relationship between journalists and politicians in the age of media entrepreneurship, with emphasis on the factors and challenges faced by both media entrepreneurs and politicians while using digital media. This study relies on an inductive approach through using the qualitative method, this involves conducting interviews (N: 41) with journalists to discover whether they work in traditional media organizations or/and own and manage digital media enterprises, it also brings to lights new information about politicians, especially those who have media inclinations. This study reveals that digital media provide journalists with opportunities to achieve professional and financial independence. However, their work in the context of Iraqi scope does not go beyond spreading propaganda and promoting various agenda of political parties and politicians. In terms of the content of media entrepreneurship, this study unveils anonymous social media which are affiliated with/ or supported by politicians which work as piracy for trolling political opponents and activists. It is assumed that such social media have serious repercussions for freedom and privacy. This worries activists and journalists that they are unable to express their opinions freely for fear of being attacked by anonymous social media working on behalf of politicians. Therefore, the ethics of social media and their ownership seems to be a major concern in the Iraqi political media space, and it should be taken into consideration in future research.

scholarly journals In/visibility in Social Media Work: The Hidden Labor Behind the Brands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brooke Erin Duffy ◽  
Megan Sawey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Technical Communication ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
The Media ◽  
Marginal Status ◽  
Media Professionals ◽  
Media Work ◽  
Depth Interviews

Despite the staggering uptick in social media employment over the last decade, this nascent category of cultural labor remains comparatively under-theorized. In this paper, we contend that social media work is configured by a visibility paradox: while workers are tasked with elevating the presence—or visibility—of their employers’ brands across Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and more, their identities—and much of their labor—remains hidden behind branded social media accounts. To illuminate how this ostensible paradox impacts laborers’ conditions and experiences of work, we present data from in-depth interviews with more than 40 social media professionals. Their accounts make clear that social media work is not just materially concealed, but rendered socially invisible through its lack of crediting, marginal status, and incessant demands for un/under-compensated emotional labor. This patterned devaluation of social media employment can, we show, be situated along two gender-coded axes that have long structured the value of labor in the media and cultural industries: 1). technical-communication and 2). creation-circulation. After detailing these in/visibility mechanisms, we conclude by addressing the implications of our findings for the politics and subjectivities of work in an increasingly digital media economy.

scholarly journals Zawód celebryta? Cyberprzestrzeń płaszczyzną do uzyskiwania dochodów dzięki rozpoznawalności

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Garwol ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The Press ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

The article attempts to answer the question whether being a celebrity can be considered as a profession in the world which is nowadays dominated by digital media. In the initial part of the text, the enthemology of the term “celebrity” is presented and the definitions of the celebrity are given in relation to traditional media, such as television or the press, and to the virtual internet space, where celebrities are called influencers. Then, it was presented how popular people can earn on their recognition, and what the amounts are. Rankings of the most valuable, from the advertising campaigns' point of view, celebrities were presented. The most popular profiles of people presently performing in social media in Poland were analyzed, including those with the largest Instagram account ranges or the most profitable YouTube channels. The contents and ranges related to the presented topics were discussed. The most lucrative social issues in the media space are listed, which includes topics related to fashion, travel, healthy lifestyle, luxury products or showing private lives of people who are related to broadly understood showbiz (including actors, singers, journalists). Examples of people from celebrity families are given, who have become popular due to the fact that they are associated with an active person in the media (including celebrity children) and earn on the internet by running their profiles on social networks. Also, the dangerous phenomenon of patoinfluencers, who gain publicity by presenting content related to violence, the use of stimulants, aggression, profanity, etc. was highlighted. As a summary, it was recognized that being a modern celebrity/influencer can be considered as a type of profession, because earning popularity allows to obtain such remuneration, which is a source of income, and being a celebrity determines the position of the individual in the society.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN DESA WISATA TENUN IKAT TROSO DI JEPARA, JAWA TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Joko Triyono
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Promotional Strategies ◽  
The Many ◽  
Depth Interviews

This research aims to study the strengths and weaknesses and challenges to formulate strategies and development programs in Troso Ikat Weaving Tourism Village. This study uses a qualitative method. Data were collected by observation, in-depth interviews, documentation and distribution of questionnaires to 100 respondents, then analyzed using Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis. Based on the SWOT Analysis, the results of the study show that the number of male visitors is 64 people or 64%. Of the many visitors, most are anticipated between 41-50 years, which is 66 people or 66%. Visitors interested from different backgrounds, but participated in the profession as an entrepreneur with a total of 54 people or 54%. From this study also obtained results consisting of alternative strategies that can be applied to develop Troso Ikat Weaving Tourism Village, namely by creating diverse and quality products, making tour packages, combining with various parties, conducting promotional strategies using print and digital media, such as websites and social media.  Keywords: Tourism Development, Swot Analysis, Product Innovation, Tourism Promotion

scholarly journals The Role and Functions of Social Media in Modern Society. Is social Media Worthwile for Local Media?

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Sandra Murinska Gaile
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Social ◽  
Local Media ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
Media Experience

[straipsnis ir santrauka anglų kalba] The purpose of this article is to explore if the social media are worthwile for the local media. Currently, all types of the mass media under the influence of the social media experience changes caused by the technologies in the processes of obtaining and consuming the information. The article reveals the representation of the local media of Latvia in the electronic environment, mainly in social networks. The use of social media is analysed in the context of theory of innovations diffusion, considering social media as a novelty in the local media space. The empirical research has revealed that the local media do not implement all the advantages which are possible to develop within the digital environment. First of all, at the level of interactivity, the media do not offer the material which may provoke a comment or a feedback from the user. Secondly, the personalization allows seeing in detail whether the local media were able to adopt innovation and to inform the audience about it or not. It means that a particular interest is necessary to adopt an innovation. Thirdly, the potential convergence of the Internet and the traditional media mostly is seen at the level of images and text. The social networks for local media in this case use the most necessary opportunities; wider activities are performed in the traditional environment.

scholarly journals Trolls, Pressure and Agenda: The discursive fight on Twitter in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Uğur Baloğlu
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Communicative Rationality ◽  
Political Pressure ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Form

Censorship, banning, and imprisonment are different methods used to suppress dissenting voices in traditional media and have now evolved into a new form with bot and troll accounts in the digital media age in Turkey. Is it possible to construct a bloc with counter-trolls against the escalating political pressure on the media in the post-truth era? Are counter-trolls capable of setting the agenda? This article discusses the possibility of constructing a bloc against the escalating political pressure in Turkey on the media through counter-trolls in the context of communicative rationality. First, it observes the ruling party’s troll politics strategy on Twitter, then examines the counter-discourses against political pressure today; thereafter it analyzes the discourse in hashtags on the agenda of the Boğaziçi University protests. Firstly, 18,000 tweets are examined to understand the suppress-communication strategy of the AK Party trolls. Secondly, the agenda-setting capacity of counter-trolls is observed between January 1, 2020, and February 5, 2021, and 18,000 tweets regarding Boğaziçi protests are examined to analyze the communication strategy of the counter-trolls. The study shows that the populist government instrumentalizes communication in social media, and Twitter does not have enough potential for the Gramscian counter-hegemony, but the organized actions and discourses have the potential to create public opinion.

SPECIFICITY OF IMAGE CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN MODERN MEDIADISCURSIVE PRACTICE: EVOLUTION OF CONVERGENCE AND ANTINOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
A.V. TOLOCHKO ◽  
◽  
V.A. MATVIENKO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Image Construction ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Discourse Practices ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Given

The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of constructing the image of political parties in modern world media discourse practices. Achievement of this goal by the authors of this article determines the formulation of a number of important tasks, for the solution of which, first of all, the study of the image-making of political organizations is carried out, which is of interest to representatives of various worldview and social groups. The article examines the algorithm for constructing the image of parties and party coalitions, identifies the factors influencing their modifications. The authors determine the most effective strategies and tactics that influence the formation of a positive image during the electoral process, conduct a detailed analysis of the communication tools that generate a highly effective image of political parties using both traditional media practitioners and modern Internet agrigers. The work analyzes the main and auxiliary resources that have a multifaceted impact on the collaboration of party forces and their leaders with the media in the process of creating the given images, and broadcasting information to the target audience. As a result, a conclusion is made about the discursiveness of the image-making technologies existing in the media space, the presence of convergences and antinomies in them.

Indigenous language newspapers and the digital media conundrum in Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 026666692098340
Author(s):  
Kevin Onyenankeya
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Indigenous Language ◽  
Technological Determinism ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Future ◽  
Major Factors

The future of journalism is being shaped by the convergence of technology and societal shifts. For indigenous language press in Africa battling to stay afloat amidst stiff competition from traditional media, the pervasive and rapidly encroaching digital transformation holds both opportunities and potential threats. Using a qualitative approach, this paper examined the implication of the shift to digital media for the future of the indigenous language newspaper in Africa and identifies opportunities for its sustainability within the framework of the theories of technological determinism and alternative media. The analysis indicates poor funding, shrinking patronage, and competition from traditional and social media as the major factors facing indigenous newspapers. It emerged that for indigenous language newspapers to thrive in the rapidly changing and technology-driven world they need to not only adapt to the digital revolution but also explore a business model that combines a futuristic outlook with a practical approach.

scholarly journals The Nested Precarities of Creative Labor on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205630512110213
Author(s):  
Brooke Erin Duffy ◽  
Annika Pinch ◽  
Shruti Sannon ◽  
Megan Sawey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
The Media ◽  
Depth Interviews

While metrics have long played an important, albeit fraught, role in the media and cultural industries, quantified indices of online visibility—likes, favorites, subscribers, and shares—have been indelibly cast as routes to professional success and status in the digital creative economy. Against this backdrop, this study sought to examine how creative laborers’ pursuit of social media visibility impacts their processes and products. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 30 aspiring and professional content creators on a range of social media platforms—Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Pinterest, and Twitter—we contend that their experiences are not only shaped by the promise of visibility, but also by its precarity. As such, we present a framework for assessing the volatile nature of visibility in platformized creative labor, which includes unpredictability across three levels: (1) markets, (2) industries, and (3) platform features and algorithms. After mapping out this ecological model of the nested precarities of visibility, we conclude by addressing both continuities with—and departures from—the earlier modes of instability that characterized cultural production, with a focus on the guiding logic of platform capitalism.

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