scholarly journals APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON PREPARATION FACTORS FOR REMOVAL OF H2S FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Abed Habeeb ◽  
Ramesh Kanthasamy ◽  
Gomaa A. M. Ali ◽  
Rosli Mohd. Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Quadratic Models

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) present in the industrial wastewater can be removed using activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell. In this study, three factors namely activation temperature, impregnation ratio of potassium hydroxide to precursor and activation contact time were investigated for the preparation of activated carbon from palm kernel shell (ACPKS) as an adsorbent toward removal of H2S from synthetic wastewater using central composite design (CCD). Chemical activation method was used to activate the adsorbent with different conditions using KOH as an activating agent. The batch mode was utilized for studying adsorption process. Two responses (removal efficiency (RE, %) and yield of adsorbent (Y, %) are tested by means of two quadratic models. The results shown that the optimum conditions for ACPKS preparation are activation temperature of 829.4 ̊C, KOH to precursor ratio of 3.01 w% and activation time of 85 min with responses of 94.41% RE and 39.4% of ACPKS yield. The study recommended that, ACPKS is the promising adsorbent for removing H2S from wastewater and other aqueous solutions.

scholarly journals Properties Tuning of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar Granular Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology for Removal of Methylene Blue

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1002-1019
Author(s):  
S M Anisuzzaman ◽  
Nirwana Sinring ◽  
Rachel Fran Mansa
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

This study aimed to produce palm kernel shell granular activated carbon (PKSGAC) from slow vacuum pyrolysed PKS biochar (PKSB) via chemical activation using a horizontal tubular split zone furnace. The study also investigated the effects of varying parameters of the PKSGAC on its colour removal ability. The PKSB was activated through chemical activation using potassium hydroxide (KOH) at various parameters such as activation temperature (700oC to 850oC), KOH concentration (50 % w/v to 100 % w/v) and particle size of PKSB (0.4 mm to 2.5 mm). The novelty of this work lies in the study of chemical activation on various particle size ranges using response surface methodology (RSM) to model the relationships between various parameters. The PKSB was characterized to determine its thermal condition, and the PKSGAC was characterized to determine the iodine number, bulk density, ash content, moisture content, surface area and morphology structure. The parameters that were used for each sample were determined by using the RSM based on central composite design (CCD). In this study, design expert version 11.0 software was used and three parameters as independent variables were manipulated. Finally, three different PKSGAC samples of different particle sizes were used to test for the methylene blue (MB) dye removal with the concentration of 5 mg/l, 10 mg/l, 15 mg/l and 20 mg/l. Thermal analysis showed that the total weight loss of the PKSB sample was 58.30% and for PKSGAC the range of the product yield as shown from the RSM was from 33.23% to 96.33%. The RSM also showed that the values for moisture content were in a range from 0% - 39%, as for the ash content value from 2% - 12%, while for the bulk density ranged from 0.17 g/cm3 - 0.50 g/cm3. The highest iodine value achieved was 1320 mg/g at activation temperature of 850oC, KOH concentration of 50% w/v and particle size of 0.4 mm. From the RSM, an iodine number of 1100 mg/g could be obtained using an activation temperature of 850oC, the KOH concentration of 69.22% w/v and the particle size of 0.59 mm. From the BET analysis, the PKSGAC sample obtained 581 m2/g for SBET and 0.3173 cm3/g for the Vtot. The highest percentage dye removal of MB dye was 89.61% to 97.63% at 775oC activation temperature, 75% w/v KOH concentration and 0.4 mm particle size. This work produced RSM models to predict the relationships between the parameters and the response, as well as the performance on MB dye removal.

scholarly journals Innovative Activated Carbon Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and H3PO4

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Akaangee Pam
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbon Adsorption ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent

In this present work, a novel method for synthesis of palm kernel shell activated carbon was established using DES (choline chloride/urea)/H3PO4 as the activating agent. The pore characterization, morphology, and adsorption properties of the activated carbons were investigated. The activated carbon samples made from the same feedstock at two pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 600 °C) were compared for their ability to adsorb Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the production of the activated carbon and adsorptive properties were significantly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature and the ratio of precursor to activating agent. DES/H3PO4 activated carbon (having surface area 1413 m2/g and total pore volume 0.6181 cm3/g) demonstrated good Pb(II) removal. Although all the tested activated carbon samples adsorbed Pb(II) from aqueous solution, they demonstrated different adsorption capabilities according to their various properties. The pyrolysis temperature, however, showed little influence on the activated carbon adsorption of Pb(II) when compared to the impregnation ratio. Their good desorption performance perhaps resulted from the porous structure.

scholarly journals Roles of Impregnation Ratio of K2CO3 and NaOH in Chemical Activation of Palm Kernel Shell

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norulaina Aliasa ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Mohd. Johari Kamaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Surface Functional Groups ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Better Than

The present work was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two activating agents, namely potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the chemical activation of palm kernel shell (PKS). The adsorbents were prepared by dried impregnation at different solid mass ratios of activating agent to precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 500°C for 2 h. The adsorbents were characterized for specific surface area, carbon content, ash content and surface functional groups. Results show that the specific surface of K2CO3-activated samples are in the range of 5.3 to 53 m2/g, while that of NaOH-activated samples are between 145 and 458 m2/g. The removal of methylene blue is in accordance with the development of surface area of adsorbents, with the maximum capacity between 7.8 and 69 mg/g, and fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm. The findings conclude that, under the thermal conditions studied, NaOH is better than K2CO3 in the chemical activation of PKS.

The Dependence on Temperature of Carbonization and Chemical Activation on Characteristics of Granular Activated Carbon Characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.O. Okieimen ◽  
S.E. Ogbeide
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Mechanical Abrasion

Nigeria imports large quantities of activated carbon annually for local use. In this study the development of low cost and effective adsorbent from the palm kernel shell for the treatment of waste water is examined.Palm kernel shells were used to produce activated carbon by carbonization at different temperatures (500 -10000C) and by chemical activation using 1M citric acid and saturated ammonium chloride as activated agents. The optimum temperature of carbonisation was found to be 950oC, the activated carbons produced were characterized. The measured characteristics: yield, pH, bulk density, surface area, porosity, resistance to mechanical abrasion and total surface charge of the activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell were 18.6%, 7.8, 0.636g/ml, 112.09mgl2/gC, 19.23%, 2.36molH+/gC respectively, for citric acid activated carbon . For ammonium chloride activated carbon they were determined to be 17.50%, 8.55, 0.716g/ml, 109.69mgl2/gC, 19.76% and 2.06, 2.36molH+/gC respectively. The experimental results showed the possibility for the production of activated carbon with well developed pore structure, surface, and bulk density high mechanical abrasion and reasonable total surface charge.

Preparation of Pruning Mulberry Shoot-Based Activated Carbon by ZnCl2 Activation

2011 ◽  
Vol 282-283 ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Ning Qiu ◽  
Huan Wu ◽  
Fu An Wu
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
New Type ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Mb Adsorption

This paper reports the preparation of activated carbon from a new type of agricultural biomass materials, pruning mulberry shoot, by ZnCl2activation. The experiments in this study vary the parameters of ZnCl2activation procedures, such as concentration and impregnation ratio of the activating agent, temperature and time of chemical activation. The experimental results indicated that with a ZnCl2concentration of 50%, an impregnation ratio of 2:1, an activation temperature of 850 °C, and an activation time of 90 min, the activated carbon with better iodine and MB adsorption capacity were 1422.40 mg/g and 163.54mg/g, respectively. Therefore, the optimal preparation process of activated carbon from pruning mulberry shoot was successfully achieved by using single-factor method in this study, which can be used as adsorbents for various environmental applications.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Palm Mixed Waste Treated with Trona Ore

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5028
Author(s):  
Kalu Samuel Ukanwa ◽  
Kumar Patchigolla ◽  
Ruben Sakrabani ◽  
Edward Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Activating Agent ◽  
Microwave Assisted Method ◽  
Palm Waste

This study explores the use of a novel activating agent and demonstrates the production and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from a combine palm waste (CPW) in 3:2:1 proportion by weight of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre and palm kernel shell. The resulting biomass was processed by a microwave-assisted method using trona and compared with material produced by conventional routes. These results demonstrate the potential of trona ore as an activating agent and the effectiveness of using a combined palm waste for a single stream activation process. It also assesses the effectiveness of trona ore in the elimination of alcohol, acids and aldehydes; with a focus on increasing the hydrophilicity of the resultant AC. The optimum results for the conventional production technique at 800 °C yielded a material with SBET 920 m2/g, Vtotal 0.840 cm3/g, a mean pore diameter of 2.2 nm and an AC yield 40%. The optimum outcome of the microwave assisted technique for CPW was achieved at 600 W, SBET is 980 m2/g; Vtotal 0.865 cm3/g; a mean pore diameter 2.2 nm and an AC yield of 42%. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analyses showed that palm waste can be combined to produce AC and that trona ore has the capacity to significantly enhance biomass activation.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON SYNTHESIS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY TO ENHANCE H2S REMOVAL FROM REFINERY WASTEWATER

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Omar Abed Habeeb ◽  
Ramesh Kanthasamy ◽  
Gomaa A. M. Ali ◽  
Rosli Mohd Yunus
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Activation Time ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Influential Variable

The main point of this study is to investigate the optimal conditions for preparation of activated carbon from wood sawdust (ACWSD) for removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from wastewater. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to prepare the ACWSD by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH). The threepreparation  variables impact of activation temperature (724 – 1000 °C), KOH: precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio (IR) (2:1 – 4:1) and activation time (60 – 120 min) on removal efficiency (RE, %) of H2S and activated carbon yield (ACY, %) were investigated. The preparation parameters were correlated by developing a quadratic model depend on the central composite design (CCD) to the two responses. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was identified the most influential variable on each experimental design responses. The results showed that the temperature of 854 °C, chemical impregnation ratio of 2.95 wt% and activation time of 80 min were the optimum conditions for preparation of ACWSD with responses of RE and ACY of 72.88 % and 31.89 %, respectively. It is concluded that the ACWSD was appeared to be a favorable substance for removal of dissolved H2S from synthetic wastewater.

Analisis Variasi Temperatur Aktivasi Terhadap Daya Serap Arang Aktif Tandan Aren (Arenga Pinnata Merr) Dengan Agen Aktivasi Potassium Silicate(K2SiO3)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Muhammad Anas ◽  
Erniwati Erniwati
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor

This study aims to determine the effect of variation of activation temperature of activated carbon from sugar palm bunches of chemically activatied with the activation agent of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) on the adsorption capacity of iodine and methylene blue. Activated carbon from bunches of sugar palmacquired in four steps: preparationsteps, carbonizationstepsusing the pyrolysis reactor with temperature of 300 oC - 400 oC for 8 hours and chemical activation using of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) activator in weight ratio of 2: 1 and physical activation using the electric furnace for 30 minutes with temperature variation of600 oC, 650 oC, 700 oC, 750 oC and 800 oC. The iodine and methyleneblue adsorption testedby Titrimetric method and Spectrophotometry methodrespectively. The results of the adsorption of iodine and methylene blue activated carbon from sugar palm bunches increased from 240.55 mg/g and 63.14 mg/g at a temperature of 600 oC to achieve the highest adsorption capacity of 325.80 mg/g and 73.59 mg/g at temperature of 700 oC and decreased by 257.54 mg/g and 52.03 mg/g at a temperature of 800 oCrespectively.However, it does not meet to Indonesia standard (Standard Nasional Indonesia/SNI), which is 750 mg/g and 120 mg/g respectively.

scholarly journals Computer Analysis of the Effect of Activation Temperature on the Microporous Structure Development of Activated Carbon Derived from Common Polypody

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2951
Author(s):  
Mirosław Kwiatkowski ◽  
Jarosław Serafin ◽  
Andy M. Booth ◽  
Beata Michalkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Porous Structure ◽  
Computer Analysis ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Microporous Structure ◽  
Activation Temperature

This paper presents the results of a computer analysis of the effect of activation process temperature on the development of the microporous structure of activated carbon derived from the leaves of common polypody (Polypodium vulgare) via chemical activation with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at activation temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. An unconventional approach to porous structure analysis, using the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) method together with the implemented unique gas state equation, was used in this study. The LBET method is based on unique mathematical models that take into account, in addition to surface heterogeneity, the possibility of molecule clusters branching and the geometric and energy limitations of adsorbate cluster formation. It enabled us to determine a set of parameters comprehensively and reliably describing the porous structure of carbon material on the basis of the determined adsorption isotherm. Porous structure analyses using the LBET method were based on nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) adsorption isotherms determined for individual activated carbon. The analyses carried out showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity for activated carbon obtained was at an activation temperature of 900 °C, a value only slightly higher than that obtained for activated carbon prepared at 700 °C, but the values of geometrical parameters determined for these activated carbons showed significant differences. The results of the analyses obtained with the LBET method were also compared with the results of iodine number analysis and the results obtained with the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR), and quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) methods, demonstrating their complementarity.

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