scholarly journals The Formation of Russian Agrarian Trade Structure: Inter-industry vs. Intra-industry Trade Activities

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1293-1299
Author(s):  
Natalia Ishchukova ◽  
Luboš Smutka
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Industry Type ◽  
Vertically Differentiated Products ◽  
Cis Countries

The paper is focused on specialization of Russia’s foreign trade in agrarian products and foodstuffs in terms of inter-industry and intra-industry trade. The main objective of this study is to analyse the extent of intra-industry trade in Russia’s foreign trade in agricultural products and to identify significant changes in trade patterns at the industry level over the transformation period (1996–2012).The results coming from individual conducted analyses provide a systematic decomposition of Russia’s foreign trade into three trade types: inter-industry, intra-industry in horizontally and vertically differentiated products. Inter-industry type of trade dominates in Russian foreign trade in agricultural and food products and accounts for about a third of total trade flows. The analysis revealed significant differences in the intensity of intra-industry trade, depending on geographic region. The lowest level of intra-industry trade is observed in relation to Africa and South America, the highest - in relation to CIS countries. There were also found some trends, including the expanding intra-industry trade in relation to the CIS countries, as well as a decrease in relation to Asian and EU countries.

TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN US, CANADA AND MEXICO IN THE CONTEXT OF NAFTA AND USMCA AGREEMENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 583-614
Author(s):  
Nadiia KRYVENKO
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Usa

The development of the USA, Canada and Mexico is studied taking into account the signing of the new USMCA Agreement, and some differences from the previous NAFTA are presented in accordance with modern challenges. The foreign trade of the association and its separate member states is analysed, their shares in the general trade are determined, and basic indicators of international trade are calculated. The main directions of trade flows and the importance of partner countries with regards to each other are identified. Exports are analysed taking into account the periods before and after the conclusion of the Agreement, while changes of intra-regional trade between the partner countries are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the study of foreign trade in agricultural products. Its share in total trade in goods is defined, the basic indicators are analysed, features concerning directions are determined. Trade trends taking into account North-South integration are considered, and the corresponding features are revealed. The importance of the agricultural sector in the new USMCA Agreement is presented as a result of the consideration of trade policy for agricultural products. It is proposed to take into account certain provisions of USMCA when concluding regional trade agreements of Ukraine in the future, as well as the possible impact on trade with Ukraine.

scholarly journals AGRICULTURAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE IN SERBIA

TEME ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Đorđe Ćuzović ◽  
Svetlana Sokolov-Mladenović
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Change Analysis ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Trade Index

Intra-industrial trade is the exchange of products between countries in the same sector of the economy. A significant part of export and import in goods takes place within the same sector of the economy. This paper analyzes the intra-industrial trade in agricultural products of Serbia and its foreign trade partners from 2004 to 2018. The Grubel-Lloyd intra-industrial trade index was used as a measure. The value of GLI in agricultural products increased over the observed period, ranging from 0.485 to 0.590 as in 2018, while the number of IIT-dominated groups ranged from 26 to 35. The results obtained indicate that vertical IIT is more prevalent than horizontal IIT and that the export of products with lower prices dominates, i. e. those that are, according to the assumptions of the model, of lower quality than the imported products. Dynamic change analysis shows that certain changes in the IIT pattern occur over time, but that changes are gradual without sudden peaks in the IIT structure.

scholarly journals Intra-Industry Trade between Turkey and Central Asian Turkic Republics

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Ozan Başkol
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
International Economics ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Economics Literature ◽  
Central Asian

Intra-industry trade gained considerable importance in international economics literature in recent years. Today almost one forth of world trade has intra-industry trade nature, which is defined as trade within industries rather than between industries. In other words, intra-industry trade is the simultaneous export and import of goods within the same industry. The most widely used measure of intra-industry trade is Grubel-Lloyd (GL)Index. GL Index measures the extent of intra-industry trade in a particular industry or an economy as a whole. According to GL Index, an index of IIT in trade of industry i goods with country j is computed as : IIT = [ 1 - ( Xij - Mij ) / (Xij + Mij) ] * 100 Grubel-Lloyd Index for an economy, as a whole, is an arithmetic average of the index for individual sectors weighted by their share in the economy’s total trade. IIT = [ 1 - (Σ ( Xij - Mij ) / Σ (Xij + Mij) ] * 100 ( where X ij and M ij are home country’s exports of industry i goods to country j and imports of industry i goods from country j, respectively.) Grubel-Lloyd Index ranges from 0 to 100 and can be expressed as a percentage of the total trade. Higher index values are associated with greater intra-industry trade as a proportion of total trade. The aim of this study is to examine the share of intra-industry trade in Turkey’s foreign trade with Central Asian Turkic Republics within the period 1992 to present by using . For this purpose this paper calculates Grubel-Lloyd index by using the data SITC Rev.3 at 3 digit.

Development of the agro-industrial complex in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (62) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Abu Mukhammedov ◽  
Jaroslav Kultan ◽  
Nurymbetova Bota
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover

The article is devoted to the analysis of foreign trade in agricultural products of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The analysis of indicators of export of agricultural products of the country. In the process of studying the foreign trade turnover of agricultural products of Kazakhstan, identified the main trading partners or importers of agricultural products of the Republic. The analysis of changes in the structure of exports of agricultural products of the Republic to the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the rest of the world. The main agricultural products occupying significant shares in the structure of export of the Republic are determined. For the analysis, a statistical review of the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural products over the last five years is presented. The analysis of indicators of production of agricultural products, as well as the share of manufactured products for export (Simić, Stankov, 2020).   The study confirmed that the share of agricultural exports in the overall structure of the country's exports is insignificant. A significant part of the exported agricultural products are directed to the CIS countries and neighboring countries. A significant part of the export of agricultural products falls on cereals. The share of this category of goods in the total income from exports of food and agricultural raw materials is 90 percent. Thus, exports and foreign trade in agricultural products in General are a source of growth of the agricultural economy for the country, the external factor is important to take into account when building forecasts of economic growth and modeling the economic policy of the country in the field of agriculture.

scholarly journals Development of Intra-industry Trade as a Measure of Competitiveness of the Polish Food Sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-164
Author(s):  
Iwona Szczepaniak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Of Processing

This article aims at analysing the significance of the intra-industry trade in the Polish foreign trade in agri-food products and assessment of the competitiveness of the Polish food sector on this basis. The analysis uses, first of all, the index introduced by Grubel and Lloyd (hereinafter referred to as GL index), which is a commonly used indicator of intra-industry trade intensity and one of the measures of international competitiveness. The analysis showed that in the period of Poland’s membership in the European Union the foreign trade in agri-food products noted a significant boost and the competitive position of Polish food producers improved on the international scale. At the same time, the intensity level of intra-industry trade in these products increased considerably. In 2001-2011, the importance of intra-industry trade in the Polish agri-food trade increased by over 14 percentage points. Consequently, in 2011 almost 50% of the trade in agri-food products was intra-industry trade. A predominant part of this exchange was horizontal intra-industry trade, including trade in goods differentiated in respect to a given industry that were relatively highly processed and showed a high level of substitutability between each other. The intra-industry trade in differentiated products of lower level of processing was less intensive. These products included agricultural raw materials and homogeneous products. Moreover, as regards the food sector a quite significant part was played by vertical intra-industry trade, including re-export, i.e. export of finished goods manufactured form raw materials imported from other climate zones. The growing intensity level of intra-industry trade in agri-food products is one of the markers of high competitiveness of the Polish food producers.

Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade: New Evidence from Korea, 1991-1999

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1850028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Jin Byun ◽  
Sang-Hyop Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Industry Data ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Vertically Differentiated Products ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This study tests the validity of the alternative hypotheses in the intra-industry trade (IIT) literature using information on Korea’s trade between 1991 and 1999. The study refines previous studies by breaking down IIT into horizontally and vertically differentiated products, controlling for country fixed-effects, and using more variables relevant to Korea’s industry data. The main results suggest that some conflicting results of previous empirical studies could be caused by the use of the aggregate approach itself. Most of all, variations of the level of IIT in Korea are better explained by vertical IIT. Furthermore, while the hypotheses derived from the theoretical models of horizontal IIT and vertical IIT are generally confirmed by the empirical analysis, the hypothesis of demand similarity was not supported. The results also favor the competitive market structure explanation for both types of IIT in Korea.

scholarly journals FDI and Intra-industry Trade in the Automotive Industry in the New EU Member States

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Ambroziak
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Differentiated Products ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Vertically Differentiated Products ◽  
New Eu Member States

Abstract This paper investigates the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI) influenced intra-industry trade (IIT) in automotive products in six New EU Member States (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) in the 1995–2014 period. Changes in IIT intensity are analysed using the Grubel-Lloyd indices. To examine the IIT pattern, IIT indices are divided into two types of trade: IIT in vertically differentiated products (low and high quality VIIT) and IIT in horizontally differentiated products (HIIT). The research indicates that IIT in automotive products allowed manufacturers and consumers from the new EU Member States to benefit more from international trade. FDI inflow to the automotive sector of the NMS has been a key factor shaping IIT in automotive products.

scholarly journals Estimation of Ukraine’s foreign trade structure in order to determine the areas of export potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 30-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadiya Dekhtyar ◽  
Oksana Mazorenko ◽  
Maksym Serpukhov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
State Level ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Industry Trade ◽  
Trade Structure ◽  
Absolute Income ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
High Level

Now there is no single approach to the planning of normative indicators of the foreign trade structure and the optimization of foreign economic operations, including marketing mix, which consider the priorities of socio-economic development of the territories acting as the global market agents. The work proposes an expanded method for using the Grubel-Lloyd and Horvath indices when assessing the level of inter-industry trade, which will determine the priority fields of international cooperation in the process of developing a foreign economic strategy both at the state level and for an individual company interested in expanding the geography of trade in the global market via finding new partners and using non-discriminating marketing methods.The article reveals the existing trends in foreign trade of Ukraine that predispose current economic policy and foster the initiation of a new exporting strategy. Namely, the volume of total external debt exceeded GDP in 2014–2016; although a significant reduction of this ratio has been observed since 2017 due to the GDP shortening. Unfavorable trends were supplemented by the negative total balance of trade in goods and services in 2014–2018, with redistributing geographical structure in favor of the EU instead of the CIS countries (however, the exports in services, measured by absolute income, exceeded imports). The Grubel-Lloyd and Horvath indices, calculated for the recent trade data, proved a high level of diversification of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, with significant intra-industry trade, but the scores of the Grubel-Lloyd index did not coincide by the geographical and commodity structure for the prevailing majority of countries. Nevertheless, new potential exporting destinations may be found, precisely because of the detected imbalances.

REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Nabi Ziyadullayev ◽  
◽  
Ulugbek Ziyadullayev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cis Countries

The article reveals the features of the international trade, economic and integration priorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The conceptual approaches to joining the WTO, diversification of the geography and structure of foreign trade, as well as the expansion of foreign economic cooperation with world and regional powers, the CIS countries and Central Asia are substantiated. Particular attention is paid to risks and building vectors for effective interaction with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), as well as mitigating the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the national economy.

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