Emergency Medical Services Backboard With a Pressure Dispersion Liner

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Henschen ◽  
Adam L. Koesters ◽  
Jonathan Harvey ◽  
Gregory Nemunaitis ◽  
Mehdi Pourazady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Light Pressure ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Pressure Spike ◽  
Bed Sores ◽  
Trauma Victims

Spinal immobilization is of utmost importance when caring for major trauma victims. Because of the potential for spinal cord injury, trauma victims must be secured to a rigid backboard. Patients are held in position by placing blocks on either side of their head, straps across their forehead, chest, and legs. The goal of using a hard backboard is to reduce the chances of damaging the victim’s neurological functions because of movement of unstable or injured vertebrae. These backboards serve their function of patient immobilization but present another problem for the patient. They have been associated with a skin breakdown condition called decubitus ulcers (bed sores). Bed sores are areas of damaged skin and tissue that develop when sustained pressure causes a restriction of blood circulation to vulnerable parts of the body. Without adequate blood flow, the affected tissue dies. Some patients may be secured to these boards for up to four hours waiting to undergo x-rays. This is more than enough time for ulcers to reach Stage IV which is the deepest and most destructive ulcer. The incidence of pressure ulcers in newly admitted patients has been reported as high as 59% and 50% have been reported at the sacral region [1, 2]. In experimental studies performed on dogs it has been shown that a constant pressure of only 60mmHg for one hour is enough to cause irreversible tissue damage [3]. When the patients are on the backboards it has been shown that there is often a high pressure spike at the sacral prominence where average maximum interface pressure spike of 260mmHg have been noted. When a thin but very heavy gel pad was added to the backboard, the sacral interface pressure was reduced to an average maximum pressure of 188 mmHg [4]. The objective of this project is to develop a backboard with a light pressure dispersion liner to reduce interface pressures on pressure sensitive areas in the supine position.

THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF SEVERE LOCAL X IRRADIATION ON THE LIVER OF THE HAMSTER

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-577
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Livingstone ◽  
David J. McCallion
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Cyclic Variation ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Cyclic Fluctuation

Opinions regarding the radiosensitivity of the liver, based on clinical and experimental studies, differ widely. No comprehensive study of the immediate effects of severe local X irradiation upon the cytology of the liver parenchyma has been previously undertaken. In the present investigation cytological studies were made upon the livers of hamsters at 4-hr. intervals over a 24-hr. period. It was demonstrated that the amounts of cytoplasmic basophilia, glycogen, and sudanophilic fat show a cyclic variation over the 24-hr. period studied. Adult hamsters were exposed to X rays at the rate of 495 r. per minute with a total dosage of 2000 r. The field size over the liver was 4 cm. by 2 cm. with the rest of the body protected by a lead shield. Following irradiation the animals were sacrificed, two at a time, at 4 hr. intervals over a 24-hr. period. The amounts of basophilic material in the cytoplasm of the parenchymal cells of the liver were considerably decreased at 8 hr. and at 16 hr. after irradiation. At other times the cytoplasmic basophilia of the irradiated liver cells was approximately as dense as that of the control animals. The density of cytoplasmic basophilia showed a cyclic variation approximating that of the controls. The amount of glycogen in the irradiated livers was very much decreased, but still showed a cyclic fluctuation. There was a striking decrease in the amount of sudanophilic fat in the liver cells following irradiation. The results indicate that severe local X irradiation of the liver of the hamster has immediate effects directly upon that organ, resulting in a disturbance of its normal physiological activities.

scholarly journals Editorial

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Lourenço ◽  
Mario Bernardo-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Peak Displacement ◽  
Cord Injury

The scientific interest about the whole-bodyvibrations exercise (WBVE) has grown along of thetime worldwide. WBVE is generated in an individualin contact with the base of a vibratory platform.Hence, mechanical vibration produced in theplatform is transmitted to the body of the individual.This mechanical vibration is a physical agent thatis characterized by an oscillatory, harmonic anddeterministic motion; and biomechanical parameters,as frequency and peak-to-peak displacement must bewell defined to the safety and feasibility of the WBVEintervention.Clinical and experimental studies have beenperformed to try to improve the comprehension ofthe effects of the WBVE. Publications have suggestedthat biological effects would be associated with thetonic vibration reflex and/or to the neuroendocrineresponses.Several important clinical effects of the WBVEhave been described, such as (i) increase of the trunkflexibility, strength and power muscle and bonedensity, (ii) improvement of the quality of life, ofthe balance and cognition, and (iii) decrease of bothpain and risk of falls. Therefore, WBVE can be used interms of fitness, disease treatment, in rehabilitationprogram, and, in general termos, for the preventionand promotion of health.WBVE has been used as an intervention in variouspopulations, as (a) trained and untrained, (b) healthyand unhealthy and (c) young, adult or elderly. Somebenefits have been reported. Animals (dog, horse) havealso been submitted to the WBVE.In sports, improvements in the fitness have beendescribed in soccer players, divers, swimmers andcombat athletes, athletic throwers, dancers, and icehockeyplayers.Several publications have shown investigationswith postmenopausal women evaluating the action ofWBVE related to the frailty and in the improvementof the bone density and in reduction of the fallrisks. Individuals with metabolic syndrome, kneeosteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,diabetes and obesity have had benefits due to WBVEintervention. The rehabilitation of subjects holdingsome disability related to diseases, such as cerebralpalsy, osteogenesis imperfecta, spinal cord injury,multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, stroke, when usingWBVE has revealed the relevance of this intervention.In addition, studies about the applicability of wholebodyvibration therapy in intensive care patients havealso been reported.Putting together all the previous considerations, itis very important to highlight the importance of thisspecial issue of HUPE Journal to all Health Sciencesprofessionals that have common interest in thetreatment and prevention of diseases, as well as in thepromotion of the health.The readers of this issue will have the opportunityto verify, in the the original papers section, thepossibility of applications of the WBVE to cardiacsurgery postoperative care. In individuals withmetabolic syndrome it is shown the improvementof the flexibility and the reduction of the pain level.Considering the aging, a significant increase in themuscle strength of the hip adductors and the kneeextensor muscles in elderly is also reported. Immediateeffects of WBVE on thermal symmetry of the lowerlegs and ankles of healthy subjects are revealed. Inaddition, the applicability of WBVE as a new tool inVeterinary Medicine is shown. Besides all WBVE uses,it is possible to point out that this clinical interventionis safe, feasible, and cost-effective.The human cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferentsresponse and the benefits of WBVE to individualswith knee osteoarthritis are reviewed, together withapplications of the WBVE in Intensive Care Unit.

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

scholarly journals The Role of Lipids, Lipid Metabolism and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Axon Growth, Regeneration and Repair after CNS Injury and Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Debasish Roy ◽  
Andrea Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cns Repair ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Cns Trauma

Axons in the adult mammalian nervous system can extend over formidable distances, up to one meter or more in humans. During development, axonal and dendritic growth requires continuous addition of new membrane. Of the three major kinds of membrane lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant in all cell membranes, including neurons. Not only immature axons, but also severed axons in the adult require large amounts of lipids for axon regeneration to occur. Lipids also serve as energy storage, signaling molecules and they contribute to tissue physiology, as demonstrated by a variety of metabolic disorders in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in various tissues through the body. Detrimental changes in lipid metabolism and excess accumulation of lipids contribute to a lack of axon regeneration, poor neurological outcome and complications after a variety of central nervous system (CNS) trauma including brain and spinal cord injury. Recent evidence indicates that rewiring lipid metabolism can be manipulated for therapeutic gain, as it favors conditions for axon regeneration and CNS repair. Here, we review the role of lipids, lipid metabolism and ectopic lipid accumulation in axon growth, regeneration and CNS repair. In addition, we outline molecular and pharmacological strategies to fine-tune lipid composition and energy metabolism in neurons and non-neuronal cells that can be exploited to improve neurological recovery after CNS trauma and disease.

Design and fabrication of anisotropic textile brace for exerting corrective forces on spinal curvature

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110326
Author(s):  
Queenie Fok ◽  
Joanne Yip ◽  
Kit-lun Yick ◽  
Sun-pui Ng
Keyword(s):  
Medical Condition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Curvature ◽  
Radiographic Examination ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Case Series Study ◽  
Point Pressure

This study focuses on the fabrication of an anisotropic textile brace that exerts corrective forces based on the three-point pressure system to treat scoliosis, which is a medical condition that involves deformity of the spine. The design and material properties of the proposed anisotropic textile brace are discussed in detail here. A case series study with 5 scoliosis patients has been conducted to investigate the immediate in-brace effect and biomechanics of the proposed brace. Radiographic examination, three-dimensional scanning of the body and interface pressure measurements have been used to evaluate the immediate effect of the proposed brace on reducing the spinal curvature and asymmetry of the body contours and its biomechanics. The results show that the proposed brace on average reduces the spinal curvature by 11.7° and also increases the symmetry of the posterior trunk by 14.1% to 43.2%. The interface pressure at the corrective pad ranges from 6.0 to 24.4 kPa. The measured interface pressure shows that a sufficient amount of pressure has been exerted and a three-point pressure distribution is realized to reduce the spinal curvature. The obtained results indicate the effectiveness of this new approach which uses elastic textile material and a hinged artificial backbone to correct spinal deformity.

Experimental Studies on Diesel Engine with Piston Crown Modification Using an Optimum Alternative Fuel

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 830-835
Author(s):  
Akkaraju H. Kiran Theja ◽  
Rayapati Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
The Body ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Piston Crown ◽  
Karanja Oil

The drawbacks associated with bio-fuels can be minimized by making modifications to combustion chamber. Modification of combustion chamber is achieved by providing an air gap in between the crown and the body of the piston with the top crown made of low thermal conductivity material. Experimentation is carried on a diesel engine with brass as piston crown material and karanja as test fuel, which is found to be a better alternative fuel based on the tests carried out prior to modification. Investigations are carried out on the performance of the engine with modified combustion chamber consisting of air gap insulated piston with 2 mm air gap with brass crown when fuelled with karanja oil. Comparative studies are made between the two configurations of engine with and without modification at an injection timing of 29obTDC. Performance, heat balance and emission plots are made with respect to brake power. Fuel consumption increased with modification. The mechanical and volumetric efficiencies are similar in both the cases. Indicated and brake thermal efficiencies got reduced with modification. But, it is good to see that HC and CO emissions are showing positive trend. Thus, the present investigation hints the possibility of improvements while making piston modification and providing air gap insulation.

Late Stage Decomposition of Embalmed Cadavers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Mata Tutor ◽  
Catherine Villoria Rojas ◽  
María Benito Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Law ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Preservation Technique ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Decomposition is a natural process that begins approximately four minutes after death and continues until the body is degraded to simpler biochemical components which are gradually recycled back to the environment. This process is dependent on extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Embalming is a chemical preservation technique that aims to preserve the external appearance of the body in good condition for an indeterminate period. In Spain, there is a lack of experimental studies carried out to analyse the variables that affect decomposition in embalmed bodies, therefore, in accordance with the conclusions reached by previous authors, it is hypothesised that embalmed bodies show quantifiable characteristics during the late stage decomposition which distinguish them from control, unembalmed, cadavers. An anthropological and statistical analysis was performed on 14 individuals from Cementerio Sur de Madrid exhumed after ten years according to the Mortuary Health Law of the Autonomous Region of Madrid. The preliminary results obtained showed that there is a qualitative and statistically significant relationship between the variables evaluated, being the presence or absence of soft tissue the most notable difference. The mortuary or thanatopraxy treatments performed before the burial and the microenvironmental conditions of the burial positively influence the soft tissue preservation on embalmed bodies. These results contribute to the understanding about the decomposition rate of an embalmed cadavers in cemeteries, and the related extrinsic variables.

EVALUATION OF TOXIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF MONTHMORRILLONITE CLAY FOR THE PURPOSE OF USING THEM AS ALUMOSILICATE SOBENT AGAINST THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF MYCOTOXINS ON THE BODY OF ANIMALS AND BIRDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Eyelid Edema ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Negative Effect

The article presents the results of laboratory studies to assess the toxicological parameters of montmorillonite clay from the Pogadaevskoye deposit in the West Kazakhstan region in order to use them as an aluminosilicate sorbent in the composition of feeds that reduce the negative effects of mycotoxins on the body of animals and birds. The relevance of research is associated with the cultivation of healthy and highly productive animals and poultry in order to ensure the food security of the Republic of Kazakhstan.The studies carried out to assess the toxicological parameters of montmorillonite clay in order to use them as an aluminosilicate sorbent in experimental animals (rabbits and white rats) allowed the following results to be obtained: Visual study of the intensity of erythema when exposed to the test substance on the skin of rabbits showed their absence (0 points). The study of the intensity of edema (an increase in the thickness of the skin clutch of rabbits) when exposed to the test substance on the skin of rabbits showed no reaction (0 points). Studies evaluating the irritating effect of the test substances on the mucous membranes of the eyes of rabbits by symptoms of damage showed the absence of hyperemia (0 points). Weak eyelid edema (1 point), the minimum amount of discharge in the corner of the eye (1 point). The results of studies on the classification assessment of the test substance for the severity of the irritant effect on the eyes of rabbits showed that the average total score of the severity of the irritative effect corresponds to 1 point. A comprehensive analysis of the results obtained on the basis of scientific and experimental studies to assess the toxicological indicators of montmorillonite clay from the Pogadaevskoye deposit in relation to irritating effects on the skin and mucous membranes of experimental animals (rabbits) showed their harmlessness.

STATE OF AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF HEART RHYTHM IN YOUNG AND AGED RATS BEFORE AND AFTER APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT REGIMENS OF RHYTHMIC EXTREME COOLING

2020 ◽  
pp. 436-443
Author(s):  
В. В. Кулик ◽  
В. Г. Бабийчук
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Aged Rats ◽  
Cooling Mode ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Extreme Cold

В работе изучено влияние разных режимов ритмических экстремальных холодовых воздействий на состояние вегетативной регуляции сердечного ритма у молодых и старых крыс. По данным спектрального анализа вариабельности сердечного ритма установлено, что у молодых крыс использование температурных режимов ритмических экстремальных холодовых воздействий, РЭХВ (-120 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) и (-60 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) значительно повышало адаптационные возможности организма за счет активации собственных гомеостатических регуляторных систем. При этом комбинированный режим РЭХВ (-60 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) оказался наиболее оптимальным для старых животных, поскольку его применение не сопровождалось чрезмерной активацией симпатико-адреналовой системы на ранних этапах экспериментальных исследований в отличие от режима (-120 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С). Кроме того, использование данного режима охлаждения способствовало статистически значимому увеличению показателей общей мощности спектра нейрогуморальной регуляции не столько за счет повышения активности гуморально-метаболического звена регуляции, преобладание которого характерно для пожилого возраста, сколько благодаря увеличению тонуса вегетативных центров, причем парасимпатические влияния на миокард превалировали над симпатическими. The influence of various rhythmic extreme cold effects on the state of autonomic regulation of heart rate in young and aged rats was studied. According to the spectral analysis of heart rate variability, it has been found that in young rats, using rhythmic extreme cold exposures (RECE) temperature regimens of (-120 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) and (-60 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) significantly increased adaptive capabilities of the body due to the activation of its own homeostatic regulatory systems. At the same time, the combined regimen of RECE (-60 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С) occurred to be the most optimal for aged animals, since its use was not accompanied with an excessive activation of sympathoadrenal system at the early stages of experimental studies, in contrast to the regimen (-120 °С; -120 °С; -120 °С). In addition, the use of this cooling mode contributed to a statistically significant increase in the total power of spectrum of neurohumoral regulation not so much due to a rise in activity of humoral-metabolic regulation link, the prevalence of which is characteristic of an old age, but due to an increase in the tone of vegetative centers, herewith the parasympathetic effects on the myocardium prevailed sympathetic ones.

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