A Time–Motion Analysis of Elite Solo Synchronized Swimming

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Alentejano ◽  
Dru Marshall ◽  
Gordon Bell
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Synchronized Swimming ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

Purpose:To determine the total amount and relative time periods of face immersion (FI) in a synchronized swimming solo routine and the relationship between FI, distance covered, and the technical-merit score of the 11 top Canadian soloists at a synchronized swimming national championship (mean age 20 ± 1.8 y, height 173.3 ± 4.1 cm, and body mass 58.3 ± 4 kg).Methods:Videotape and timing of solo performances combined with manual tracking of pool patterns.Results:Analysis of performance revealed that an average of 18 FI periods, mean of 6.8 s, were performed for an average total time of 133.7 ± 27.1 s (range 102.2 to 199.8 s). The average longest FI time period was 25.45 ± 6.2 s (range 18.18 to 38.72 s), and most (10/11) of these were in the first third of the solo. The mean total horizontal distance covered was 57.61 ± 6.84 m (range 48.61 to 68.2 m), and the total horizontal distance covered relative to time was 0.276 ± 0.034 m/s (range 0.235 to 0.340 m/s). No significant relationships were found between any of the FI periods and the distance covered or between the technical-merit score and FI periods. Each solo contained 6 to 8 underwater sequences, none of which were longer than 40 seconds, the cutoff deemed dangerous by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation).Conclusion:This study shows that the times underwater for solos in Canada are within safety limits recommended by FINA and that judging in Canada is not related to underwater periods of swimming.

P3754Comparison of the transdermal bisoprolol patch with the oral bisoprolol fumarate administration as a therapeutic agent for idiopathic frequent premature ventricular contractions

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Shinohara ◽  
R Wada ◽  
K Akitsu ◽  
T Kinoshita ◽  
H Yuzawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Initiation Of Therapy ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The transdermal bisoprolol patch (TB) was designed to maintain a sustained concentration of bisoprolol in plasma by higher trough concentration than the oral bisoporolol fumarate administration (OB). It is unclear whether the TB is as effective in treating idiopathic premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) as the OB. Purpose We compared the efficacy between the TB and OB in treating idiopathic PVCs while considering their duration of action. Methods Among 198 patients with a PVC count of ≥3,000 beats/24 hours, 84 patients were divided into groups treated with TB 4mg (n=50) or OB 2.5mg (n=34). The PVCs were divided into positive heart rate (HR)-dependent PVCs (P-PVCs) and non-positive HR-dependent PVCs (NP-PVCs) based on the relationship between the hourly PVCs density and hourly mean HR. To evaluate the efficacy, PVC counts by 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms were measured at baseline and at 1 month after the initiation of the therapy. Results There were no significant between-group differences for the mean HR, PVC count, or type of PVCs. Both the TB (from 16,692±9,737 to 10,442±10,711 beats/24 hours, P<0.001) and OB (from 19,633±16,298 to 9,235±12,124 beats/24 hours, P<0.001) significantly decreased the total PVC count after the initiation of therapy, and a comparison between the two drugs showed no significant difference (P=0.46). In the P-PVC group, both the TB and OB significantly decreased the total PVC count (P<0.001, P=0.022 respectively), PVC count during the day-time (P<0.001, P=0.030 respectively), and PVC count during the night-time (P=0.0038, P=0.022 respectively). In contrast, in the NP-PVC group, neither the TB nor OB made any significantly change in the total PVC count (P=0.079, P=0.10 respectively), PVC count during the day-time (P=0.35, P=0.12 respectively), or PVC count during the night-time (P=0.11, P=0.12 respectively). The TB exhibited a significant reduction during each time period regarding the changes within 24-hours in the P-PVC count from baseline, while the OB did not significantly reduce the P-PVC count from baseline during each time period between 0 and 5 o'clock. Conclusions Compared with the OB, the TB could be used with the same efficacy for reducing the PVC count. The TB could be a more useful therapeutic agent for idiopathic P-PVCs during a 24-hour period than the OB.

Effects of loading adjustment on the reliability degradation of composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Chung-Ling Chen ◽  
Kuo-Shong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Strength ◽  
Failure Time ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Strength Distribution ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThis paper defines two parameters to describe the effects of fatigue load adjustment on the reliability degradation of composites. The transition period, n2a, indicates the free failure time period from the instant of high-low adjustment until the residual strength distribution meets the low-level stress. The reliability drop, ∣ΔR∣, is shown at the instant of low-high adjustment. Based on the strength-life equal rank assumption, a typical Yang model of the residual strength is considered to derive these two items by retrieving the residual strength distributions to the corresponding initials. The predicted parameters are verified to be in good agreement with the Monte Carlo simulation of fatigue failure. It is found that n2a increases dramatically as the reliability Ra at which the stress level changes, in the range of 1>Ra>0.95. The relationship between ∣ΔR∣ and Ra exhibits a parabolic-like curve with a peak near the mean cycles to failure of the process at low-level stress.

The effect of pH, liming, moisture and temperature on the activity of nitrifiers in a soil under pasture

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
RGV Bramley ◽  
RE White
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Marked Change ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

A short-term nitrification assay (SNA) was used to measure the activity of soil nitrifiers in the field in relation to soil pH and seasonal changes in soil temperature and moisture content. At roughly two-monthly intervals over two successive years, samples of the Tokomaru Silt Loam which had been limed in 1982 and/or 1987 were analysed in addition to an unlimed control. The SNA analysis was carried out for a range of pH values between 4.5 and 7.5, obtained by amending the incubation medium with small amounts of HCl or KOH. A quadratic curve was fitted to a plot of SNA value v, incubation pH. The fitted equations were used to calculate the pH optimum for nitrification (pHopt), the SNA value at pHopt (SNAopt) and the SNA value at the soil pH at sampling (SNApH). Values of pHopt and the mean soil pH over the year were higher in soil limed in 1982 than control soil; neither variable showed marked change in either soil over the first 320 days of observation. The addition of lime in 1987 raised the mean soil pH and pHopt in unlimed soil, but had negligible effect on either variable in soil limed five years previously. A covariance-type analysis demonstrated that the same quadratic equation could be fitted to each plot of SNA v. incubation pH for each soil treatment by changing the intercept parameter (C), i.e. the relationship between nitrifier activity and pH in the four soils remained constant over the year. No significant relationships could be found for the four soils between soil pH, pHopt, SNA, soil moisture content, soil temperature and C. However, the slight fluctuation in pHopt tended to follow the variation in soil pH. Values of SNAopt and SNApH showed a more obvious seasonal trend and showed a 1 : 1 relationship over a range of values from 0.015 to 0.110 �mol g-1 h-l; i.e. the nitrifier activity in the soil, irrespective of variations that were random (unknown influences) or associated with seasonal variables (temperature and moisture), was near the optimum with respect to pH. Nitrification activity is dynamic and changes quickly in response to changes in the soil environment. The implications of this with respect to nitrate leaching models include the likelihood that it may not be possible to produce a definitive model which works for all soil types.

scholarly journals The relationship of shortening and strength of eggshell to some egg quality indicators and egg production in hens of different initial laying lines*

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Máchal ◽  
J. Simeonovová
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Shape Ratio ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The mean values of shortening force at fracture of egg found out during the five-month observation period ranged between 0.17 and 0.19 mm in 231 hens of seven initial laying lines and strength of eggshell ranged from 29.05 N to 36.46 N. The mean values of shortening force at fracture decreased with age of hens from 0.18–0.22 mm at 28 wk of age to 0.12–0.15 mm at 46 wk of age. Similarly, strength of eggshell decreased from 31.35–37.68 N to 27.91–34.50 N in same time period. Index of shape, ratio of eggshell and albumen to total egg weight also decreased with increasing age of hens. The highest ratio of abnormal eggs was found in both Bar Plymouth Rock lines (BPR A and BPR B) – 7.5% and 8.3% resp. The lowest ratio was found in lines Rhode Island Red (RIR C) – 2.1% and Susex Light (SU) – 2.4 %. The ratio of cracked eggs ranged from 0.9 % to 3.9 %, the ratio of double-yolked eggs was 0.5%–3.2% and the ratio of eggs without shell was 0.4 %–1.5 %. The calculated coefficients of correlation between shortening of egg and index of shape were mainly positive with rp = 0.41 (P < 0.05) and rp = 0.49 (P < 0.01). The correlations between shortening of egg and total number of eggs were mainly negative with rp = −0. 34 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 46 (P < 0.01). Similar correlations existed also between shortening of egg and ratio of cracked eggs, i.e. rp = −0. 44 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 46 (P < 0.01). The correlations between shortening and total number of abnormal eggs were mainly negative rp = −0. 39 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 53 (P < 0.01). The relationships between strength of eggshell and shortening of egg are characterized by positive correlations – rp = 0. 40 (P < 0.05) and rp = 0.55, (P < 0.01). Positive correlations existed also between strength of eggshell and index of shape (from rp = 0. 37 (P < 0.05) to rp = 0.59 (P < 0.01)). Correlations between strength of eggshell and ratio of eggshell ranged from rp = 0.44 (P < 0.01) to rp = 0.74 (P < 0.01). Mainly negative correlations were found out between strength of eggshell and number of eggs rp = −0. 34 (P<0.05) and rp = −0. 44 (P < 0.01), similarly between the strength of eggshell and cracked eggs rp = −0. 40 (P < 0.05) and rp = −0. 52 (P < 0.01). Negative correlations existed between strength of eggshell and total number of abnormal eggs (rp = −0.45 to rp = −0.53 (P < 0.01)). This means that both eggshell shortening and strength may be used when selecting lines for egg quality.

Multi-Center Calibration of the Second Reference Material for Thromboplastin, Rabbit, Plain, Coded CRM 149R

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M H P van den Besselaar ◽  
R M Bertina
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Sensitivity Index

SummaryIn a collaborative trial of eleven laboratories which was performed mainly within the framework of the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR), a second reference material for thromboplastin, rabbit, plain, was calibrated against its predecessor RBT/79. This second reference material (coded CRM 149R) has a mean International Sensitivity Index (ISI) of 1.343 with a standard error of the mean of 0.035. The standard error of the ISI was determined by combination of the standard errors of the ISI of RBT/79 and the slope of the calibration line in this trial.The BCR reference material for thromboplastin, human, plain (coded BCT/099) was also included in this trial for assessment of the long-term stability of the relationship with RBT/79. The results indicated that this relationship has not changed over a period of 8 years. The interlaboratory variation of the slope of the relationship between CRM 149R and RBT/79 was significantly lower than the variation of the slope of the relationship between BCT/099 and RBT/79. In addition to the manual technique, a semi-automatic coagulometer according to Schnitger & Gross was used to determine prothrombin times with CRM 149R. The mean ISI of CRM 149R was not affected by replacement of the manual technique by this particular coagulometer.Two lyophilized plasmas were included in this trial. The mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and CRM 149R based on the two lyophilized plasmas was the same as the corresponding slope based on fresh plasmas. Tlowever, the mean slope of relationship between RBT/79 and BCT/099 based on the two lyophilized plasmas was 4.9% higher than the mean slope based on fresh plasmas. Thus, the use of these lyophilized plasmas induced a small but significant bias in the slope of relationship between these thromboplastins of different species.

RELASI ISLAM DAN NASIONALISME DALAM SEJARAH BANGSA INDONESIA

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Suhaimi Suhaimi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
New Order ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
Colonization Period ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Governance Reforms

In line with the times demand, nationlism changes as a dynamic of dialectics proceeds with changes in social, political, and ekonomic in the country and global levels. Based on a review of historical chronology, this paper analyzed descriptively the relationship between Islam and nationalism in Indonesia. Since the early growth of nationalism and the Dutch colonization period in Indonesia, Islam became the spirit of sacrifice of lives and property of the Indonesian people's fighting to get independence and on the Japanese colonial period and the early days of independence, Islam through the muslim leaders founction as base of departure and developer awareness of nasionalism, patriotism and unity to defend the independence. Despite the authoritarian New Order ruler cope with Islam through the establishment of the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI), but awareness of national Muslim leaders to build Indonesia managed to push governance reforms. And in this era of reform, the spirit of nationalism and the spirit of sacrifice of the Indonesian leaders increasingly eroded by corruption. Key words: proto-nationalism, political nationalism, cultural nationalism.

Linking ‘Halal’ Friendly Hotel Attributes and Customer Satisfaction:The Islamic Tourism Sector

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Lennora Putit ◽  
Mazzini Muda ◽  
Ainul Nadzirah Mahmood ◽  
Nor Zafirah Ahmad Taufek ◽  
Norhayati Wahib
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Dress Code ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Halal Food ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Islamic Dress ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Survey Questionnaires

An increasing demand for Islamic tourism has driven the concept of a ‘Halal’ (or permissible) friendly hotel into another level of business insight within the consumers’ travel market. The concept via its unique value proposition has rapidly become very attractive not only to Muslim tourists, but also to non-Muslim tourists globally. This study aims to examine the relationship linking ‘Halal’ friendly hotel attributes and customer satisfaction. Using purposive sampling, a total of 410 survey questionnaires were distributed to targeted respondents with only 323 usable feedbacks and used for data analysis. Regression results revealed that four main “Halal-friendly hotel” attributes have significant relationships with customer satisfaction. These include prayer facilities, Halal food, Islamic dress code and general Islamic morality. Of these four attributes, prayer facilities proved to have the most significant impact on customer satisfaction. Findings and managerial implications were further discussed in this article.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of ST2 and NT-proBNP in the Diagnosis and Prediction of Short- Term Prognosis in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivananda B Nayak ◽  
Dharindra Sawh ◽  
Brandon Scott ◽  
Vestra Sears ◽  
Kareshma Seebalack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Cardiac Biomarkers ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: i) To determine the relationship between the cardiac biomarkers ST2 and NT-proBNP with ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure (HF) patients. ii) Assess whether a superiority existed between the aforementioned cardiac markers in diagnosing the HF with reduced EF. iii) Determine the efficacy of both biomarkers in predicting a 30-day cardiovascular event and rehospitalization in patients with HF with reduced EF iv) To assess the influence of age, gender, BMI, anaemia and renal failure on the ST2 and NT-proBNP levels. Design and Methods: A prospective double-blind study was conducted to obtain data from a sample of 64 cardiology patients. A blood sample was collected to test for ST2 and NT-proBNP. An echocardiogram (to obtain EF value), electrocardiogram and questionnaire were also obtained. Results: Of the 64 patients enrolled, 59.4% of the population had an EF less than 40%. At the end of the 30- day period, 7 patients were warded, 37 were not warded, one died and 17 were non respondent. Both biomarkers were efficacious at diagnosing HF with a reduced EF. However, neither of them were efficacious in predicting 30-day rehospitalization. The mean NT-proBNP values being: not rehospitalized (2114.7486) and 30 day rehospitalization (1008.42860) and the mean ST2 values being: not rehospitalized (336.1975), and 30-day rehospitalization. (281.9657). Conclusion: Neither ST2 or NT-proBNP was efficacious in predicting the short- term prognosis in HF with reduced EF. Both however were successful at confirming the diagnosis of HF in HF patients with reduced EF.

Burn-In Acceleration Considerations in 130nm and 90nm Products

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyuki Wakai ◽  
Yuji Kobira ◽  
Takashi Setoya ◽  
Tamotsu Oishi ◽  
Shinichi Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Shape Parameter ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Procedure ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Related Defect ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract An effective procedure to determine the Burn-In acceleration factors for 130nm and 90 nm processes are discussed in this paper. The relationship among yield, defect density, and reliability, is well known and well documented for defect mechanisms. In particular, it is important to determine the suitable acceleration factors for temperature and voltage to estimate the exact Burn- In conditions needed to screen these defects. The approach in this paper is found to be useful for recent Cu-processes which are difficult to control from a defectivity standpoint. Performing an evaluation with test vehicles of 130nm and 90nm technology, the following acceleration factors were obtained, Ea&gt;0.9ev and β (Beta)&gt;-5.85. In addition, it was determined that a lower defect density gave a lower Weibull shape parameter. As a result of failure analysis, it is found that the main failures in these technologies were caused by particles, and their Weibull shape parameter “m” was changed depending of the related defect density. These factors can be applied for an immature time period where the process and products have failure mechanisms dominated by defects. Thus, an effective Burn-In is possible with classification from the standpoint of defect density, even from a period of technology immaturity.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in highway sanitary workers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Happiness Anulika Aweto ◽  
Oluwatoyosi Babatunde Owoeye ◽  
Korede Sunday Adegbite
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Lower Back ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Prevalence

Background: Highway sanitary workers are exposed to various health hazards in the course of duty. This study investigated the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among highway sanitary workers in Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA), Lagos, Nigeria.Method: Two hundred fifty highway sanitary workers (46 males and 204 females) of LAWMA selected from four Local Government Areas of Lagos State, Nigeria completed a 26-item questionnaire that collected information on WMSDs.Results: The 12-month prevalence of WMSDs among the workers was 24.8%. The most commonly affected body part was the lower back (22.0%). Thirty-seven (59.7%) of the respondents reported gradual onset of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) while 25 (40.3%) reported sudden onset. The mean years of working experience was 3.22 + 0.23 years with 111 (44.4%) of the respondents having worked for 4 years and 7 (2.8%) having worked for 1year. The three major job risk factors identified were: continuing to work when injured (87.2%), working in the same position for long periods (53.6%) and lifting heavy materials (52.4%). Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient analysis showed that there were significant relationships between prevalence of WMSDs and age (r = 0.42, p = 0.001*) and years on the job (r = 0.17, p = 0.01*).Conclusion: There was a low prevalence of WMSDs among highway sanitary workers of LAWMA. The most commonly affected body part was the lower back. Increasing age and years of working experience are significant factors that can contribute to the development of WMSDs among these workers.

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