Effect of Goal Difficulty and Positive Reinforcement on Endurance Performance

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Weinberg ◽  
Howard Garland ◽  
Lawrence Bruya ◽  
Allen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Persuasion ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
Main Effects

The present investigation tested the interactive effects of goal difficulty and positive reinforcement in the form of verbal persuasion on endurance performance. Two experiments were conducted in laboratory and field settings. In Experiment 1, subjects (n=87) were assigned to a realistic or an unrealistic goal condition and either received or did not receive positive reinforcement while performing the 3-minute sit-up test over the course of 5 weeks. In addition, two control conditions were utilized including a do-your-best group and a no-treatment control group. Results indicated no significant main or interaction effects for the goal setting or positive reinforcement conditions. In Experiment 2, subjects (n=120) squeezed a hand dynamometer for as long as they could. Experimental conditions were similar to those in Experiment 1 except that the verbal persuasion was individualized since it was group oriented in the first experiment. Results again indicated no significant between-subjects main effects or interactions. Questionnaires revealed that subjects accepted their assigned goals, tried extremely hard, were committed to achieving their goals, and felt their goals were important. Results are discussed in terms of the goal attainability notion (Garland, 1983) and self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977). Future directions for research are offered.

The Effects of Group versus Individual Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Johnson ◽  
Andrew C. Ostrow ◽  
Frank M. Perna ◽  
Edward F. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group and individual goal setting versus a control condition on bowling performance (BP), personal goals (PG), and perceived goal difficulty (PGD) across five weeks. Novice bowlers (N = 36) were randomly assigned to one of the three goal conditions. Three separate 3 × 5 (Goal Condition × Time: Weeks of Study) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant main effects for time on BP and PGD, and significant group by time interaction effects on BP and PG. The significant group × time interaction effects revealed that participants in the group goal setting condition increased both BP and PG relatively more than participants in the other goal setting conditions. Therefore, group goal setting may enhance performance in an individual sport by potentially increasing personal goal setting under difficult performance demands.

scholarly journals How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Phillip Ozimek ◽  
Hans-Werner Bierhoff ◽  
Elke Rohmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Narcissism ◽  
And Control

Past research showed that social networking sites represent perfect platforms to satisfy narcissistic needs. The present study aimed to investigate how grandiose (GN) and vulnerable narcissism (VN) as well as social comparisons are associated with Facebook activity, which was measured with a self-report on three activity dimensions: Acting, Impressing, and Watching. In addition, the state self-esteem (SSE) was measured with respect to performance, social behavior, and appearance. One hundred and ten participants completed an online survey containing measures of SSE and Facebook activity and a priming procedure with three experimental conditions embedded in a social media context (upward comparison, downward comparison, and control group). Results indicated, as expected, that high VN was negatively associated with SSE on each subscale and the overall score. In addition, it was found that VN, but not GN, displayed positive associations with frequency of Facebook activities. Finally, it was proposed and confirmed that VN in interaction with the priming of downward comparisons negatively affected SSE. The conclusion drawn is that VN represents a key variable for the prediction of self-esteem as well as for the frequency of Facebook activity.

Effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptor agonists and their interaction on learning and memory in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariam Shiri ◽  
Alireza Komaki ◽  
Shahrbanoo Oryan ◽  
Masoumeh Taheri ◽  
Hamidreza Komaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Vanilloid Receptor ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Agonistic Effect ◽  
Stimulation Of

Despite previous findings on the effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid systems on learning and memory, the effects of the combined stimulation of these 2 systems on learning and memory have not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we tested the interactive effects of cannabinoid and vanilloid systems on learning and memory in rats by using passive avoidance learning (PAL) tests. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into the following 4 groups: (1) control (DMSO+saline), (2) WIN55,212–2, (3) capsaicin, and (4) WIN55,212–2 + capsaicin. On test day, capsaicin, a vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) agonist, or WIN55,212–2, a cannabinoid receptor (CB1/CB2) agonist, or both substances were injected intraperitoneally. Compared to the control group, the group treated with capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) had better scores in the PAL acquisition and retention test, whereas treatment with WIN55,212–2 (CB1/CB2 agonist) decreased the test scores. Capsaicin partly reduced the effects of WIN55,212–2 on PAL and memory. We conclude that the acute administration of a TRPV1 agonist improves the rats’ cognitive performance in PAL tasks and that a vanilloid-related mechanism may underlie the agonistic effect of WIN55,212–2 on learning and memory.

Degradation of Amaranth azo dye in water by heterogeneous photo-Fenton process using FeWO4 catalyst prepared by microwave irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric da Cruz Severo ◽  
Chayene Gonçalves Anchieta ◽  
Vitória Segabinazzi Foletto ◽  
Raquel Cristine Kuhn ◽  
Gabriela Carvalho Collazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dye ◽  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Fenton Process ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Decolorization Efficiency ◽  
Central Composite

FeWO4 particles were synthesized by a simple, rapid and facile microwave technique and their catalytic properties in heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction were evaluated. This material was employed in the degradation of Amaranth azo dye. Individual and interactive effects of operational parameters such as pH, dye concentration and H2O2 dosage on the decolorization efficiency of Amaranth dye were evaluated by 23 central composite design. According to characterization techniques, a porous material and a well-crystallized phase of FeWO4 oxide were obtained. Regarding the photo-Fenton reaction assays, up to 97% color and 58% organic carbon removal were achieved in the best experimental conditions. In addition, the photo-Fenton process maintained treatment efficiency over five catalyst reuse cycles to indicate the durability of the FeWO4 catalyst. In summary, the results reveal that the synthesized FeWO4 material is a promising catalyst for wastewater treatment by heterogeneous photo-Fenton process.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of zinc oxide-eugenol and glass ionomer cements on Candida albicans

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Carolina Aguiar Cassanho ◽  
Aletéia Massula Fernandes ◽  
Luciane Dias de Oliveira ◽  
Claudio Antonio Talge Carvalho ◽  
Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glass Ionomer ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Zinc Oxide Eugenol ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
And Control

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of glass ionomer (GIC) and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cements against Candida albicans. Standardized GIC and ZOE specimens were maintained in contact with C. albicans suspension (1 <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> 10(6) cells/ml) at 37°C for 24 h, 48 h or 7 days. A control group without any testing cement was included. After the incubation period, aliquots of 0.1 ml were plated on Sabouraud's agar, and then the number of colonies was counted. The results were expressed as values of logarithms of colony-forming units per milliliter (log CFU/mL) and were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. After 48 h of incubation, the ZOE group presented no growth of C. albicans. GIC and control groups presented similar mean values at all tested periods. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that, under the experimental conditions, ZOE cement was more effective in vitro against C. albicans than GIC.

Using comprehension strategies for students' self-efficacy, anxiety, and proficiency in reading English as a foreign language

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Chang Liao ◽  
Ya-Huei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Comprehension Strategies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Verbal Persuasion ◽  
Reading Comprehension Strategies ◽  
English Reading ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Experimental Group

We examined whether or not instructing Taiwanese students in the use of comprehension strategies when they are reading English as a foreign language, reduces their English reading anxiety and increases their English reading self-efficacy and proficiency. We used a quasiexperimental design and conducted a 15-week course. The experimental group (n = 31) received instruction in reading comprehension strategies and the control group (n = 31) received instruction by traditional teaching methods. The results show that the experimental group had less anxiety when reading English and higher proficiency than the control group. In regard to self-efficacy when reading English, the experimental group also performed better than the control group in terms of self-affirmation, perseverance, verbal persuasion, and performance overall. However, there was no statistically significant difference for learning attitude between the groups.

Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Planar Curved Tube With Piston Cooling Application

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyy Woei Chang ◽  
Yao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat Transfer ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nusselt Numbers ◽  
Curved Tube ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cooling Passage ◽  
Piston Cooling

This paper describes an experimental study of heat transfer in a reciprocating planar curved tube that simulates a cooling passage in piston. The coupled inertial, centrifugal, and reciprocating forces in the reciprocating curved tube interact with buoyancy to exhibit a synergistic effect on heat transfer. For the present experimental conditions, the local Nusselt numbers in the reciprocating curved tube are in the range of 0.6–1.15 times of static tube levels. Without buoyancy interaction, the coupled reciprocating and centrifugal force effect causes the heat transfer to be initially reduced from the static level but recovered when the reciprocating force is further increased. Heat transfer improvement and impediment could be superimposed by the location-dependent buoyancy effect. The empirical heat transfer correlation has been developed to permit the evaluation of the individual and interactive effects of inertial, centrifugal, and reciprocating forces with and without buoyancy interaction on local heat transfer in a reciprocating planar curved tube.

Semantic Desensitization: Language Conditioning or Demand Characteristics Manipulation?

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Sappington
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Demand Characteristics ◽  
Hand Dynamometer ◽  
And Control ◽  
Causal Variable

Previous studies in language conditioning, especially those called semantic desensitization, have shown changes in self-report, behavioral measures, and the semantic meaning of the target concept following treatment. This last has been proposed as a causal variable but experimental and control groups differed greatly in terms of their demand characteristics. The present study included a placebo group with demand characteristics similar to those of the control group. The target area was self-concept (18 male Ss, 9 female Ss). Significant changes in self-report and actual performance with a hand dynamometer were obtained but these were as great for the placebo group as for the experimental groups. It was suggested that factors other than conditioning are of importance in semantic desensitization.

Homeopathy in parasitic diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
Denise Lessa Aleixo ◽  
Leoni Vilano Bonamin ◽  
Silvana Marques De Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
Main Effects

Introduction: The use of homeopathic medicines has increased, once traditional medicines sometimes do not produce the desired effects and because side effects sometimes compromise the treatment. In recent years, research on homeopathy has clearly developed, both in the implementation of more consistent methodologies and in the description of the data and published methods, improvement are still required in these matters. The acknowledgment of homeopathy depends on the credibility of the groups researching this topic Objective: list and criticize articles highlighting main effects, schedule of treatment and potencies used in different animals models. Material and Methods: A review of articles published since 2000 in journals indexed in the PubMed/Scielo databases was performed. Keywords used were parasitosis/homeopathy and parasitosis/ultra-diluted, in English and Portuguese. Specialized journals such as Homeopathy, International Journal of High Dilution Research, and Brazilian Homeopathic Journal were also used. The contents of each issue of these journals were examined for the "Use of highly diluted medication in parasitic infections." Results and Discussion: Thirty nine papers have been gathered. The methodology of the articles surveyed did not meet the requirements listed in the REHBaR[1]. Thirty seven reports have shown the benefits/effects of highly diluted medicine in the treatment of infectious diseases. In models where experimental conditions are carefully controlled, the conclusions follow the same pattern as those observed in the treatment of farm animals, where, even without completely controlled conditions, clinical result is positive. In fourteen reports using the same model, eight where animals were treated in a constant and prolonged way shown a better result, compared with six reports in which animals were treated for a short period of time, receiving a single daily dose. Several authors have conducted clinical trials using commercial formulas, which do not always provide their composition and/or dynamization, making it difficult to reproducing the experiment. In some of the articles, it was not mentioned if the experiments were repeated at least twice. Conclusions: In parasitic infections, the effect of homeopathic medications is still controversial, and the experimental parameters for evaluation shoud be carefully chosen to avoid isolated analyses of data. Researchers should consider results regarding environmental and sanitary conditions of the animal as a whole. The improvement of techniques and expansion of knowledge about highly diluted medicines may lead to a viable alternative to treat parasitic infections. Precise and detailed descriptions will contribute to advances in the use of homeopathy, so that the wider community can benefit, in practice, from these findings. Keywords: homeopathy, parasitic infections, CAM (Complementary and Alternative Medicine). Reference [1] Lüdtke R, Musial F, Wijk R, Witt C, Baumgartner S. Reporting experiments in homeopathic basic research (REHBaR) – A detailed guideline for authors. Homeopathy. 2009; 98:287-298.

Effect of the extract of dry Serratula centauroides on the behavior of white rats in tests with positive reinforcement

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
Yanina G. Razuvaeva ◽  
Kristina V. Markova ◽  
Anyuta A. Toropova ◽  
Daniil N. Olennikov
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Control Value ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Rapid Formation

The effect was studied of dry leaf extract of Serratula centauroides L. on the behavior of white rats (Wistar) in tests with positive reinforcement. It was revealed that the extract of S. centauroides at doses of 50200 mg/kg promotes in animals a decrease in the level of anxiety, adaptation to unfamiliar conditions, and as a consequence, to an increase in the volume of food intake. And also a more rapid formation of a conditioned reflex with positive reinforcement. In animals treated with S. centauroides extract, the volume of food taken in hypophagia test was 1.42.7 times higher than the control value. In the T-shaped maze, 5080% of the animals in the experimental groups developed a conditioned reflex to positive reinforcement, while none of the animals in the control group reached the learning criterion. The S. centauroides extract showed the most pronounced effect on the behavior of animals in tests with positive reinforcement at a dose of 100 mg/kg.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document