Ultrasound Heating Is Curvilinear in Nature and Varies between Transducers from the Same Manufacturer

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Demchak ◽  
Stephen J. Straub ◽  
Lennart D. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Heating Curve ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Type Study

Context:Ultrasound heating rates are known to differ between various manufacturers; it is unknown whether this difference exists within a manufacturer.Objective:Determine if intramuscular heating differences exist between transducers from the same manufacturer.Study Design:3 × 10 repeated measures. Independent variables were Transducer (A, B, and C) and Time (10-min time points during the treatment).Setting:Controlled laboratory.Participants:Twelve volunteers (M = 4, F = 8; age: 23 ± 4 years; calf-girth: 37.94 ± 4.16 cm; calf-skinfold: 27 ± 17 mm).Intervention:Three 10-min 1MHz continuous ultrasound treatments performed at an intensity of 1.2 W/cm2, over an area 2x transducer.Main Outcome Measures:Calf temperature increase.Results:Heating curve generated for each transducer were significantly different (P = .034) but the overall temperature increases following 10 minutes of treatment were within 0.1°C (F = 1.023 P = .573).Conclusion:Heating curves differ between transducers from the same manufacturer but peak heating at 10 minutes was similar.

Effect of Septal Perforations on Measures of Nasal Resistance

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Guyette ◽  
Bonnie E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dependent Measure ◽  
Nasal Resistance ◽  
Septal Perforation ◽  
Analog Model ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Nominal Scale ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Septal Perforations

Objective The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of septal perforations on posterior and anterior rhinomanometric measures of nasal resistance In an analog model. Design The data were analyzed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. Nasal resistance was the dependent variable, while type of rhinomanometry, septal perforation size, and position of resistance (proximal vs. distal) were nominal scale independent variables. Participants The analog model used in this study was similar to that described by Warren and Devereux (1966), except that the nasal cavities of the model were modified to create septal perforations. Outcome Measures The main dependent measure was nasal resistance. Results An important finding of this investigation was that septal perforations resulted in large differences (> 3 cm H2O/L/sec) between posterior and anterior nasal resistance values in the bilateral proximal resistor condition. Conclusions Anterior rhinomanometry may underestimate true nasal resistance when a septal perforation Is present, because the septal perforation prevents accurate measurement of nasopharyngeal pressure. Posterior rhinomanometric measures should accurately reflect nasal resistance despite septal perforations, because the perforation does not invalidate the estimate of nasopharyngeal pressure.

scholarly journals Exploring the effect of pelvic belt configurations upon athletic lumbopelvic pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Sawle ◽  
Jennifer Freeman ◽  
Jonathan Marsden ◽  
Martin John Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
And Function ◽  
Straight Leg Raise

Background: Lumbopelvic injuries are often refractory to treatment and can limit return to sport. Research shows that 50 Newtons (N) of force applied transversely to the pelvis improves lumbopelvic stability and pain. This study applies transverse and diagonal forces to the pelvis in athletes with lumbopelvic pain, and investigates effects on pain and function. Objective: To investigate the effects of transverse and diagonal compressive forces applied to the pelvis of athletes with lumbopelvic pain Study Design: A randomized, repeated measures design using 20 athletes with lumbopelvic pain. Methods: No belt and four pelvic belt configurations (50 N force) were tested. Outcome measures were: resting pain, pain on active straight leg raise (ASLR), resisted hip adduction force and pain on 1-metre broad jump. Force on the adduction test was determined via load cell. Results: Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Squeeze test showed significant effect of condition F (4, 76) = 2.7, P < 0.05. On ASLR ipsilateral to the side of pain, pain decreased across conditions ( F (4, 76) = 2.5 P = 0.05). Conclusion: Results suggest application of diagonal forces towards the site of pain may have additional benefits in improving pain and function. Such information may inform the development of an orthosis. Clinical relevance The results may be used clinically to determine the effectiveness of different belt placements (with belts or straps) in managing athletic lumbopelvic pain. The results offer an alternative to the application of transverse belts, and may inform new approaches in the development of orthotics.

Effects of Lower Extremity Fatigue on Indices of Balance

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 312-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Yaggie ◽  
W. Jeffrey Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Athletic Activity ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Time Effects ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Balance Index

Context:Use of selective joints in fatiguing protocols might not represent athletic activity and limits generalizability.Objective:To quantify changes in balance indices after a generalized fatiguing activity.Design:Repeated measures.Setting:Clinical laboratory.Participants:16 men (24 ± 3 y) with no orthopedic problems.Intervention:Balance was assessed using the KAT-2000 system before (PRE) and immediately (IMMED) and 10 min (10MIN) after serial Wingate tests and at similar time points under nonfatigue conditions.Main Outcome Measures:Balance index (BI), fore:back ratio, and right:left ratio.Results:MANOVA revealed a significant Condition × Time effect (P= .023). ANOVA revealed that only BI was significant for the condition, time, and Condition × Time effects (P= .020, .007, and .003, respectively). BI increased PRE to IMMED, decreased IMMED to 10MIN, and was different from the nonfatigue condition only for IMMED (P= .002, < .001, and < .001, respectively).Conclusions:Fatigue adversely affects BI; recovery might occur within 10 min.

Reliability and Validity of Electrothermometers and Associated Thermocouples

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. Jutte ◽  
Kenneth L. Knight ◽  
Blaine C. Long
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Mercury Thermometer ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Sensor Probe

Objective:Examine thermocouple model uncertainty (reliability + validity).Design:First, a 3 × 3 repeated measures design with independent variables electrothermometers and thermocouple model. Second, a 1 × 3 repeated measures design with independent variable subprobe.Intervention:Three electrothermometers, 3 thermocouple models, a multi-sensor probe and a mercury thermometer measured a stable water bath.Main Outcome Measures:Temperature and absolute temperature differences between thermocouples and a mercury thermometer.Results:Thermocouple uncertainty was greater than manufactures’ claims. For all thermocouple models, validity and reliability were better in the Iso-Themex than the Datalogger, but there were no practical differences between models within an electrothermometers. Validity of multi-sensor probes and thermocouples within a probe were not different but were greater than manufacturers’ claims. Reliability of multiprobes and thermocouples within a probe were within manufacturers claims.Conclusion:Thermocouple models vary in reliability and validity. Scientists should test and report the uncertainty of their equipment rather than depending on manufactures’ claims.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity assessment of different doses of ozonated water on dental pulp cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdiye Küçük ◽  
Sibel Yıldırım ◽  
Serap Çetiner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Ozonated Water

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of various concentrations of ozonated water (OW) on human primary dental pulp cells. Methods Human primary dental pulp cells were isolated from exfoliated primary canine teeth of an 11-year-old patient with good systemic and oral health. Afterwards, cells were divided into 6 experimental groups; four groups of OW in concentrations of 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 8 mg/L, and 16 mg/L, untreated control group, and cell culture without cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after exposure for 5-min exposure using Mosmann’s Tetrazolium Toxicity (MTT) assay at 0 h and 48 h time points. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance and Post-hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results All experimental groups showed proliferation at 0 h time point. However, all groups also experienced a decrease in overtime at 48 h time point (p < 0.05). At both time points 2 mg/L OW showed the highest cell viability as well as proliferation. At 0 h time point, the increase in cell viability for all experimental groups was found statistically significant when compared to positive control group (p < 0.05). At 48 h time point, although 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L OW showed statistically significant reduction in compare to 0 h time point, 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L OW groups didn’t experience any statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion Considering our findings, due to ozonated water's induced a higher proliferation rate of dental pulp cells, indicating their biocompatibility and a possible adjuvant on irrigating agent in regenerative endodontic procedures.

scholarly journals Effect of routinely assessing and addressing depression and diabetes distress using patient-reported outcome measures in improving outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e044888
Author(s):  
Rita McMorrow ◽  
Barbara Hunter ◽  
Christel Hendrieckx ◽  
Dominika Kwasnicka ◽  
Leanne Cussen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Diabetes Distress ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Patient Reported

IntroductionType 2 diabetes is a global health priority. People with diabetes are more likely to experience mental health problems relative to people without diabetes. Diabetes guidelines recommend assessment of depression and diabetes distress during diabetes care. This systematic review will examine the effect of routinely assessing and addressing depression and diabetes distress using patient-reported outcome measures in improving outcomes among adults with type 2 diabetes.Methods and analysisMEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL Complete, PsycInfo, The Cochrane Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched using a prespecified strategy using a prespecified Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Setting and study design strategy. The date range of the search of all databases will be from inception to 3 August 2020. Randomised controlled trials, interrupted time-series studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case–control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies published in peer-reviewed journals in the English language will be included. Two review authors will independently screen abstracts and full texts with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer, if required, using Covidence software. Two reviewers will undertake risk of bias assessment using checklists appropriate to study design. Data will be extracted using prespecified template. A narrative synthesis will be conducted, with a meta-analysis, if appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this review of published studies. Presentation of results will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. Findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020200246.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 genome and antibodies in breastmilk: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. fetalneonatal-2020-321074
Author(s):  
Faith Zhu ◽  
Carlos Zozaya ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Charmaine De Castro ◽  
Prakesh S Shah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Support ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Rt Pcr

ObjectiveTo systematically review and meta-analyse the rate of SARS-CoV-2 genome identification and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breastmilk of mothers with COVID-19.DesignA systematic review of studies published between January 2019 and October 2020 without study design or language restrictions.SettingData sourced from Ovid Embase Classic+Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, relevant bibliographies and the John Hopkins University COVID-19 database.PatientsMothers with confirmed COVID-19 and breastmilk tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR or for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.Main outcome measuresPresence of SARS-CoV-2 genome and antibodies in breastmilk.ResultsWe included 50 articles. Twelve out of 183 women from 48 studies were positive for SARS-CoV-2 genome in their breastmilk (pooled proportion 5% (95% CI 2% to 15%; I2=48%)). Six infants (50%) of these 12 mothers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, with one requiring respiratory support. Sixty-one out of 89 women from 10 studies had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in their breastmilk (pooled proportion 83% (95% CI 32% to 98%; I2=88%)). The predominant antibody detected was IgA.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 genome presence in breastmilk is uncommon and is associated with mild symptoms in infants. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be a more common finding. Considering the low proportion of SARS-CoV-2 genome detected in breastmilk and its lower virulence, mothers with COVID-19 should be supported to breastfeed.

Does transcranial direct current stimulation affect selective visual attention in children with left-sided infantile hemiplegia? A randomized, controlled pilot study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Raed A. Alharbi ◽  
Saleh A. Aloyuni ◽  
Faizan Kashoo ◽  
Mohamed I. Waly ◽  
Harpreet Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Selective Visual Attention ◽  
Subject Factor ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: Infantile hemiplegia due to brain injury is associated with poor attention span, which critically affects the learning and acquisition of new skills, especially among children with left-sided infantile hemiplegia (LSIH). This study aimed to improve the selective visual attention (SVA) of children with LSIH through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Methods: A total of 15 children participated in this randomized, double-blinded, pilot study; of them, 10 experienced LSIH, and the remaining 5 were healthy age-matched controls. All the children performed the Computerized Stroop Color-Word Test (CSCWT) at baseline, during the 5th and 10th treatment sessions, and at follow-up. The experimental (n = 5) and control groups (n = 5) received tDCS, while the sham group (n = 5) received placebo tDCS. All three groups received cognitive training on alternate days, for 3 weeks, with the aim to improve SVA. Results: Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically significant change in the mean scores of CSCWT between time points (baseline, 5th and 10th sessions, and follow-up) within-subject factor, group (experimental, sham) between-subject factor and interaction (time points X group) (p < 0.005). Furthermore, a one-way repeated measures ANOVA showed significant differences between time point (p < 0.005) for the experimental and control group but not the sham group. Conclusion: These pilot results suggest that future research should be conducted with adequate samples to enable conclusions to be drawn.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis and Oxidation of PAN in Dry Air. Thermoanalytical Methods

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Anna BIEDUNKIEWICZ ◽  
Pawel FIGIEL ◽  
Marta SABARA
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Linear Change ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Isothermal Conditions ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Heterogeneous Processes ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Kinetics Of

The results of investigations on pyrolysis and oxidation of pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its mixture with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) under non-isothermal conditions at linear change of samples temperature in time are presented. In each case process proceeded in different way. During pyrolysis of pure PAN the material containing mainly the product after PAN cyclization was obtained, while pyrolysis of PAN+DMF mixture gave the product after cyclization and stabilization. Under conditions of measurements, in both temperature ranges, series of gaseous products were formed.For the PAN-DMF system measurements at different samples heating rates were performed. The obtained results were in accordance with the kinetics of heterogeneous processes theory. The process rates in stages increased along with the temperature increase, and TG, DTG and HF function curves were shifted into higher temperature range. This means that the process of pyrolysis and oxidation of PAN in dry air can be carried out in a controlled way.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.246

scholarly journals Adolescent Pitcher Fatigue: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Stress, Flexor-Pronator Mass Energy Depletion, and Correlation to Pitch Count

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0024
Author(s):  
Manuel Schubert ◽  
Tariq Awan ◽  
Aaron Sciascia ◽  
Emily Pacheco ◽  
Jennifer DeMink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grip Strength ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Subjective Fatigue ◽  
Forearm Flexor

Objectives: There has been a rise in elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in youth pitchers over recent years. With forearm flexor-pronator mass fatigue, the dynamic stability provided could be diminished placing greater stress on the UCL. Pitch count limits have been instituted in an attempt to help curtail this rise in throwing injuries, especially in youth athletes. In order to provide more objective data regarding current pitch count limits for youth pitchers, the purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate for potential fatigue of the flexor-pronator mass by assessing changes in medial elbow laxity, noninvasively characterizing changes in muscle glycogen storage within the forearm flexor-pronator mass, and evaluating changes in subjective fatigue, strength, range of motion (ROM), pitching velocity, and accuracy with increasing number of pitches thrown by 10-year-old pitchers up to their recommended 75 pitch count limit. Methods: After appropriate power analysis, male pitchers 10 years of age were recruited for the study (n=22). Pitchers threw a total of 75 pitches divided into sets of 25 pitches, with standardized periods of rest in between throws and sets to best simulate a game. Bilateral medial elbow laxity was measured by applying 10 decanewtons of valgus force with a standardized stress device and utilizing ultrasound imaging (Figures 1A-B) prior to pitching and after each pitching set. The change in medial ulnohumeral joint distance (Figure 1C) after stress was applied was calculated from baseline without stress. Relative changes in muscle glycogen storage, detected as changes in echogenicity, within the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)/flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles were measured non-invasively with ultrasound-based software (Figures 1D-E) and recorded as fuel percentile. Repeated measures analysis of variance and post-hoc testing were used to determine statistical significance (alpha=0.05). Results: There were no significant differences in medial elbow laxity between arms or time points. There was a trend for similar decline in FCR fuel percentile values between each arm, indicating relative decreases in glycogen storage bilaterally. However, only the throwing arm demonstrated a statistically significant decline in fuel percentile from baseline to after 75 pitches (p=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences across time points for FDS/FCU fuel percentile values. Fatigue measurements for both arms were significantly higher at all time points compared to baseline (p≤0.03). Grip strength of the dominant arm after 75 pitches was significantly decreased compared to after 25 pitches (p=0.02). There were no statistically significant changes in other strength measurements, ROM, velocity, or accuracy between all time points. Conclusions: By the recommended 75 pitch count limit in 10-year-olds, subjective fatigue and a decrease in grip strength had occurred. Furthermore, relative glycogen storage of the flexor-pronator mass of the throwing arm decreased between pitching 50 to 75 pitches, but without an increase in medial elbow gapping. This study provides a foundation and raises questions for further objective testing of physiologic changes that occur throughout increasing pitching to better guide pitch count limits and ensure the safety of young athletes

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