Visual Analysis of the Overarm Throw and Related Sport Skills: Training and Transfer Effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Tennis Serve ◽  
Overarm Throw ◽  
Long Jump

Effects of a visual-discrimination training program on participants’ ability to analyze overarm throwing performances was studied. Also examined was the extent to which transfer occurred in analyzing three related overarm skills (the badminton overhand clear, tennis serve, and volleyball serve) and one unrelated skill (the standing long jump). After the pretest, the training group (n = 13) was shown the visual-discrimination program. The control group (n = 13) received no training. The two-way ANOVA, with repeated measures, showed no significant differences between the groups for any skills on the pretest, but statistically significant differences between groups’ posttest scores for all skills, except the standing long jump.

CHANGES IN THE LEVEL OF FITNESS AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN FROM FIRST-GRADE SWIMMING CLASSES COMPARED TO PEERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (79) ◽  
pp. 71-84
Author(s):  
Hanna Żukowska ◽  
Mirosława Szark-Eckardt
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Training Group ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Hand Strength ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strength Measurement ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

Introduction. In the changes occurring in competitive sport, proper choice and selection for sport and the age of starting the training are of great importance. Aim. Determining the magnitude of changes in physical fitness and physical development of first-grade children practicing swimming in relation to the non-training peers. Material and methods. The study included two groups of children - the first one was a children practicing swimming (26 boys and 23 girls) and the second one was a non-training class (26 boys and 23 girls). In both groups, MTSF trials were conducted in September and June. The results of the study focused on three aspects: the evaluation of sexual dimorphism, the identification of differences and their direction between groups and sex. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in physical development among children who practiced swimming. There were statistically significant differences in body heights in the non-training group - only in the first study (boys – 120.30; girls – 117.86) also in body weight in the first study (boys – 24.57; girls – 21.22) and also in the second study (boys – 26,80; girls – 22,83). In the assessment of physical fitness, in the group of children training swimming, sexual dimorphism was found in: standing long jump (only in the first study boys – 151,65, girls – 134,96); hand strength measurement (only in the first study boys – 23.5; girls – 19,36); bent arm hang, both in the first study (boys – 13,40; girls – 7,70) and also in the second study (ch-14,46; dz-6,31); forward stretches (only in the first study boys – 5; girls – 1.34); 4x10m run both in the first study (boys – 14,54; girls – 15,23) and also in the second study (boys – 13,66; girls – 15,11). Whereas, in the control group in: standing long jump (also only in the first study boys – 107.78; hand strength measurement in both the first study (boys – 18,95; girls – 12,26) as in the second study (boys – 12,09; girls – 12,77); bent arm hang (only in the first study (boys – 8.21; girls – 3.02); forward stretches in both the first (boys – 2,43; girls – 1,30) as in the second study (boys – 3,30; girls – 2,19). Conclusions. In both groups, boys as well as girls reported statistically significant changes in physical development, which is a normal symptom of growth, but only in the group of girls a statistically significant increase in BMI occured. In evaluating swimming training and its effect on fitness, it can be stated that the boys were positively influenced by such tests as (bent arm hang and sit-ups) and negatively by 50 m and 600 m run. On the other hand, among girls: positive only in the sit-ups test, and negative, as in the group of boys in at 50 m and 600 m run. In the group of girls, it was also noted that the trainees, despite the fact that in the first study achieved a significantly better result in the bent arm hang test, in the second attempt they obtained a considerably weaker result, while the non-training girls in the second measurement achieved a statistically better result than the first one.

scholarly journals Effect of Core Training Program on Physical Functional Performance in Female Soccer Players

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Taskin
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Core ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Core Training

<p class="apa">The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of core training program on speed, acceleration, vertical jump, and standing long jump in female soccer players. A total of 40 female soccer players volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided randomly into 1 of 2 groups: core training group (CTG; n = 20) and control group (CG; n = 20). The mean (SD) age was 19.05 ± 1.15 years, height was 160.60 ± 4.22 cm, weight was 56.45 ± 3.33 kg, and sport age was 4.50 ± 1.24 for the core training group; the mean (SD) age was 18.55 ± 0.76 years, height was 159.10 ± 3.86 cm, weight was 52.20 ± 3.60 kg, and sport age was 3.35 ± 0.75 years for the control group. Following randomization, the 2 groups did not differ significantly (p&gt;0.05) in any of the dependent variables. The subjects in the control group did not participate in the training and participated only in the pre- and posttest measurements. To evaluate the effect of core training over the functional performance, we applied a testing procedure that included measurements of speed, acceleration, vertical jump, and standing long jump. The core training group showed a 3.4%, 5.9%, 13.3%, 4.2% improvement in speed, acceleration, vertical jump, and standing long jump (respectively) (P&lt;0.05), whereas the control group did not change (P&gt;0.05). In conclusion, Core exercises were improved speed, acceleration, vertical jump, and standing long jump in 18-19 years-old female soccer players. Therefore, it is believed core training is necessary for optimal sport performance and should not be dismissed for all sport branches.</p>

A Comparison of Mindfulness-Based Group Training and Skills Group Training in Adults With ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Andreas Edel ◽  
Tanja Hölter ◽  
Kristina Wassink ◽  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Dialectical Behavior Therapy ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Training ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Similar Reduction

Objective: To compare a novel “third wave” mindfulness-based training program with an established skills training derived from dialectical behavior therapy, to reduce ADHD symptoms and improve mindfulness and self-efficacy. Method: Ninety-one adults with ADHD (combined and inattentive type, mainly medicated) were non-randomly assigned to and treated within a mindfulness-based training group (MBTG, n = 39) or a skills training group (STG, n = 52), each performed in 13 weekly 2-hr sessions. Results: General linear models with repeated measures revealed that both programs resulted in a similar reduction of ADHD symptoms, and improvement of mindfulness and self-efficacy. However, the effect sizes were in the small-to-medium range. A decrease in ADHD symptoms ≥30% was observed in 30.8% of the MBTG participants and 11.5% of the STG participants. Conclusion: The comparatively weak results may be due to limitations such as the absence of randomization, the lack of a control group without intervention, and the lack of matching groups for borderline, depression, and anxiety status. Moreover, audio instructions for home exercises and more stringent monitoring of participants’ progress and eventual absence from sessions might have improved the outcome.

scholarly journals Effect of Plyometric Training on Jumping, Sprinting and Change of Direction Speed in Child Female Athletes

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Bogdanis ◽  
Olyvia Donti ◽  
Athanasia Papia ◽  
Anastasia Donti ◽  
Nikolaos Apostolidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plyometric Training ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Post Hoc

Background: This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of plyometric training on jumping, sprinting, and change of direction (COD) performance. Methods: Fifty female 7–9-year-old gymnasts were randomly assigned to a plyometric training group (PG; n = 33), that performed supplementary plyometric training twice per week, and a control group (CG; n = 17) that continued regular training. The following tests were performed before and after the intervention: 10 and 20 m sprints, 5 + 5 m and 10 + 10 m COD tests, one-leg and two-leg countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), squat jump (SJ), and standing long jump (SLJ). Results: Only a main effect for time was found for all jumping performance parameters (p = 0.001). However, the improvement of one- and two-leg CMJ in PG had a greater effect size than CG (0.72 and 0.67 vs. 0.34 and 0.18, respectively). Group × time interactions were found for 10 and 20 m sprint tests (p = 0.018 and p = 0.011, respectively) and for 10 + 10 m COD (p = 0.008) with the post hoc test showing improvement only for the PG (p = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.003 and d = 1.1, 1.14, and 0.6, respectively). Conclusions: Supplementary plyometric training increased sprint and COD performance more than regular gymnastics training, while jumping performance was equally improved in both groups.

scholarly journals Effect of Life Skills Training On Emotional Distress: A Comparative Study between Adolescent Boys and Girls

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Hita ◽  
G. Venkatesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Emotional Development ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Life Skills ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Life Skills Training ◽  
Post Test

Adolescence is considered as a crucial stage for emotional development. It is also seen as a time of hyper-emotionality, emotional conflict, and volatile mood states. Given that adolescents lack skills for emotional management, emotional distress during these years can hamper their immediate growth and adversely affect their transition to the next stage of life. Interventions that promote positive emotional development during adolescence are the need of the hour. Keeping this in focus, the present study investigated the Effect of Life Skills Training on Adolescent boys and girls with high Emotional Distress. The study used pre- and post-test experimental design with a control group to examine the stated objectives. 160 adolescent boys and girls (n=80), with a mean age of 16.44 years, were selected for the study using Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Of these, 80 in the experimental group (boys=40, girls=40) were trained in life skills. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test and repeated measures of ANOVA were used to analyze obtained results. Major findings of the study indicate that Life Skills training has significant effect in reducing emotional distress and improving emotional health in adolescents. And the significance of it was found to be higher in girls compared to boys.

scholarly journals Účinnosť všeobecného a kombinovaného silového tréningu na zmeny rýchlostno-silových schopností mladých hokejistov

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Marián Vanderka ◽  
Milan Kabát
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Combined Training ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Long Jump

Purpose of this study was to compare effects of general strength training with combined maximal strength and plyometrics training. Twelve young ice hockey players were examined and intervened 4-week general strength training (EX1) at first and consequently 4-week, combined training (EX2). Combined training consisted of maximal strength workouts with 2-4 repetitions on 85-95% 1RM and subsequent application of plyometrics workouts with 6-10 repetitions. The training group performed 2 sessions per a week in 3 sets of exercises. The measurements were assessed before, between and after periods and consisted of specific test performed on ice and non-specific tests off ice. The results showed that in EX2 period SJ improved from 33,3 ± 2,89 cm to 34,35 ± 2,80 cm by 1,05 cm (3,2%; p<0,01); CMJ from 36,51 ± 4,39 cm to 37,84 ± 4,36 cm by 1,33 cm (3,6%; p<0,01). Also in EX1 period SJ was changed from 32,48 ± 3,65 cm to 33,3 ± 2,89 cm (p<0,05). Anaerobic alacticpower (AAV) changed significantly in EX1 period from 42,09 ± 4,48 W.kg-1 to 42,72 ± 4,61 W.kg-1 (p<0,01) afterwards in EX2 period to 43,78 ± 4,44 W.kg-1 (p<0,01). In jumping performances we measured in both periods significant improvements; standing long jump (SZM) in EX1 period from 246,25 ± 11,07 cm to 249,17 ± 10,32 cm (p<0,01) then in the end of EX2 period 253,58 ± 9,83 cm (p<0,01). Standing triple jump (3SK), agility run (10x5) and all specific test on ice were significant changes recorded only in EX2 period. 3SK from 722,42 ± 29,58 cm to 727,50 ± 30,64 cm; 10x5m from 17,00 ± 0,57 s to16,90 ± 0,57 s (p<0,01); on ice speed tests (1x36m) from 4,95 ± 0,10 s to 4,88 ± 0,09 s by 1,4% (p<0,01); (6x9m) from 13,73 ± 0,48 s to 13,63 ± 0,51 s by 0,8% (p<0,05); in speed endurance ice hockey skating test (Okr) form 14,79 ± 0,18 s to 14,67 ± 0,20 s o 0,8% (p<0,05). Skills ice hockey test parameters (Sla) did not changed significantly in EX1 neither in EX2 period. It could be concluded that both periods had effect on motor performance enhancement, but EX2 training period was more sufficient for improvement in speed-strength abilities especially in specific condition on ice.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF THE ARTHISTIC GYMNASTICS PROGRAM ON PHYSICAL FITNESS OF ADOLESCENTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Marija Miletić ◽  
Hadži Saša Ilić ◽  
Miljan Jeremić ◽  
Milutin Parlić ◽  
Igor Ilić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Main Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis

The aim of the research is to determine the effects of the arthistic gymnastics program on the Physical fitness of adolescents. The sample of participants consisted of 28 participants, males, aged 14 years ± 6 months, seventh grade of "Bubanjski Heroji" elementary school in Niš. The sample was divided into two subgroups. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 14 participants who, during the experimental period, realized the program of artistic gymnastics during the main phase of a physical education class, ten weeks in two classes of 45 minutes. The control group (CG) consisted of 14 participants who during the experimental period realized the program contents of regular physical education in the main phase of physical education. The sample of motorized measuring instruments consisted of three variables of explosive power (standing long jump, triple jump off the site and vertical jump) and three variants of sprint run (20m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start, 30m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start and 50m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start). The program "Statistica" 8.0 for Windows was used, for calculation of basic statistics, canonical discriminatory analysis and multivariate analysis of covariates. The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant effects of the use of the artistic gymnastics exercises in the main part of the physical education course on the Physical fitness of the adolescent of the EG at the end of the experimental period.

Response Variability and Detraining Effects of Standardized Exercise Programs

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín–Guillaumes J ◽  
◽  
Montull L ◽  
Ventura JL ◽  
Javierre C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Response Variability ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Individual Response

Purpose: To compare inter–individual response variability and detraining effects on markers attributed to aerobic and anaerobic performance after shortterm standardized aerobic, strength and mixed training programs. Methods: Thirty–six male students were randomly assigned to either an aerobic, strength, mixed, or control program (9 per group). They performed two consecutive cycling tests (incremental and plateau) to exhaustion at three points: 1 week before training, after 6 weeks of training, and 3 weeks after the training was finished. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), maximal workload (Wmax), and time to exhaustion performed at Wmax (W × time) were compared between groups by repeated–measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post–hoc tests. The inter–subject response variability within each training group was evaluated by comparison with the 95% confidence interval of the control group. Detraining effects were evaluated using the hysteresis areas, which were compared between each training group and the control group by Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Differences were observed in Wmax for the aerobic (F(2,7)=19.562; p=0.001; n²=0.85) and mixed (F(2,7)=13.447; p=0.004; n²=0.99) programs, and in W × time for the mixed program (F(2,7)=15.432; p= 0.016; n²=0.89). There was high inter–subject response variability for all variables and training programs, except for a homogenous positive response to Wmax in the mixed program (X²=6.27; p=0.04). Detraining effects of Wmax were also better maintained after the mixed program. Conclusion: A mixed program of aerobic and strength training demonstrated higher improvements in the studied markers of performance, with lower interindividual response variability, and longer detraining effects compared with aerobic or strength programs.

scholarly journals Short-Term FIFA 11+ Improves Agility and Jump Performance in Young Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebojša Trajković ◽  
Marko Gušić ◽  
Slavko Molnar ◽  
Draženka Mačak ◽  
Dejan M. Madić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

Studies dealing with the effectiveness of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ prevention program to improve performance outcomes in children aged < 14 years are limited. This study aimed to point out the effects of the application of short-term FIFA 11+ warm-up program on physical performance in young football players. Participants were 36 youth male football players, divided into a FIFA 11+ (n = 19; mean (SD) age: 11.15 (0.79) y) and a control group (CG: n = 17; age: 10.87 (0.8) y) and trained for 4 weeks. Before and after the training period, standing long jump performance, agility, repeated sprint ability, sit and reach, and “30–15” intermittent fitness tests were assessed. A mixed ANOVA showed significant differences between the groups in the standing long jump test (FIFA 11+: 5.6% vs. CG: −1.9%) in favor of FIFA 11+ over CG. Additionally, the FIFA 11+ performance of the Illinois agility test was significantly better compared to the CG performance (FIFA 11+: −1.9% vs. CG: 0.03%). The main findings of this study suggest that just 4 weeks of implementation of the FIFA 11+ improves physical performance compared with traditional warm-up routines in young soccer players.

Benefits of aerobic training in girls with precocious puberty: involvement of CRP and cortisol

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1005-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Heidarianpour ◽  
Elnaz Shokri ◽  
Tayebe Baghian ◽  
Behnaz Shokri
Keyword(s):  
Precocious Puberty ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Serum Crp

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic training, 4 weeks of detraining and use gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and cortisol levels in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP). Methods Forty-five girls (aged 6–8 years) with precocious puberty were randomly divided into three groups (medication, training and medicine + training groups). Fifteen healthy girls (without precocious puberty) were also included as the control group. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured at baseline by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Then, the experimental groups performed an aerobic training program for 3 days/week 20–75 min per day at 45–75% maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. The medication groups also received GnRHa during the study, once a month (1 mL every 4 weeks) by intramuscular injection. Serum CRP and cortisol levels were measured again 48 h after the last training session and also after 4 weeks of detraining. Results Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures showed a significant decrease in CRP (p = 0.02) and cortisol levels (p = 0.01) in the training group and the medicine + training group. Detraining led to return of CRP and cortisol levels to the pre-training levels (p = 0.001). No significant difference in serum CRP (p = 0.43) and cortisol levels (p = 0.06) was observed in the medication group. Further, no significant difference was observed between groups in CRP and cortisol. Conclusions Long-term regular moderate training decreases inflammation indices, and detraining eliminates the benefits of training in girls with precocious puberty.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document