The Unit of Analysis in Field Research: Issues and Approaches to Design and Data Analysis

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Silverman ◽  
Melinda Solmon
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Unit Of Measurement ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

This paper addresses the appropriate unit of analysis in field research. We first discuss the issues related to this topic: (a) unit of measurement versus unit of analysis, (b) treatments and random assignment, (c) independence of observations, (d) moderating and control variables, and (e) correlational versus experimental research. We then present a model for determining the correct unit of analysis. In many instances, researchers should use class means or subgroup means, and this has implications for research design. In the third section, we discuss the related issues of (a) the burden of proof, (b) asking the right questions and getting the right answers, and (c) completing statistical analyses. How data are analyzed can affect the results, and researchers should consider these issues when planning their research.

How Fair is Patent Litigation in China? Evidence from the Beijing Courts

2019 ◽  
Vol 241 ◽  
pp. 247-261
Author(s):  
Chenguo Zhang ◽  
Jin Cao
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Intellectual Property Right ◽  
Patent Litigation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Chinese Patent ◽  
The Right ◽  
Trade Partners

AbstractBy conducting field research and analysing judgments delivered in Beijing courts from 2004 to 2011, we find that the popular notion held by China's trade partners of the inadequacy of intellectual property protection is only partly supported by the empirical evidence. The likelihood of winning lawsuits is higher for foreign than domestic plaintiffs and the extremely low damages ruled by Chinese courts are due to particular causes. Courts lack consistent methods to calculate incurred losses in intellectual property right (IPR) infringements and consequently routinely apply the statutory damages whose upper limit is restricted by legislation. Efforts by Chinese legislators to enhance compensation by lifting the upper limit of awardable statutory damages in the Third Amendment of Chinese Patent Law (2008) did not seem to have an effect on our sample. Chinese policymakers should instead focus on the cause of the issue by providing more implementable guidelines for courts to calculate losses. Courts need to develop applicable conventions for calculating damages, based on objective criteria of how much compensation ought to be payable, which is also the basis of calculating reasonable statutory damages. Thus, the new provision of the “right of information” on pirated goods proposed by the ongoing Fourth Amendment provides a significant weapon to combat counterfeiting.

scholarly journals TEAMMATES CONSULT STRATEGY TOWARDS STUDENTS’ MOTIVATION AND READING NARRATIVE TEXT

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Fathurrahman Imran ◽  
K. Dedy Sandiarsa S.
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This research was generally attempted to find the effect of Teammates Consult Strategy towards students’ motivation and reading narrative text at FPBS IKIP Mataram. This research was an experimental research with MANOVA as the data analysis. The population of this research was the students of the third semester of FPBS students. The sample of the research was 45 students consisted of two classes. From the research data found that with the mean score of motivation was 81,04 and control group was 78,00. With the significance 0.000 < 0,05. While the mean for the reading of experimental group was 82,54 and control group was 79,09 with the significance 0.000 < 0,05. It can be concluded that the result of the research showed that there was a significant effect of Teammates Consult strategy towards students’ motivation, there was a significant effect of Teammates consult strategy toward reading narrative text, there was a significant effect of motivation and reading narrative text, there was a significant effect of Teammates Consult strategy towards students motivation and reading narrative text and there was no correlation between motivation and reading narrative text.

EFFECT OF SATISFACTION TOWARDS COMMITMENTS WITH BANK BNI CUSTOMERS (PERSERO) TBK. NAMLEA BRANCH (Pengaruh Kepuasan Terhadap Komitmen Bank BNI Terhadap Nasabah (persero)Tbk. Cabang Namlea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HARZIKO
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Education Data ◽  
Quantitative Data Analysis ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe problem of satisfaction and trust in marketing strategies is important to pay attention to the foster commitment that leads to customer loyalty which will then generate added value for the banking company itself. With customers' full trust and satisfaction from the customers themselves, of course, PT. Bank BNI Namlea Branch will be favored by customers. Through the background above, what is the problem formulation of this research is how is the effect of satisfaction on the commitment of the Bank BNI (Persero) TBK customers. Namlea branch. The location of this research is located at Bank BNI (Persero) Namlea branch which is located at JL. Ahmad Yani Namlea, Buru Regency, next to the left of the PD Cantik shop, and on the right is my father's restaurant. While the author's research time to get the data needed is 2 (two) months, from January to February. The population in this study were customers who used savings at the Bank BNI Namlea branch, Buru Regency. This population is heterogeneous which can be seen from the diversity of age, sex, and education. Data collection was carried out by field research methods (field research) with data collection techniques namely questionnaires, interviews, and literature study. The type of data in this research is qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. The results show that based on the results of the analysis of the distribution of respondents' answers, Bank Negara Indonesia must always improve the quality of the goods/services provided, where the Bank BNI Namlea branch must continue to strive to fulfill expectations and conformity to customer needs so that customer satisfaction is created. It is suggested that PT. Bank BNI Namlea branch is providing the best service through product quality, improved facilities such as parking lots and waiting rooms. Banks must be responsive in serving customers who will make transactions so that they don't feel bored while waiting/queuing to make transactions.Keywords: Satisfaction, Customer, Bank BNI Namlea

Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.2: Third party rights, Art.5.2.3

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vogenauer Stefan
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Right

This commentary focuses on Article 5.2.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning a contract's exclusion and limitation clauses. According to Art 5.2.3, the conferment of rights in the beneficiary includes the right to invoke a clause in the contract which excludes or limits the liability of the beneficiary. There has to be express agreement of the parties to give the benefit of an exclusion or limitation clause to the beneficiary. This would be the case in the ordinary ‘Himalaya clause’, contained in bills of lading. The burden of proof is on the third party that invokes the clause excluding or limiting liability.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Model Mutasi dalam Upaya Peningkatan Kinerja

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nairil Anam ◽  
Windijarto Windijarto ◽  
Falih Suaedi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Personal Approach ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Right

Mutation is one of the efforts of human resource management to place the right person in the right position to improve employee performance. Meanwhile, mutation is still problematic and has not been organized effectively since the models used are not entirely in accordance with rules and theoretical perspectives. Accordingly, an evaluation of the models used currently is required to implement the development of models of mutation to improve employee performance. This research generally aims to illustrate what kind of models of mutation is used and to develop models of mutation to improve performance of the Coordinating Body of Agricultural, Fisheries, and Forestry Extensions in Bangka-Belitung Islands Province. This research uses rules and theoretical perspectives and qualitative descriptive method. The research location is the offices of Regional Employment Board and Coordinating Body of Agricultural, Fisheries, and Forestry Extensions in Bangka-Belitung Islands Province. Informants of this research are people who are involved in making and receiving decisions of the mutations. The data collection is conducted with a preliminary observation, followed by field research that includes interviews and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in this research are qualitative data analysis techniques. From the research, it can be concluded that the development of models of mutation needs to be implemented to improve performance since the models used in 2015 were still insufficient, especially in the process of intensive and personal approach, which caused inaccuracy of data due to lack of good communication.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN POLA PRODUKSI MEMINIMALISASI BIAYA PADA USAHA PENGOLAHAN DODOL BANDOL DI KECAMATAN SAMBUTAN KOTA SAMARINDA (The Determination of Production Pattern to Minimize Cost at Processing Business of Dodol Bandol in Sambutan Subcity, Samarinda City)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
ASMAWATI ASMAWATI ◽  
MURSIDAH MURSIDAH ◽  
SYARIFAH AIDA
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The Third ◽  
Production Pattern ◽  
The Right

Processing business of  dodol Bandol is an agroindustry which processes raw materials from agricultural products. The different of production patterns will cause the different of production cost. The purposes of this research were to know the production patterns of dodol Bandol, incremental costs of every production pattern of dodol Bandol, the minimum production cost of dodol Bandol. Methods of data analysis were descriptive and quantitative. Incremental cost was calculated for every production pattern  and then it was determined the production pattern with minimum cost. Production pattern that used is a bumpy production pattern. Incremental costs of every production patterns were constant production pattern of IDR583,120.00, bumpy production pattern of IDR117,000.00, and moderat production pattern of  IDR357,560.00. The right production pattern that could be applied on processing of dodol Bandol is bumpy production pattern because it has the lowest incremental cost among the third production patterns.

FA’ALIYATU TADRIS AL-LUGAH AL-‘ARABIYAH FI AL-KITAB “MODUL HIKMAH” FI AL-SHAFFI AL-‘ASYIRI LI AL-MADRASAH AL-TSANAWIYYAH AL-ISLAMIYYAH AL-HUKUMIYYAH PAKEM SLEMAN BI YOGYAKARTA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 127-154
Author(s):  
Mohd. Fikri Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Statistical Data Analysis ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Right

This study aims to determine the method of teaching Arabic by using the book "Wisdom Module" in the success of reading skills at MAN Pakem Sleman Yogyakarta and to find out the extent of the effectiveness of Arabic teaching by using the book "Module Wisdom" in the success of reading skills at MAN Pakem Sleman Yogyakarta. The results of this study are expected to be a scientific paper that is able to enrich insights about learning Arabic, especially insights for teachers to choose the right method, especially adjusting the ability of students in learning. This type of research is Field Research (field research) by taking a location in MAN Pakem Sleman Yogyakarta. Data collection is done by using methods of observation, interviews, documentation, questionnaires. Data analysis techniques are performed using non-statistical data analysis or descriptive data analysis. The results showed that: 1 method used by teachers in teaching Arabic is the method of memorization, reading, examinations, and question and answer. And the Al-Qiroah Method used by the teacher is divided into two, 1. Silent reading, 2. Hard reading. 2. The effectiveness of teaching Arabic by using the book "Wisdom Module" has been effective, and get high results and Arabic exam results (excellent reading) "very good". Can be proven the results of class 10, namely: 83.82 and this is in accordance with Suharsimi Arikunto in his book that is 80-100 and very good interview with Ustad Muhammad Rosid that students are already interested in reading Arabic texts in the book "Wisdom Module" and this very good, and he also said that the use of the book "Wisdom Module" is very effective than the use of books from school.   التجريد  يهدف البحث لمعرفة طريقة  تدريس اللغة العربية  فى الكتاب "مودل حكمة" فى نجاح مهارة القراءة للمدرسة ا الثانوية  الإسلامية  الحكومية فاكم سليمان بيوكياكرتا. لمعرفة فعالية التدريس اللغة العربية فى الكتاب "مودل حكمة" فى نجاح مهارة القراءة للمدرسة  الثانوية  الإسلامية  الحكومية  فاكم سليمان بيوكياكرتا. والمرجو من نتائج هذا البحث  أن يكون بحثا عمليا يزيد علي معرفة  فى تعليم اللغة العربية و خصوصا فى اختيار المناهج المناسبة  و الموافقة بمهارة الطلاب فى اللغة العربية. هذا البحث  بحث ميداني فى المدرسة الثانوية الإسلامية  الحكومية  فاكم سليمان  بيوكياكرتا. وطرق جمع البيانات هي طريقة المراقبة, والمقابلة, وطريقة الوثائق و الإستفتاء. وطريقة تحليل البيانات بطريقة  تحليل البيانات غير إحصائية  أو الوصفي. دلت نتيجة هذا البحث : 1.  أن طريقة التى استخدمه المعلّم يعنى طريقة الحفظ, وطريقة القراءة,و طريقة الإختبار,  وطريقة التساؤلات. وتنقسم طريقة القراءة التى استحدمه المعلّم إلى قسمين: 1(. القراءة الصامتة , 2. القراءة الجهرية). 2. فعالية تدريس اللغة العربية فى الكتاب "مودول الحكمة"  فعّال,  وتؤدى إلى نتيجة عالية وحصول الإختبار اللغة العربية  "جيد جدا" ودليل علي أن نتيجة من الصف العاشر 84,82 وهذا مناسب مع سوحارسم أريكونتو فى كتبه يعنى 80-100  "جيد جدا".والمقابلة مع الأستاذ محمد رشيد أن أكثر الطلاب قد مهرو فى قراءة النصوص اللغة العربية فى الكتاب "مودول الحكمة", وهذا أحسن. وقال أيضا أن استخدام الكتاب "مودول الحكمة" أشد فعلا  من استخدام كتاب اللغة العربية من المدرسة. الكلمة الر ئيسية  : فعالية تدريس اللغة العربية، الكتاب "مودول حكمة" , مهارة القراءة

scholarly journals PARTISIPASI POLITIK MASYARAKAT DALAMPEMILIHAN UMUM WALIKOTA/WAKIL WALIKOTA PALANGKA RAYA TAHUN 2013 DI KECAMATAN PAHANDUT

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
SRIYANA
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Data Analysis Technique ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Village

This study aims to describe how people's political participation in elections Mayor / Deputy Mayor of Palangkaraya in District Pahandut in 2013. People's political participation can be seen through the participation of the community in the campaign and polling (voting) can finally be concluded that the level of political participation of the community.Data sources of this study is secondary data which have been obtained from the District Election Committee (PPK) and Pahandut of the Voting Committee (PPS) in every village in the district Pahandut. Data collection techniques by performing the study and documentation of the village other materials related to the study. Field research is the data collection by jumping to a location using the enclosed questionnaire (questionnaire) as well as an interview with the head of the KDP Pahandut and communities have the right to vote.Sampling using Taro Yamane formula. Samples were taken of the number of voters registered in the voters list (DPT) in District Pahandut as many as 100 people from 49 160 people. While the data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative in order to give an idea of the level of political participation in elections Mayor / Deputy Mayor Palangkaraya Pahandut Year 2013 in the district, whether it is through one's participation in the campaign and voting (voting).The results showed that the level of political participation of the community in the form of participation in campaign activities is still low at only 46 %. While the level of political participation of the community in the form of participation in the provision of voting rights (the election) is relatively high at 74.50 %.

Part III Constituting Democracy, Ch.12 Elections

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondhi Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Campaign Finance ◽  
Election Law ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Indian Constitution ◽  
Electoral Roll ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Election Commission

This chapter examines India’s constitutional framework and its mechanisms that govern and control the electoral process, especially those that go beyond the domain of election law and raise a host of constitutional issues. Before discussing these mechanisms, their operation, and the extent to which they are justifiable, the chapter provides an overview of the right to vote and how it is treated in the Indian Constitution as a fundamental right. It then considers the Election Commission and its duties and functions, and proceeds by outlining the three levels by which elections are regulated in India: the first relates to the preparation of the electoral roll; the second stage to the electoral process; and the third to the outcome and verdict. Finally, it looks at potential challenges to free and fair elections, such as those posed by the problem of campaign finance.

scholarly journals Membangun Character Building bagi Anak Difabel dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Istiqomah Faiz Isti ◽  
Hendro Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Character Building ◽  
Methods Of Learning ◽  
The Right

This article aims to examine the realm of planting and character development for children with disabilities in learning Islamic religious education at SD NU Sleman. This study is a field research with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data analysis techniques were carried out using the Spradley model, namely data analysis carried out in conjunction with data collection consisting of domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, compound analysis, and data analysis. The results of this study indicate that character planting must be built for children with disabilities in NU Elementary School, namely about independence, self-acceptance and social, and self-confidence, especially in school. By planting this character, disabled participants did not get negative perceptions by other normal students. Instead normal students appreciate and admire the persistence of learning disabled students. NU Elementary School has an integrated curriculum in PAI learning so that the formation of the akhlaqul karimah character is increasingly realized. Students with disabilities or those with other special needs have the right to receive the same Islamic education despite the limitations. In determining the material, objectives, and methods of learning Islam, religious teachers consider the ability, depth of material, methods, and time available.

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