scholarly journals Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6493) ◽  
pp. eaax9553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Joseph Robert Burger ◽  
Lauren Gaydosh ◽  
Daniel W. Belsky ◽  
Grace A. Noppert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Animal Physiology ◽  
Darwinian Fitness ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Mortality

The social environment, both in early life and adulthood, is one of the strongest predictors of morbidity and mortality risk in humans. Evidence from long-term studies of other social mammals indicates that this relationship is similar across many species. In addition, experimental studies show that social interactions can causally alter animal physiology, disease risk, and life span itself. These findings highlight the importance of the social environment to health and mortality as well as Darwinian fitness—outcomes of interest to social scientists and biologists alike. They thus emphasize the utility of cross-species analysis for understanding the predictors of, and mechanisms underlying, social gradients in health.

scholarly journals A Transformation of the Approach to Evaluating a Region’s Investment Attractiveness as a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Dmitriy G. Rodionov ◽  
Evgenii A. Konnikov ◽  
Magomedgusen N. Nasrutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
World Order ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Environment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

The global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a transformation of virtually all aspects of the world order today. Due to the introduction of the world quarantine, a considerable share of professional communications has been transformed into a format of distance interaction. As a result, the specific weight of traditional components of the investment attractiveness of a region is steadily going down, because modern business can be built without the need for territorial unity. It should be stated that now the criteria according to which investors decide if they are ready to invest in a region are dynamically transforming. The significance of the following characteristics is increasingly growing: the sustainable development of a region, qualities of the social environment, and consistency of the social infrastructure. Thus, the approaches to evaluating the region’s investment attractiveness must be transformed. Moreover, the investment process at the federal level involves the determination of target areas of regional development. Despite the universal significance of innovative development, the region can develop much more dynamically when a complex external environment is formed that complements its development model. Interregional interaction, as well as an integrated approach to innovative development, taking into account not only the momentary effect, but also the qualitative long-term transformation of the region, will significantly increase the return on investment. At the same time, the currently existing methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of the region are usually heuristic in nature and are not universal. The heuristic nature of the existing methods does not allow to completely abstract from the subjectivity of the researcher. Moreover, the existing methods do not take into account the cyclical properties of the innovative development of the region, which lead to the formation of a long-term effect from the transformation of the regional environment. This study is aimed at forming a comprehensive methodology that can be used to evaluate the investment attractiveness of a certain region and conclude about the lines of business that should be developed in it as well as to find ways to increase the region’s investment attractiveness. According to the results of the study, a comprehensive methodology was formed to evaluate the region’s investment attractiveness. It consists of three key indicators, namely, the level of the region’s investment attractiveness, the projected level of the region’s investment attractiveness, and the development vector of the region’s investment attractiveness. This methodology is based on a set of indicators that consider the status of the economic and social environment of the region, as well as the status of the innovative and ecological environment. The methodology can be used to make multi-dimensional conclusions both about the growth areas responsible for increasing the region’s innovative attractiveness and the lines of business that should be developed in the region.

scholarly journals The Essence of the Concept of Responsibility

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Kristīne Ķinēna
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Human Science ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Business Economics ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Positive Results

Social responsibility is a concept used across many field, for example, business, economics, political science, social and human science, etc. In every country has been made development plan,which is related to citizen's social responsibility and envionmental front. Every human daily routine begins with a sense of obligation and resposibility and action. People do not understand their actions and behavior of the direct consequences on the environment, other people and to ourselves.Conversely, by understanding ourselves as social and natural part, you can expect a long term positive results in the formation of responsibility and joint resposibility.This article deals with the concept of accountability structure and its relationship to the social environment.

Cetacean culture: Still afloat after the first naval engagement of the culture wars

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Rendell ◽  
Hal Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild

Although the majority of commentators implicitly or explicitly accept that field data allow us to ascribe culture to whales, dolphins, and other nonhumans, there is no consensus. While we define culture as information or behaviour shared by a population or subpopulation which is acquired from conspecifics through some form of social learning, some commentators suggest restricting this by requiring imitation/teaching, human analogy, adaptiveness, stability across generations, progressive evolution (ratchetting), or specific functions. Such restrictions fall down because they either preclude the attribution of culture to nonhumans using currently available methods, or exclude parts of human culture. The evidence for cetacean culture is strong in some cases, but weak in others. The commentaries provide important information on the social learning abilities of bottlenose dolphins and some interesting speculation about the evolution of cetacean cultures and differences between the cultures of different taxa. We maintain that some attributes of cetacean culture are currently unknown outside humans. While experimental studies, both in the laboratory and in the wild, have an important role in the study of culture in whales and dolphins (for instance in determining whether dolphins have a Theory-of-Mind), the real treasures will be uncovered by long-term observational studies at sea using new approaches and technologies.

scholarly journals Perspective sur la prospective

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-342
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Migué
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Long Term Forecasting ◽  
World Output

Long term forecasting, as popularized by some recent models of the world, appears to be a-scientific from the standpoint of the social scientists. The basis for this radical judgment is threefold: First, structural relations incorporated into these models of the world seldom go further than stating rigid relations between some physical variables and world output. Second, the factual basis on which these relations are built is often not validated by past trends. Finally, the framework within which these models are cast rules out all possibly for the social sciences to contribute to our understanding of the future. Political and economic adaptation mechanisms are excluded. Futurology as developed by some models is based on poor measurement and poor theory.

scholarly journals ANTROPINĖS NUOSTATŲ TEORIJOS PAGRINDINIAI BRUOŽAI

Psichologija ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
D. Nadirashvili ◽  
† Nadirashvili S.
Keyword(s):  
Motor Activity ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Objective Reality ◽  
The Social

Nuostatos (angl. attitude) sąvoka psichologijoje atsirado siekiant paaiškinti suvokimo iliuzijas. Remdamasis eksperimentiniais tyrimais Dimitrijus Uznadzė (1886–1950) parodė, kad suvokimo iliuzijos nėra būdingos išskirtinai tik motorinės veiklos sričiai. Jos gali reikštis bet kurio modalumo suvokiniuose. Ž. Piažė gruzinų mokslininko tirtą nuostatos reiškinį pavadino Uznadzės efektu ir pritaikė jį savo plėtojamos intelekto raidos teorijos aiškinimui. Socialinė nuostata kaip nešališkos objektyvios tikrovės priedėlis reiškia tam tikrą išankstinį požiūrį į kitus žmones ir visą socialinę aplinką. Nuostatos skiriasi savo turiniu, komponentais ir susidarymo būdais. Socialinių nuostatų analizė grįsta asmens santykių (predispozicijų) su socialinėmis vertybėmis nustatymu. Iš esmės per nuostatas išreiškiamos ir pačios socialinės vertybės, ir atvirkščiai, per socialines vertybes – nuostatos. Nuostatų (ir socialinių vertybių) savumus galima matuoti skaitinėmis skalėmis. Mes savo tyrimų praktikoje naudojame 11 balų skalę. Tokia skale galima matuoti: socialinių vertybių valentingumą (teigiamą-neigiamą nuostatos kontinuumą), valentingumo stiprumą (kaip stipriai išreiškiama teigiama ar neigiama nuostata), palankumo zoną (kokio laipsnio nuostatos asmeniui dar priimtinos), tolerancijos zoną (kokio stiprumo nuostatas asmuo dar gali toleruoti), nuostatos siaurumo-platumo (aštrumo-difuziškumo) kontinuumą (kiek reikia padaryti žingsnelių norint išsiaiškinti, kokį reiškinių ar įvykių ratą nuostata aprėpia). Žmogaus psichinės raidos rezultatas yra sąmoninga, pažintinė ir morali elgsena. Į tokios raidos procesą nuostatos taip pat aktyviai įtrauktos. Aukščiausias žmogaus psichinės raidos apraiškas lemia būtent socialinės nuostatos.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: nuostatos, situacinė, dispozicinė ir sensorinė-motorinė nuostata, palankumo zona, tolerancijos zona.Basic points of the antropic attitude theoryNadirashvili D., † Nadirashvili S. SummaryThe reason for the introduction of the concept of attitude was the explanation of illusory perceptions. On the basis of experimental studies D. Uznadze demonstrated that the illusions of perception are connected not solely to the motor activity sphere. It can appear in every modality of perception. J. Piaget called the phenomenon identified in the above-mentioned method “the Uznadze effect” and used it for the characterization of specific stages of the development of intellect.Social attitude, in addition to the unprejudiced objective reality, implies disposition towards other people, social environment. Attitudes, besides differing by the content and components that are depicted in them, differ from each other by ways of formation.Characterization of social attitudes is performed according to what disposition exists towards the social values expressed through them. Its peculiarities are measured on a number scale. For this purpose we use an 11-point scale. On this scale, attitude is characterized by: valency – positive-negative disposition for social values; valency intensity – how more intensive is attitude valency according to positivity and negativity; the zone of acceptance, which expresses the intensity of attitudes acceptable for a person; the zone of toleration – a zone of the intensity of attitudes, which can be tolerated by a person; sharpness-diffusivity attitude, which shows by how many steps can the attitude of a person be characterized, etc.On the human being level of psyche development, conscious, cognitive, and moral behaviors emerge. Attitudes are actively involved in these processes as well. At the highest level of psyche development, the activity of a human being is determined by social attitudes.Key words: attitude, situational attitude, dispositional attitude, sensory-motorial attitude, zone of acceptance and toleration

scholarly journals The Link Between Environment, Age, and Health in a Large Cohort of Companion Dogs from the Dog Aging Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 991-992
Author(s):  
Brianah McCoy ◽  
Layla Brassington ◽  
Greer Dolby ◽  
Kelly Jin ◽  
Devin Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Environment Impact ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Companion Dogs ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Health And Mortality

Abstract Exposure to social environmental adversity strongly predicts health and survival in many species such as non-human primates, wild mammals, and humans. However, little is known about how the health and mortality effects of these social determinants vary across the lifespan. Using the companion dog, which serves as a powerful comparative model for human health and aging due to our shared biology and environment, we examined which components of the social environment impact health, and how the effects vary with age, in dogs. We first drew on detailed survey data from owners of 27,547 dogs from the Dog Aging Project and identified six factors that together explained 35% of the variation in dog’s social environment. These factors all predicted measures of health, disease, and mobility, when controlling for dog age and weight. Factors capturing measures of financial and household adversity were linked to poorer companion dog health, while factors associated with the social companions, like dogs and adults, were linked to better health. Interestingly, some of these effects differed across a dog’s lifespan: for instance, the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on disease instances was strongest in older dogs. Together, our findings point to similar links between adversity and health in companion dogs, and set up future work on the molecular and biological changes associated with environmental variation in order to identify ways to mitigate or even reverse the negative environmental effects.

Finale

The Age of Em ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Common Complaint ◽  
The Social

Over 150 readers have commented on previous drafts of this book. Here are very quick summaries of some of their most common criticisms. Most individual views are of course subtler than these summaries can be. If we include those who declined to read my draft, the most common complaint is probably “who cares?” Many just can’t see why they should want to know much detail about the lives of people who are not they, their children, or grandchildren. While many readers seem interested in the lives of past people who were not personally their ancestors, perhaps these readers make up only a small fraction of the population. Other readers doubt that one can ever estimate the social consequences of technologies decades in advance. It is not so much that these readers have specific complaints about my analyses. Instead, they have a general skepticism that makes them uninterested in considering such analyses. Many see human behavior as intrinsically inscrutable, and many doubt that social science exists as a source of reliable insight. A few are off ended by the very idea of estimating social outcomes, as they see this as denying our free will and ability to choose our futures. A more specific version of this sort of criticism accepts that it is often possible for us to foresee social consequences in worlds like ours, but then says that it is impossible to foresee the social behaviors of creatures substantially smarter than us. So, they reason, we today cannot see past the future point in time when typical descendants become smarter than we are today, and ems are effectively smarter than us in several ways. This view suggests that social scientists today are less able to predict the behavior of smarter people, or of people who are smarter than the typical social scientist. That seems incorrect to me. Still other readers accept my social analysis, but are disappointed that I consider only the next great era, and not the eras that may follow it. These readers mainly care about the long-term future. They reject my argument that understanding the em era is a good first step to understanding the eras that may follow it.

Economic (In)Equality and Democracy: The Political Economy of Poverty in Athens

2018 ◽  
pp. 344-375
Author(s):  
Claire Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Participatory Democracy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the relationship between participatory democracy and poverty in democratic Athens. Drawing on recent debates within Greek history and the social sciences, it examines the relationship between the economic prosperity of Athens and its democratic system, with particular emphasis on the role of direct democracy in the amelioration of poverty. Social scientists have frequently argued that democracy has a greater chance of success in wealthier polities, an idea which appears to have some application to the ancient world: Athens, for example, was undoubtedly affluent, had experienced long-term economic growth, had high wages and robust democratic institutions. However, much of this literature also betrays an anti-democratic/anti-poor rhetoric surprisingly familiar to historians of Athenian democracy (the poor are authoritarian, they lack intelligence, and are only interested in rule for their own redistributive self-interest etc). It also ignores those who are poor, plays down their participation in politics or fails to account for relative (in)equalities. This chapter, therefore, uses the Athenian experience to explore how participatory democracy can be used as a tool for social flourishing to empower, enrich and improve the capabilities and well-being of the poor.

scholarly journals The Association of Peer Smoking Behavior and Social Support with Quit Success in Employees Who Participated in a Smoking Cessation Intervention at the Workplace

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floor A. van den Brand ◽  
Puck Nagtzaam ◽  
Gera E. Nagelhout ◽  
Bjorn Winkens ◽  
Constant P. van Schayck
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Smoking Cessation Intervention ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Cessation Intervention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Continuous Abstinence

The current study investigated whether quit success among employees who participated in a smoking cessation intervention at the workplace was associated with social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their environment. Tobacco-smoking employees (n = 604) from 61 companies participated in a workplace group smoking cessation program. Participants completed questionnaires assessing social support from, and the smoking behavior of, people in their social environment. They were also tested for biochemically validated continuous abstinence directly after finishing the training and after 12 months. The data were analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Social support from colleagues was positively associated with 12-month quit success (odds ratio (OR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14–3.00, p = 0.013). Support from a partner was positively associated with short-term quit success (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.23–3.30, p = 0.006). Having a higher proportion of smokers in the social environment was negatively associated with long-term abstinence (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71–0.92, p = 0.002). Compared to having a non-smoking partner, long-term quit success was negatively associated with having no partner (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26–0.88, p < 0.019), with having a partner who smokes (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24–0.66, p < 0.001), and with having a partner who used to smoke (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.26–0.86, p = 0.014). In conclusion, people in a smoker’s social environment, particularly colleagues, were strongly associated with quit success. The workplace may, therefore, be a favorable setting for smoking cessation interventions.

scholarly journals Session 6: Infant nutrition: future research developments in Europe EARNEST, the early nutrition programming project: EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Fewtrell ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Early Nutrition ◽  
The Social ◽  
In Pregnancy

Increasing evidence from lifetime experimental studies in animals and observational and experimental studies in human subjects suggests that pre- and postnatal nutrition programme long-term health. However, key unanswered questions remain on the extent of early-life programming in contemporary European populations, relevant nutritional exposures, critical time periods, mechanisms and the effectiveness of interventions to prevent or reverse programming effects. The EARly Nutrition programming – long-term Efficacy and Safety Trials and integrated epidemiological, genetic, animal, consumer and economic research (EARNEST) consortium brings together a multi-disciplinary team of scientists from European research institutions in an integrated programme of work that includes experimental studies in human subjects, modern prospective observational studies and mechanistic animal work including physiological studies, cell-culture models and molecular techniques. Theme 1 tests early nutritional programming of disease in human subjects, measuring disease markers in childhood and early adulthood in nineteen randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and infancy. Theme 2 examines associations between early nutrition and later outcomes in large modern European population-based prospective studies, with detailed measures of diet in pregnancy and early life. Theme 3 uses animal, cellular and molecular techniques to study lifetime effects of early nutrition. Biomedical studies are complemented by studies of the social and economic importance of programming (themes 4 and 5), and themes encouraging integration, communication, training and wealth creation. The project aims to: help formulate policies on the composition and testing of infant foods; improve the nutritional value of infant formulas; identify interventions to prevent and reverse adverse early nutritional programming. In addition, it has the potential to develop new products through industrial partnerships, generate information on the social and economic cost of programming in Europe and help maintain Europe's lead in this critical area of research.

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