scholarly journals Lung and gut microbiota are altered by hyperoxia and contribute to oxygen-induced lung injury in mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (556) ◽  
pp. eaau9959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanna L. Ashley ◽  
Michael W. Sjoding ◽  
Antonia P. Popova ◽  
Tracy X. Cui ◽  
Matthew J. Hoostal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Systemic Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Severe Lung

Inhaled oxygen, although commonly administered to patients with respiratory disease, causes severe lung injury in animals and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in humans. The relationship between hyperoxia, lung and gut microbiota, and lung injury is unknown. Here, we show that hyperoxia conferred a selective relative growth advantage on oxygen-tolerant respiratory microbial species (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) as demonstrated by an observational study of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation and experiments using neonatal and adult mouse models. During exposure of mice to hyperoxia, both lung and gut bacterial communities were altered, and these communities contributed to oxygen-induced lung injury. Disruption of lung and gut microbiota preceded lung injury, and variation in microbial communities correlated with variation in lung inflammation. Germ-free mice were protected from oxygen-induced lung injury, and systemic antibiotic treatment selectively modulated the severity of oxygen-induced lung injury in conventionally housed animals. These results suggest that inhaled oxygen may alter lung and gut microbial communities and that these communities could contribute to lung injury.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Differences in Dietary Fat Influence Microbiota Assembly in the Zebrafish Gut

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandi Wong ◽  
W. Zac Stephens ◽  
Adam R. Burns ◽  
Keaton Stagaman ◽  
Lawrence A. David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

ABSTRACT Gut microbiota influence the development and physiology of their animal hosts, and these effects are determined in part by the composition of these microbial communities. Gut microbiota composition can be affected by introduction of microbes from the environment, changes in the gut habitat during development, and acute dietary alterations. However, little is known about the relationship between gut and environmental microbiotas or about how host development and dietary differences during development impact the assembly of gut microbiota. We sought to explore these relationships using zebrafish, an ideal model because they are constantly immersed in a defined environment and can be fed the same diet for their entire lives. We conducted a cross-sectional study in zebrafish raised on a high-fat, control, or low-fat diet and used bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing to survey microbial communities in the gut and external environment at different developmental ages. Gut and environmental microbiota compositions rapidly diverged following the initiation of feeding and became increasingly different as zebrafish grew under conditions of a constant diet. Different dietary fat levels were associated with distinct gut microbiota compositions at different ages. In addition to alterations in individual bacterial taxa, we identified putative assemblages of bacterial lineages that covaried in abundance as a function of age, diet, and location. These results reveal dynamic relationships between dietary fat levels and the microbial communities residing in the intestine and the surrounding environment during ontogenesis. IMPORTANCE The ability of gut microbiota to influence host health is determined in part by their composition. However, little is known about the relationship between gut and environmental microbiotas or about how ontogenetic differences in dietary fat impact gut microbiota composition. We addressed these gaps in knowledge using zebrafish, an ideal model organism because their environment can be thoroughly sampled and they can be fed the same diet for their entire lives. We found that microbial communities in the gut changed as zebrafish aged under conditions of a constant diet and became increasingly different from microbial communities in their surrounding environment. Further, we observed that the amount of fat in the diet had distinct age-specific effects on gut community assembly. These results reveal the complex relationships between microbial communities residing in the intestine and those in the surrounding environment and show that these relationships are shaped by dietary fat throughout the life of animal hosts.

scholarly journals In ovo microbial communities: a potential mechanism for the initial acquisition of gut microbiota among oviparous birds and lizards

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 20180225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K. Trevelline ◽  
Kirsty J. MacLeod ◽  
Sarah A. Knutie ◽  
Tracy Langkilde ◽  
Kevin D. Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Initial Acquisition ◽  
Culture Independent

Vertebrate gut microbiota mediate critical physiological processes known to affect host fitness, but the mechanisms that expose wildlife to pioneer members of this important microbial community are not well understood. For example, oviparous vertebrates are thought to acquire gut microbiota through post-natal exposure to the external environment, but recent evidence from placental mammals suggests that the vertebrate reproductive tract harbours microbiota that may inoculate offspring in utero . These findings suggest that oviparous vertebrates may be capable of acquiring pioneer microbiota in ovo , but this phenomenon remains unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, we used culture-independent inventories to determine if the eggs of wild birds and lizards harboured in ovo microbial communities. Our approach revealed distinct in ovo bacterial communities, but fungal communities were indistinguishable from controls. Further, lizard eggs from the same clutch had bacterial community structures that were more similar to each other than to unrelated individuals. These results suggest that oviparous vertebrates may acquire maternal microbiota in ovo , possibly through the inoculation of egg yolk prior to shelling. Therefore, this study may provide a first glimpse of a phenomenon with substantial implications for our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary factors shaping gut microbial communities.

scholarly journals Distribution of Archaeal and Bacterial communities in a subtropical reservoir

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís Américo Soares ◽  
André Cordeiro Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Iolanda Cristina Silveira Duarte ◽  
Emiliana Manesco Romagnoli ◽  
Maria do Carmo Calijuri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Metabolic Plasticity ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Aim: Microbial communities play a central role in environmental process such as organic matter mineralization and the nutrient cycling process in aquatic ecosystems. Despite their ecological importance, variability of the structure of archaeal and bacterial communities in freshwater remains understudied. Methods In the present study we investigated the richness and density of archaea and bacteria in the water column and sediments of the Itupararanga Reservoir. We also evaluated the relationship between the communities and the biotic and abiotic characteristics. Samples were taken at five depths in the water column next to the dam and three depths next to the reservoir entrance. Results PCR-DGGE evaluation of the archaeal and bacterial communities showed that both were present in the water column, even in oxygenated conditions. Conclusions The density of the bacteria (qPCR) was greater than that of the archaea, a result of the higher metabolic plasticity of bacteria compared with archaea.

scholarly journals Integrated Metabolomics to Reveal the Impacts of Common Antibiotics based on Drug Resistance Prediction of Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Gao ◽  
Ming Huang ◽  
MD. Altaf-Ul-Amin ◽  
Naoaki Ono ◽  
Shigehiko Kanaya
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistance Prediction ◽  
Resistance Prediction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistant Genotypes ◽  
Integrated Metabolomics

Due to the close interaction between the host and the gut microbiota, the alterations in gut microbiota metabolism may therefore contribute to various diseases. How to use antibiotics more wisely in clinical practice is a promising task in the field of pathophysiology related to gut microbiota. The hope fueling this research is that the alteration of gut microbial communities are paralleled by their capacity on metabolomic from the combined perspective of microbiome and metabolomics. In order to reveal the impacts of antibiotics on microbiota-associated host metabolomic phenotypes, a feasible methodology should be well developed to assess the pervasive effects of antibiotics on the population structure of gut microbial communities. Our attempt starts from predicting specific resistance phenotypes of the individuals in isolation from the rest of the gut microbiota community, according to their resistant genotypes. Once resistance phenotypes of microbiome is determined, we integrated metabolomics with machine learning by applying various analysis algorithms to explore the relationship between the predicted resistance and metabolites, including what the microbial community is after medication, which microbes produce metabolites, and how these metabolites enrich.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota modulates lung fibrosis severity following acute lung injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozioma Chioma ◽  
Laura Hesse ◽  
Elizabeth Mallott ◽  
Austin Chapman ◽  
Joseph Van Amburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lung Injury ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lung Fibrosis ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Biosafety Level

Abstract Independent reports note the significance of gut microbiota on lung disease severity; however, studies using murine models to define the role of the gut microbiome in pulmonary fibrosis progression are missing. We used the bleomycin murine model to quantify lung fibrosis in C57BL/6J mice housed in germ-free, animal biosafety level 1 (ABSL-1), or animal biosafety level 2 (ABSL-2) environments. Mice housed in gnotobiotic facilities are protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, while ABSL-1 and ABSL-2 mice develop mild fibrosis and severe lung fibrosis, respectively. Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota revealed greater microbial diversity in ABSL-1 compared to ABSL-2 mice, with an increased presence of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium in ABSL-1 mice. Flow cytometric analysis of single-cell lung suspensions revealed enhanced IL-6/STAT3 /IL-17A signaling in CD4+ T cells of ABSL-2 mice, compared to ABSL-1 or germ-free mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of low microbial diverse stool (ABSL-2) into germ-free mice before bleomycin administration recapitulated the severe fibrosis phenotype, whereas FMT of ABSL-1 stool induced minimal fibrosis. These findings strongly support a causal role of the gut microbiota in augmenting pulmonary fibrosis severity after acute lung injury.

scholarly journals Host Phylogeny and Diet Shape Gut Microbial Communities Within Bamboo-Feeding Insects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuanguan Huang ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Junhao Huang ◽  
Shouke Zhang ◽  
Alfried P. Vogler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Sequencing Platform ◽  
Diet Specialization ◽  
Dietary Niche ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Specialized Diet

The gut microbiome plays an important role in a host’s development and adaption to its dietary niche. In this study, a group of bamboo-feeding insects are used to explore the potential role of the gut microbiota in the convergent adaptation to extreme diet specialization. Specifically, using a 16S rRNA marker and an Illumina sequencing platform, we profiled the microbial communities of 76 gut samples collected from nine bamboo-feeding insects, including both hemimetabolous (Orthoptera and Hemiptera) and holometabolous (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) species, which are specialized in three distinct dietary niches: bamboo leaf, shoot, and sap. The gut microbiota of these insects were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes and were clustered into solid (leaf and shoot) and liquid (sap) dietary niches. The gut bacterial communities of insects feeding on solid diet overlapped significantly, even though these insects belong to phylogenetically distant lineages representing different orders. In addition, the presence of cellulolytic bacterial communities within the gut microbiota allows bamboo-feeding insects to adapt to a highly specialized, fiber-rich diet. Although both phylogeny and diet can impact the structure and composition of gut microbiomes, phylogeny is the primary driving force underlying the convergent adaptation to a highly specialized diet, especially when the related insect species harbor similar gut microbiomes and share the same dietary niche over evolutionary timescales. These combined findings lay the foundation for future research on how convergent feeding strategies impact the interplays between hosts and their gut microbiomes and how the gut microbiota may facilitate convergent evolution in phylogenetically distant species in adaptation to the shared diet.

The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3567-3583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Gabriella Garruti ◽  
Fabio Minervini ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

10 THE ROLE OF DIETARY L-SERINE IN THE REGULATION OF INTESTINAL MUCUS BARRIER DURING INFLAMMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S42-S42
Author(s):  
Kohei Sugihara ◽  
Nobuhiko Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice ◽  
Mucus Barrier

Abstract Background Recent accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids have crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), amino acid metabolism is changed in both host and the gut microbiota. Among amino acids, L-serine plays a central role in several metabolic processes that are essential for the growth and survival of both mammalian and bacterial cells. However, the role of L-serine in intestinal homeostasis and IBD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-serine on intestinal inflammation in a murine model of colitis. Methods Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed either a control diet (amino acid-based diet) or an L-serine-deficient diet (SDD). Colitis was induced by the treatment of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The gut microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. We also evaluate the effect of dietary L-serine in germ-free mice and gnotobiotic mice that were colonized by a consortium of non-mucolytic bacterial strains or the consortium plus mucolytic bacterial strains. Results We found that the SDD exacerbated experimental colitis in SPF mice. However, the severity of colitis in SDD-fed mice was comparable to control diet-fed mice in germ-free condition, suggesting that the gut microbiota is required for exacerbation of colitis caused by the restriction of dietary L-serine. The gut microbiome analysis revealed that dietary L-serine restriction fosters the blooms of a mucus-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in the inflamed gut. Consistent with the expansion of mucolytic bacteria, SDD-fed mice showed a loss of the intestinal mucus layer. Dysfunction of the mucus barrier resulted in increased intestinal permeability, thereby leading to bacterial translocation to the intestinal mucosa, which subsequently increased the severity of colitis. The increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation were observed in SDD-fed gnotobiotic mice that colonized by mucolytic bacteria. In contrast, dietary L-serine restriction did not alter intestinal barrier integrity in gnotobiotic mice that colonized only by non-mucolytic bacteria. Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary L-serine regulates the integrity of the intestinal mucus barrier during inflammation by limiting the expansion of mucus degrading bacteria.

scholarly journals A New Paradigm in the Relationship between Melatonin and Breast Cancer: Gut Microbiota Identified as a Potential Regulatory Agent

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3141
Author(s):  
Aurora Laborda-Illanes ◽  
Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado ◽  
Soukaina Boutriq ◽  
Isaac Plaza-Andrades ◽  
Jesús Peralta-Linero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Melatonin Production

In this review we summarize a possible connection between gut microbiota, melatonin production, and breast cancer. An imbalance in gut bacterial population composition (dysbiosis), or changes in the production of melatonin (circadian disruption) alters estrogen levels. On the one hand, this may be due to the bacterial composition of estrobolome, since bacteria with β-glucuronidase activity favour estrogens in a deconjugated state, which may ultimately lead to pathologies, including breast cancer. On the other hand, it has been shown that these changes in intestinal microbiota stimulate the kynurenine pathway, moving tryptophan away from the melatonergic pathway, thereby reducing circulating melatonin levels. Due to the fact that melatonin has antiestrogenic properties, it affects active and inactive estrogen levels. These changes increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Additionally, melatonin stimulates the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, which have low estrogen levels due to the fact that adipocytes do not express aromatase. Consequently, melatonin also reduces the risk of breast cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the relationship between microbiota, melatonin, and breast cancer, in addition to clinical trials to confirm the sensitizing effects of melatonin to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and its ability to ameliorate or prevent the side effects of these therapies.

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