scholarly journals International Pneumococcal Clones Match or Exceed the Fitness of Other Strains despite the Accumulation of Antibiotic Resistance

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 4915-4917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rudolf ◽  
Nikolay Michaylov ◽  
Mark van der Linden ◽  
Ludwig Hoy ◽  
Keith P. Klugman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Close Relationship

ABSTRACTA few international pneumococcal clones dominate the population of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci. Despite the scientific paradigm that a loss in fitness is the price for acquisition of resistance, these clones spread successfully. One hundred fifty-four isolates from adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were analyzed. Thirty percent showed a close relationship to international clones and had fitness equal to or exceeding that of other strains (P= 0.015); these factors may result in the endurance of these strains despite a reduction of antibiotic usage.

scholarly journals Impact of existing vaccines in reducing antibiotic resistance: Primary and secondary effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (51) ◽  
pp. 12896-12901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith P. Klugman ◽  
Steven Black
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
The Impact

Vaccines impact antibiotic-resistant infections in two ways: through a direct reduction in the organisms and strains carrying resistant genes that are specifically targeted by the vaccine and also via a secondary effect through a reduction in febrile illnesses that often lead to the use of antibiotics. We review here the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant disease and antibiotic usage as an example of the direct effect of vaccines on antibiotic resistance and the impact of influenza vaccination on antibiotic usage as an example of a secondary effect. A prelicensure study of a PCV in Africa demonstrated 67% fewer penicillin-resistant invasive disease episodes in the PCV group compared with controls. Similar studies in the United States and Europe demonstrated reductions in antibiotic use consistent with the vaccines’ impact on the risk of otitis media infections in children. Postlicensure reductions in the circulation of antibiotic-resistant strains targeted by the vaccines have been dramatic, with virtual elimination of these strains in children following vaccine introduction. In terms of a secondary effect, following influenza vaccination reductions of 13–50% have been observed in the use of antibiotics by individuals receiving influenza vaccine compared with controls. With the demonstrated effectiveness of vaccination programs in impacting the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections and the increasing threat to public health that these infections represent, more attention needs to be given to development and utilization of vaccines to address antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Awareness on antibiotic usage among undergraduate medical students in a teaching hospital, Guntur

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Bheemesh Naidu Mattam ◽  
D. L. N. Prathyusha ◽  
Santhi S. Yedurupaka ◽  
Sai V. Yerram
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Of Choice

Background: Antibiotics are the mainstay treatment of most of the infectious diseases. Inappropriate and irrational use of antimicrobial agents has led to increase in the development of antimicrobial resistance. Medical students are a part of health care system and they must be aware of increasing antibiotic resistance as they are the future prescribers. The objectives of the study were to assess the awareness on antibiotic usage and its resistance among medical students and to study the perception on antibiotic medication among medical students.Methods: This was a cross-sectional, semi-structured questionnaire-based study. Questionnaire consists of 4 parts- socio-demographic details, awareness on antibiotics and its resistance, knowledge on specific treatment of a disease, perception levels. Prior IEC approval was taken. The obtained data was statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel sheet.Results: Among 230 participants, majority of the students have awareness on general antibiotic usage and 97.8% were having knowledge about antibiotic resistance. The main source of information on antibiotic resistance is identified as classroom teaching (67.8%). 46.9% and 25.2% students correctly identified the drug of choice for treating enteric fever and community acquired pneumonia respectively.Conclusions: Degrees of awareness on antibiotics and its resistance is found to be good. Antibiotic usage pattern is not on par with knowledge. Knowledge on specific treatment of infectious disease is found to be less. So, antibiotic teaching should be integrated with clinical subjects.

Relationship of antibiotic resistance to results of treatment in sepsis patients in Hue Central Hospital 2017 – 2018

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Duy Binh Nguyen ◽  
Trung Tien Phan ◽  
Trong Hanh Hoang ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Xuan Chuong Tran
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Relationship Of

Sepsis is a serious bacterial infection. The main treatment is using antibiotics. However, the rate of antibiotic resistance is very high and this resistance is related to the outcome of treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the situation of antibiotic resistance of some isolated bacteria in sepsis patients treated at Hue Central Hospital; to evaluate the relationship of antibiotic resistance to the treatment results in patients with sepsis. Subjects and methods: prospective study of 60 sepsis patients diagnosed according to the criteria of the 3rd International Consensus-Sepsis 3 and its susceptibility patterns from April 2017 to August 2018. Results and Conclusions: The current agents of sepsis are mainly S. suis, Burkhoderiae spp. and E. coli. E. coli is resistant to cephalosporins 3rd, 4th generation and quinolone group is over 75%; resistance to imipenem 11.1%; the ESBL rate is 60%. S. suis resistant to ampicilline 11.1%; no resistance has been recorded to ceftriaxone and vancomycine. Resistance of Burkholderiae spp. to cefepime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was 42.9% and 55.6%, resistant to imipenem and meropenem is 20%, resistance to ceftazidime was not recorded. The deaths were mostly dued to E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The mortality for patients infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are higher than for sensitive groups. Key words: Sepsis, bacterial infection, antibiotics

scholarly journals Extracellular DNA (eDNA): Neglected and Potential Sources of Antibiotic Resistant Genes (ARGs) in the Aquatic Environments

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
Periyasamy Sivalingam ◽  
John Poté ◽  
Kandasamy Prabakar
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Environmental Bacteria ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
Potential Public Health

Over the past decades, the rising antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) are continuing to emerge as a global threat due to potential public health risk. Rapidly evolving antibiotic resistance and its persistence in the environment, have underpinned the need for more studies to identify the possible sources and limit the spread. In this context, not commonly studied and a neglected genetic material called extracellular DNA (eDNA) is gaining increased attention as it can be one of the significant drivers for transmission of extracellular ARGS (eARGs) via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) to competent environmental bacteria and diverse sources of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. Consequently, this review highlights the studies that address the environmental occurrence of eDNA and encoding eARGs and its impact on the environmental resistome. In this review, we also brief the recent dedicated technological advancements that are accelerating extraction of eDNA and the efficiency of treatment technologies in reducing eDNA that focuses on environmental antibiotic resistance and potential ecological health risk.

scholarly journals Testudines as Sentinels for Monitoring the Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance in Marine Environments: An Integrative Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Kezia Drane ◽  
Roger Huerlimann ◽  
Michelle Power ◽  
Anna Whelan ◽  
Ellen Ariel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Standard Culture

Dissemination of antibiotic resistance (AR) in marine environments is a global concern with a propensity to affect public health and many ecosystems worldwide. We evaluated the use of sea turtles as sentinel species for monitoring AR in marine environments. In this field, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been commonly identified by using standard culture and sensitivity tests, leading to an overrepresentation of specific, culturable bacterial classes in the available literature. AR was detected against all major antibiotic classes, but the highest cumulative global frequency of resistance in all represented geographical sites was against the beta-lactam class by a two-fold difference compared to all other antibiotics. Wastewater facilities and turtle rehabilitation centres were associated with higher incidences of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) accounting for an average of 58% and 49% of resistant isolates, respectively. Furthermore, a relatively similar prevalence of MDRB was seen in all studied locations. These data suggest that anthropogenically driven selection pressures for the development of AR in sea turtles and marine environments are relatively similar worldwide. There is a need, however, to establish direct demonstrable associations between AR in sea turtles in their respective marine environments with wastewater facilities and other anthropogenic activities worldwide.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli between Pristine and Human-Impacted Sites in a River

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Emi Nishimura ◽  
Masateru Nishiyama ◽  
Kei Nukazawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Downstream Site ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Significant Difference

Information on the actual existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in rivers where sewage, urban wastewater, and livestock wastewater do not load is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water environments. This study compared the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli upstream and downstream of human habitation. The survey was conducted in the summer, winter, and spring seasons. Resistance to one or more antibiotics at upstream and downstream sites was on average 18% and 20%, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the survey sites. The resistance rates at the upstream site (total of 98 isolated strains) to each antibiotic were cefazolin 17%, tetracycline 12%, and ampicillin 8%, in descending order. Conversely, for the downstream site (total of 89 isolated strains), the rates were ampicillin 16%, cefazolin 16%, and tetracycline 1% in descending order. The resistance rate of tetracycline in the downstream site was significantly lower than that of the upstream site. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that many strains showed different resistance profiles even in the same cluster of the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. Moreover, the resistance profiles differed in the same cluster of the upstream and the downstream sites. In flowing from the upstream to the downstream site, it is plausible that E. coli transmitted or lacked the antibiotic resistance gene.

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