The Gut Microbiota of Laying Hens and Its Manipulation with Prebiotics and Probiotics To Enhance Gut Health and Food Safety

ABSTRACT The microbiota plays a vital role in maintaining gut health and influences the overall performance of chickens. Most gut microbiota-related studies have been performed in broilers, which have different microbial communities compared to those of layers. The normal gut microbiota of laying chickens is dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria at the phylum level. The composition of the gut microbiota changes with chicken age, genotype, and production system. The metabolites of gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, indole, tryptamine, vitamins, and bacteriocins, are involved in host-microbiota cross talk, maintenance of barrier function, and immune homeostasis. Resident gut microbiota members also limit and control the colonization of foodborne pathogens. In-feed supplementations of prebiotics and probiotics strengthen the gut microbiota for improved host performance and colonization resistance to gut pathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. The mechanisms of action of prebiotics and probiotics come through the production of organic acids, activation of the host immune system, and production of antimicrobial agents. Probiotic candidates, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Faecalibacterium isolates, have shown promising results toward enhancing food safety and gut health. Additionally, a range of complex carbohydrates, including mannose oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides, and inulin are promising candidates for improving gut health. Here, we review the potential roles of prebiotics and probiotics in the reshaping of the gut microbiota of layer chickens to enhance gut health and food safety.

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Gut Microbiota May Not Be Fully Restored in Recovered COVID-19 Patients After 3-Month Recovery

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.638825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Yu Tian ◽

Kai-yi Sun ◽

Tian-qing Meng ◽

Zhen Ye ◽

Shi-meng Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Gut Health ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Recovery Stage ◽

Β Diversity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Male Patients

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected over 124 million people worldwide. In addition to the development of therapeutics and vaccines, the evaluation of the sequelae in recovered patients is also important. Recent studies have indicated that COVID-19 has the ability to infect intestinal tissues and to trigger alterations of the gut microbiota. However, whether these changes in gut microbiota persist into the recovery stage remains largely unknown. Here, we recruited seven healthy Chinese men and seven recovered COVID-19 male patients with an average of 3-months after discharge and analyzed their fecal samples by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis to identify the differences in gut microbiota. Our results suggested that the gut microbiota differed in male recovered patients compared with healthy controls, in which a significant difference in Chao index, Simpson index, and β-diversity was observed. And the relative abundance of several bacterial species differed clearly between two groups, characterized by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and insufficiency of some anti-inflammatory bacteria in producing short chain fatty acids. The above findings provide preliminary clues supporting that the imbalanced gut microbiota may not be fully restored in recovered patients, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring of gut health in people who have recovered from COVID-19.

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Probiotics lower plasma glucose in the high-fat fed C57BL/6J mouse

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2009.0036 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 189-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

U. Andersson ◽

C. Bränning ◽

S. Ahrné ◽

G. Molin ◽

J. Alenfall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Gut Health ◽

High Fat ◽

Early Diabetes

Today, the gut microbiota is considered a key organ in host nutritional metabolism and recent data have suggested that alterations in gut microbiota contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Accordingly, a whole range of beneficial effects relating to inflammation and gut health have been observed following administration of probiotics to both humans and different animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of an oral probiotic supplement, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 15313, to high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice, a model of human obesity and early diabetes. The mice were fed the experimental diets for 20 weeks, after which the HFD had induced an insulin-resistant state in both groups compared to the start of the study. The increase in body weight during the HFD feeding was higher in the probiotic group than in the control group, however, there were no significant differences in body fat content. Fasting plasma glucose levels were lower in the group fed the probiotic supplement, whereas insulin and lipids were not different. Caecal levels of short-chain fatty acids were not significantly different between the groups. An oral glucose tolerance test showed that the group fed probiotics had a significantly lower insulin release compared to the control group, although the rate of glucose clearance was not different. Taken together, these data indicate that L. plantarum DSM 15313 has anti-diabetic properties when fed together with an HFD.

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In Vitro Fecal Fermentation Patterns of Arabinoxylan from Rice Bran on Gut Microbiota in Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Subjects

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzaa062_017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 1560-1560

Author(s):

Inah Gu ◽

Wing Shun Lam ◽

Daya Marasini ◽

Cindi Brownmiller ◽

Brett Savary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Block Design ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Gut Health ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives Arabinoxylan is a non-starch polysaccharide and rich in wheat, rice and many other cereal grains. Diets high in fiber help promoting gut health in obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of arabinoxylan from rice bran on the gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OO) subjects through in vitro fecal fermentation. Methods Arabinoxylan was extracted from rice bran fiber. For in vitro fecal fermentation, each fecal sample from NW (n = 6, 3 males and 3 females) and OO (n = 7, 3 males and 4 females) was diluted into anaerobic medium with three treatments: control (no substrates), fructooligosaccharides (FOS, a well-known prebiotic), and arabinoxylan. Samples were incubated at 37˚C and aliquots were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. SCFA content from samples at all timepoints was analyzed using HPLC. Samples at 0 and 24 h were used for gut microbiota analysis through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed for the randomized complete block design, where the weight classes are confounded with blocks (subjects). Friedman test was used to determine the difference at 5% level of significance. Results As a result, arabinoxylan treatment significantly increased total SCFA concentration in both NW and OO subjects than control (P < 0.05), comparable to FOS treatment. Between weight classes under arabinoxylan treatment, OO group showed a significantly higher total SCFA content than NW group (P < 0.05). Arabinoxylan changed gut microbial population at the genus level, stimulating Bifidobacterium, Collinsella and Blautia and decreasing Clostridium XIVa and b, Dorea and Oscillibacter (P < 0.05). In addition, different microbiome population was shown in weight classes with three treatments, showing higher Bacteroides in NW and higher Prevotella in OO. Conclusions These results showed that arabinoxylan from rice bran modified gut microbiota in both weight classes, increasing total SCFA content. This study suggests that arabinoxylan from rice bran may have a potential impact on microbial gut health in obesity with prebiotic activities. Funding Sources University of Arkansas.

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Assessing the Effects of Ginger Extract on Polyphenol Profiles and the Subsequent Impact on the Fecal Microbiota by Simulating Digestion and Fermentation In Vitro

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3194

Author(s):

Jing Wang ◽

Yong Chen ◽

Xiaosong Hu ◽

Fengqin Feng ◽

Luyun Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Ph Value ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Gut Health ◽

Ginger Extract ◽

Mixed Culture Fermentation

The beneficial effects of ginger polyphenols have been extensively reported. However, their metabolic characteristics and health effects on gut microbiota are poor understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the digestion stability of ginger polyphenols and their prebiotic effects on gut microbiota by simulating digestion and fermentation in vitro. Following simulated digestion in vitro, 85% of the polyphenols were still detectable, and the main polyphenol constituents identified in ginger extract are 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol in the digestive fluids. After batch fermentation, the changes in microbial populations were measured by 16S rRNA gene Illumina MiSeq sequencing. In mixed-culture fermentation with fecal inoculate, digested ginger extract (GE) significantly modulated the fecal microbiota structure and promoted the growth of some beneficial bacterial populations, such as Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus. Furthermore, incubation with GE could elevate the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) accompanied by a decrease in the pH value. Additionally, the quantitative PCR results showed that 6-gingerol (6G), as the main polyphenol in GE, increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium significantly. Therefore, 6G is expected to be a potential prebiotic that improves human health by promoting gut health.

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Effects of Altered Dietary Fiber on the Gut Microbiota, Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Cecum of Chickens during Different Growth Periods

10.20944/preprints202002.0109.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Baosheng Sun ◽

Linyue Hou ◽

Yu Yang

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Dietary Fiber ◽

Total Content ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gut Health ◽

High Fiber ◽

High Feed ◽

Long Term Observation ◽

And Function

Increasing numbers of researchers are interested in the importance of dietary fiber for the gut microbiota, microbiotal metabolite SCFA, energy metabolism and gut health of the host. However, studies have demonstrated that long-term and longitudinal observation may be needed to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber better, and few such works have been made in chickens. Therefore, we successively fed low-fiber, high--fiber and low-fiber diets to two breeds of chickens during different growth periods (1—8, 9—20 and 21—50 weeks), aiming to longitudinally observe the long-term effect of altered dietary fiber on the gut microbiota, SCFA and development of cecum of chickens with age. The results showed that the composition and function of the gut microbiota, SCFA and the development of the cecum were different during different periods, which was largly affected by dietary fiber. However, the causes of some effects were different during the different periods. For example, compared with that in low-fiber chickens at 8 weeks, dominant fiber-degradation bacteria such as Bacteroidetes, Alloprevotella and SCFA-producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium increased due to a high-fiber diet at 20 weeks, while due to a high feed intake in 50 weeks. Moreover, the concentration of SCFA in 20 weeks was significantly higher than in 8 weeks and 50 weeks, but the causes of this difference were also distinct. It was proposed that a long-term observation was needed to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber better on chickens. The metabolite pathways of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters encoded by Firmicutes were enriched in 8 weeks, while a two-component system and β–glucosidase encoded by Bacteroidetes were enriched in 20 and 50 weeks. The trend was the same in two breeds of chickens except for Alloprevotella. In addition, the total content of SCFA in the contents of cecum was also affected by the size of the cecum. Surprisingly, the length of the cecum shortened from 20—50 weeks, maybe due to reduced dietary fiber.

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Impact of Grain Sorghum Polyphenols on Microbiota of Normal Weight and Overweight/Obese Subjects during In Vitro Fecal Fermentation

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020217 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 217 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Danielle Ashley ◽

Daya Marasini ◽

Cindi Brownmiller ◽

Jung Lee ◽

Franck Carbonero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Batch Fermentation ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Negative Control ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Weight Class ◽

Gut Health ◽

Sorghum Bran ◽

Before And After

The human gut microbiota is considered as a crucial mediator between diet and gut homeostasis and body weight. The unique polyphenolic profile of sorghum bran may promote gastrointestinal health by modulating the microbiota. This study evaluated gut microbiota and modulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by sorghum bran polyphenols in in vitro batch fermentation derived from normal weight (NW, n = 11) and overweight/obese (OO, n = 11) subjects’ fecal samples. Six separate treatments were applied on each batch fermentation: negative control (NC), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), black sorghum bran extract (BSE), sumac sorghum bran extract (SSE), FOS + BSE, or FOS + SSE; and samples were collected before and after 24 h. No significant differences in total and individual SCFA production were observed between NW and OO subjects. Differential responses to treatment according to weight class were observed in both phyla and genera. Sorghum bran polyphenols worked with FOS to enhance Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and independently stimulated Roseburia and Prevotella (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that sorghum bran polyphenols have differential effects on gut health and may positively impact gut ecology, with responses varying depending on weight class.

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Understanding of food biofilms by the application of omics techniques

Future Microbiology ◽

10.2217/fmb-2020-0218 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lei Yuan ◽

Fedrick C Mgomi ◽

Zhenbo Xu ◽

Ni Wang ◽

Guoqing He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Processing ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Food Industry ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Protective Barrier ◽

And Control

Biofilms constitute a protective barrier for foodborne pathogens to survive under stressful food processing conditions. Therefore, studies into the development and control of biofilms by novel techniques are vital for the food industry. In recent years, foodomics techniques have been developed for biofilm studies, which contributed to a better understanding of biofilm behavior, physiology, composition, as well as their response to antibiofilm methods at different molecular levels including genes, RNA, proteins and metabolic metabolites. Throughout this review, the main studies where foodomics tools used to explore the mechanisms for biofilm formation, dispersal and elimination were reviewed. The data summarized from relevant studies are important to design novel and appropriate biofilm elimination methods for enhancing food safety at any point of food processing lines.

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The Effect of Natural Soluble Polysaccharides On the Type 2 Diabetes through Modulating Gut Microbiota:A review

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867328666210309110352 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Yang ◽

Li Li ◽

Xinghui Wu ◽

Wenqi Cai ◽

Qian Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Gut Health ◽

Pathogen Invasion ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

: Diabetes strongly influences patient quality of life. The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetic patients. Natural polysaccharides have been widely used for diabetes management. Changes in gut microbiota can also be used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this review, the effects of different natural polysaccharides on gut microbiota, as well as the relationship between diabetes and the gut microbiome are summarized. The intestine is the primary location in which natural polysaccharides exert their biological activities, and plays an important role in maintaining healthy bodily functions. Polysaccharides change the composition of the gut microbiota, which inhibits pathogen invasion and promotes beneficial bacterial growth. In addition, the gut microbiota degrade polysaccharides and produce metabolites to further modify the intestinal environment. Interestingly, the metabolites (short chain fatty acids and other bioactive components) have been shown to improve gut health, control glycemia, lower lipids, reduce insulin resistance, and alleviate inflammation. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which soluble polysaccharides improve T2D through regulating the gut microbiota to provide a future reference for the management of T2D and its associated complications.

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Biofilm formation and control strategies of foodborne pathogens: food safety perspectives

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c7ra02497e ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (58) ◽

pp. 36670-36683 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Xihong Zhao ◽

Fenghuan Zhao ◽

Jun Wang ◽

Nanjing Zhong

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Foodborne Diseases ◽

Main Factors ◽

And Control

Foodborne pathogens are the main factors behind foodborne diseases and food poisoning and thus pose a great threat to food safety.

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Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10224

Author(s):

Samuel Fernández-Tomé ◽

Lorena Ortega Moreno ◽

María Chaparro ◽

Javier P. Gisbert

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Mucus Layer ◽

Gut Health ◽

Intestinal Mucus ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

The Impact

The gastrointestinal tract is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients and provide a competent barrier against a variety of lumen environmental compounds. Different regulatory mechanisms jointly collaborate to maintain intestinal homeostasis, but alterations in these mechanisms lead to a dysfunctional gastrointestinal barrier and are associated to several inflammatory conditions usually found in chronic pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The gastrointestinal mucus, mostly composed of mucin glycoproteins, covers the epithelium and plays an essential role in digestive and barrier functions. However, its regulation is very dynamic and is still poorly understood. This review presents some aspects concerning the role of mucus in gut health and its alterations in IBD. In addition, the impact of gut microbiota and dietary compounds as environmental factors modulating the mucus layer is addressed. To date, studies have evidenced the impact of the three-way interplay between the microbiome, diet and the mucus layer on the gut barrier, host immune system and IBD. This review emphasizes the need to address current limitations on this topic, especially regarding the design of robust human trials and highlights the potential interest of improving our understanding of the regulation of the intestinal mucus barrier in IBD.

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