scholarly journals Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes within the Prophage-Associated Regions in Nosocomial Pathogens

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Kondo ◽  
Mitsuoki Kawano ◽  
Motoyuki Sugai

Although we believe phages play an important role in horizontal gene transfer in exchanging genetic material, we do not know the distribution of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and/or virulence factor (VF) genes in prophages. We collected different prophage elements from the complete genome sequences of seven species— Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enterobacter cloacae , and Escherichia coli —and characterized the distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes encoded in the prophage region.

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Yu Liu ◽  
Yu-Lin Lee ◽  
Min-Chi Lu ◽  
Pei-Lan Shao ◽  
Po-Liang Lu ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT A multicenter collection of bacteremic isolates of Escherichia coli (n = 423), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 372), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 300), and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (n = 199) was analyzed for susceptibility. Xpert Carba-R assay and sequencing for mcr genes were performed for carbapenem- or colistin-resistant isolates. Nineteen (67.8%) carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (n = 28) and one (20%) carbapenem-resistant E. coli (n = 5) isolate harbored blaKPC (n = 17), blaOXA-48 (n = 2), and blaVIM (n = 1) genes.


2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianghong Zhang ◽  
Qiong Lu ◽  
Tang Liu ◽  
Zhihong Li ◽  
Weiliang Cai

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to gather temporal trends on bacteria epidemiology and resistance of intraoperative bone culture from chronic ostemyelitis at an affiliated hospital in South China. Method Records of patients with chronic osteomyelitis from 2003 to 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The medical data were extracted using a unified protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by means of a unified protocol using the Kirby-Bauer method, results were analyzed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute definitions. Result Four hundred eighteen cases met our inclusion criteria. For pathogen distribution, the top five strains were Staphylococcus aureus (27.9%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.1%); Enterobacter cloacae (9.5%); Acinetobacter baumanii (9.0%) and Escherichia coli (7.8%). Bacterial culture positive rate was decreased significantly among different year-groups. Mutiple bacterial infection rate was 28.1%. One strain of Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to linezolid and vancomycin. Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa stains to Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, and Cefoxitin were 100% nearly. Resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii stains against Cefazolin, Cefuroxime were 100%. Ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli isolates increased from 25 to 44.4%. On the contrary, resistance of Enterobacter cloacae stains to Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime were decreased from 83.3 to 36.4%. Conclusions From 2003 to 2014, positive rate of intraoperative bone culture of chronic osteomyelitis was decreased; the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus was decreased gradually, and our results indicate the importance of bacterial surveilance studies about chronic osteomyelitis.


2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 1789-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Li ◽  
Mark Estabrook ◽  
George A. Jacoby ◽  
Wright W. Nichols ◽  
Raymond T. Testa ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTAvibactam, a broad-spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor, was tested with ceftazidime, ceftaroline, or aztreonam against 57 well-characterized Gram-negative strains producing β-lactamases from all molecular classes. Most strains were nonsusceptible to the β-lactams alone. Against AmpC-, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, and KPC-producingEnterobacteriaceaeorPseudomonas aeruginosa, avibactam lowered ceftazidime, ceftaroline, or aztreonam MICs up to 2,048-fold, to ≤4 μg/ml. Aztreonam-avibactam MICs against a VIM-1 metallo-β-lactamase-producingEnterobacter cloacaeand a VIM-1/KPC-3-producingEscherichia coliisolate were 0.12 and 8 μg/ml, respectively.


2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 5721-5726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo E. Mendes ◽  
Myrna Mendoza ◽  
Kirnpal K. Banga Singh ◽  
Mariana Castanheira ◽  
Jan M. Bell ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTThe Regional Resistance Surveillance program monitored susceptibility rates and developing resistance by geographic region, including 12 Asia-Pacific (APAC) countries. Reference broth microdilution methods for susceptibility/interpretations were applied, processing 5,053 strains. AmongStaphylococcus aureusisolates (37% methicillin-resistantS. aureus[MRSA], highest in South Korea [73%]), linezolid (LZD), tigecycline (TIG), and vancomycin were 100% active, but 33 and 34% of strains were levofloxacin (LEV) or macrolide resistant, respectively.Streptococcus pneumoniaewas most resistant to β-lactams and macrolides (45%) but was LZD, LEV, and TIG susceptible (>98%). Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype rates inEscherichia coliandKlebsiellaspp. were 48 and 47%, respectively, and were highest in Taiwan, at 75 to 91%. The best anti-ESBL-phenotype agents were amikacin (81 to 96% susceptible), colistin (COL; >98%), TIG (>98%), and carbapenems (81 to 97%).Pseudomonas aeruginosashowed ≥20% resistance to all drugs except COL (99% susceptible). In conclusion, endemic evolving antimicrobial resistances in APAC nations show compromised roles for many commonly used antimicrobials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e43910313516
Author(s):  
Lucas Harassim ◽  
Olibio Lopes Fiebig da Silva ◽  
Luiz Felipe Soares Pinheiro ◽  
Elber José Assaiante dos Santos ◽  
Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira ◽  
...  

A Infecção no Trato Urinário (ITU) acometendo pacientes em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) é uma realidade preocupante, agravada pelo uso irracional de antimicrobianos e a alarmante multirresistência em microrganismos. Nós avaliamos o nível de assertividade quanto ao uso de antimicrobianos durante à antibioticoterapia empírica (ATE), em pacientes diagnosticados com ITU, comparando tal tratamento farmacológico empírico e o realizado após o antibiograma (antibioticoterapia direcionada), além disto, estimamos a prevalência dos agentes etiológicos e analisamos os fatores de risco associados. Este é um estudo observacional e transversal, realizado em 2015, no qual foram avaliados pacientes de ambos os sexos e todas as idades apresentando ITU e submetidos à antibioticoterapia, internados em uma UTI de um hospital no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dos 49 pacientes avaliados (28 mulheres [M] e 21 homens [H]), a média de idade foi 55±19 anos (IC(95) 49-61) e a faixa etária ≥70 anos foi a predominante. Quatorze diferentes microrganismos foram causadores de ITUs, sendo que 28,3% (IC(95%) 16,2-40,4) dos isolados clínicos tiveram Escherichia coli como o agente etiológico (33,3% H e 28,6% M); 18,9% (IC(95%) 8,3-29,4) Acinetobacter baumannii (33,3% H e 10,7% M); 15,1% (IC(95%) 5,5-24,7) Klebsiella pneumoniae (19% H e 14,3% M); 11,3% Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9,5% H e 14,3% M); 5,7% Enterobacter aerogenes (14,3% H); 3,8% Klebsiella oxytoca; 3,8% Staphylococcus aureus (7,1% M); e 1,9% para cada um dos seguintes microrganismos: Enterococcus faecalis (4,8% H); Proteus mirabilis (3,6% M); Enterobacter cloacae (3,6% M); Providencia rettgeri (4,8% H); Citrobacter koseri (3,6% M); Citrobacter freundii (3,6% M); e Fungos leveduriformes (4,8% H). As prevalências de ITUs causadas por A. baumannii e P. aeruginosa foram influenciadas pelo sexo (χ² com p<0,001). No sexo masculino, houve correlações positivas “substanciais” entre o aumento da idade (em anos) e a prevalência de ITU causada por E. coli (r = 0,69) ou entre idades menos avançadas e a prevalência de ITU causada por A. baumannii (r = -0,7). No sexo feminino, houve uma correlação positiva “extremamente forte” entre o aumento da idade e a prevalência de ITU causada por E. coli (r = 0,94; IC(95) 0,66-0,99; p<0,0014). Os antibióticos mais utilizados de forma empírica (ATE) foram: Ciprofloxacina (14,3% IC(95%) 4,7-24,1), Cefepima (14,3%) e Vancomicina (10%), e após o antibiograma (antibioticoterapia direcionada): Ceftazidima (16,3% IC(95%) 6-26,7), Ciprofloxacina (14,3% IC(95%) 4,5-24,1), Polimixina B (10,2%), Imipenem (10,2%) e Ampicilina + Sulbac. (8,2%). Em 20% dos casos, as terapias empíricas (ATE) foram consideradas “inapropriadas/não acertadas”. Contudo, também devemos ter ciência da necessidade clínica e quanto ao imediatismo para o tratamento de uma ITU em UTI, uma vez que a doença pode ser fatal se uma terapia não for instituída, portanto, nós aconselhamos avaliações mais minuciosas, tanto da racionalidade do uso de antibióticos, quanto dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de ITUs em UTIs.


2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Isna Romadhona ◽  
Fauna Herawati ◽  
Rika Yulia

Antibiotik merupakan obat yang digunakan untuk mengatasi dan mencegah infeksi bakteri. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan berbagai masalah, diantaranya pengobatan akan lebih mahal dan juga risiko terjadinya resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil penggunaan antibiotik dan profil peta kuman pada pasien gangren diabetes melitus di sebuah RSUD di Kabupaten Gresik serta untuk mengetahui kesesuaian penggunaan antibiotik dengan mengacu pada Permenkes Republik Indonesia No. 2406/Menkes/PER/XII/2011. Data penggunaan antibiotik diperoleh dari catatan Rekam Medis pada periode Januari – November 2017. Data penggunaan antibiotik dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat. Hasil perhitungan DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat menunjukkan hasil sebesar 470,11 DDD/100 pasien-hari rawat. Peta kuman pada pasien gangren, melaporkan adanya bakteri Enterobacter cloacae 24%, Escherichia coli 18%, Staphylococcus aureus 15%, Acinetobacter baumannii 9%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6%, Citrobacter youngae 6%, Enterobacter aerogenes 6%, Proteus vulgaris 6%, Staphylococcus schleiferi 6%, Klebsiella pneumoniae 3%, dan Proteus mirabilis 3% . Penggunaan antibiotik seftriakson dan metronidazol pada pasien gangren diabetes melitus di sebuah RSUD di Kabupaten Gresik pada periode Januari – November 2017 telah sesuai dengan pedoman penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan Permenkes Republik Indonesia No. 2406/Menkes/PER/ XII/2011, yaitu antibiotik golongan sefalosporin generasi III yang lebih aktif terhadap Enterobacteriaceae dan antibiotik golongan nitroimidazol yang dapat mengobati infeksi bakteri basil anerob Gram-Negatif.


mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Korotetskiy ◽  
Sergey V. Shilov ◽  
Tatyana V. Kuznetsova ◽  
Aleksandr I. Ilin ◽  
Monique Joubert ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Iodine is one of the oldest antimicrobial agents. Until now, there have been no reports on acquiring resistance to iodine. Recent studies showed promising results on application of iodine-containing nano-micelles, FS-1, against antibiotic-resistant pathogens as a supplement to antibiotic therapy. The mechanisms of the action, however, remain unclear. The aim of this study was to perform a holistic analysis and comparison of gene regulation in three phylogenetically distant multidrug-resistant reference strains representing pathogens associated with nosocomial infections from the ATCC culture collection: Escherichia coli BAA-196, Staphylococcus aureus BAA-39, and Acinetobacter baumannii BAA-1790. These cultures were treated by a 5-min exposure to sublethal concentrations of the iodine-containing drug FS-1 applied in the late lagging phase and the middle of the logarithmic growth phase. Complete genome sequences of these strains were obtained in the previous studies. Gene regulation was studied by total RNA extraction and Ion Torrent sequencing followed by mapping the RNA reads against the reference genome sequences and statistical processing of read counts using the DESeq2 algorithm. It was found that the treatment of bacteria with FS-1 profoundly affected the expression of many genes involved in the central metabolic pathways; however, alterations of the gene expression profiles were species specific and depended on the growth phase. Disruption of respiratory electron transfer membrane complexes, increased penetrability of bacterial cell walls, and osmotic and oxidative stresses leading to DNA damage were the major factors influencing the treated bacteria. IMPORTANCE Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria threaten public health worldwide. Combinatorial therapy in which antibiotics are administered together with supplementary drugs improving susceptibility of pathogens to the regular antibiotics is considered a promising way to overcome this problem. An induction of antibiotic resistance reversion by the iodine-containing nano-micelle drug FS-1 has been reported recently. This drug is currently under clinical trials in Kazakhstan against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The effects of released iodine on metabolic and regulatory processes in bacterial cells remain unexplored. The current work provides an insight into gene regulation in the antibiotic-resistant nosocomial reference strains treated with iodine-containing nanoparticles. This study sheds light on unexplored bioactivities of iodine and the mechanisms of its antibacterial effect when applied in sublethal concentrations. This knowledge will aid in the future design of new drugs against antibiotic-resistant infections.


2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 6886-6895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Olesen ◽  
Jakob Frimodt-Møller ◽  
Rikke Fleron Leihof ◽  
Carsten Struve ◽  
Brian Johnston ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTTo identify possible explanations for the recent global emergence ofEscherichia colisequence type (ST) 131 (ST131), we analyzed temporal trends within ST131 O25 for antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and theH30 andH30-Rx subclones. For this, we surveyed the WHOE. coliandKlebsiellaCentre'sE. colicollection (1957 to 2011) for ST131 isolates, characterized them extensively, and assessed them for temporal trends. Overall, antimicrobial resistance increased temporally in prevalence and extent, due mainly to the recent appearance of theH30 (1997) andH30-Rx (2005) ST131 subclones. In contrast, neither the total virulence gene content nor the prevalence of biofilm production increased temporally, although non-H30 isolates increasingly qualified as extraintestinal pathogenicE. coli(ExPEC). Whereas virotype D occurred from 1968 forward, virotypes A and C occurred only after 2000 and 2002, respectively, in association with theH30andH30-Rx subclones, which were characterized by multidrug resistance (including extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase [ESBL] production:H30-Rx) and absence of biofilm production. Capsular antigen K100 occurred exclusively amongH30-Rx isolates (55% prevalence). Pulsotypes corresponded broadly with subclones and virotypes. Thus, ST131 should be regarded not as a unitary entity but as a group of distinctive subclones, with its increasing antimicrobial resistance having a strong clonal basis, i.e., the emergence of theH30 andH30-Rx ST131 subclones, rather than representing acquisition of resistance by diverse ST131 strains. Distinctive characteristics of theH30-Rx subclone—including specific virulence genes (iutA,afaanddra,kpsII), the K100 capsule, multidrug resistance, and ESBL production—possibly contributed to epidemiologic success, and some (e.g., K100) might serve as vaccine targets.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brock A. Arivett ◽  
Dave C. Ream ◽  
Steven E. Fiester ◽  
Destaalem Kidane ◽  
Luis A. Actis

Members of theEscherichia colibacterial family have been grouped as ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andEnterobacterspecies) pathogens because of their extensive drug resistance phenotypes and increasing threat to human health. The genomes of six extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producingE. colistrains isolated from wounded military personnel were sequenced and annotated.


2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Fraternale ◽  
Guido Flamini ◽  
Angela Bisio ◽  
Maria Cristina Albertini ◽  
Donata Ricci

This is the first report about the composition of the essential oil of Salvia x jamensis. The major compounds identified by GC-MS were β-caryophyllene (14.8 %), β-pinene (6.8 %), caryophyllene oxide (6.0 %), δ-cadinene (5.5 %), α-pinene (5.2 %) and spatulenol (5.2 %). The oil showed antimicrobial activity against three Gram (+) bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and S. epidermidis, and three Candida strains: C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, while it was inactive against three Gram (-) bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae.


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