scholarly journals Crustal thickness of the Grenville orogen: A Mesoproterozoic Tibet?

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Brudner ◽  
Hehe Jiang ◽  
Xu Chu ◽  
Ming Tang

The Grenville Province on the eastern margin of Laurentia is a remnant of a Mesoproterozoic orogenic plateau that comprised the core of the ancient supercontinent Rodinia. As a protracted Himalayan-style orogen, its orogenic history is vital to understanding Mesoproterozoic tectonics and paleoenvironmental evolution. In this study, we compared two geochemical proxies for crustal thickness: whole-rock [La/Yb]N ratios of intermediate-to-felsic rocks and europium anomalies (Eu/Eu*) in detrital zircons. We compiled whole-rock geochemical data from 124 plutons in the Laurentian Grenville Province and collected trace-element and geochronological data from detrital zircons from the Ottawa and St. Lawrence River (Canada) watersheds. Both proxies showed several episodes of crustal thickening and thinning during Grenvillian orogenesis. The thickest crust developed in the Ottawan phase (~60 km at ca. 1080 Ma and ca. 1045 Ma), when the collision culminated, but it was still up to 20 km thinner than modern Tibet. We speculate that a hot crust and several episodes of crustal thinning prevented the Grenville hinterland from forming a high Tibet-like plateau, possibly due to enhanced asthenosphere-lithosphere interactions in response to a warm mantle beneath a long-lived supercontinent, Nuna-Rodinia.

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Markley ◽  
Steven R. Dunn ◽  
Michael J. Jercinovic ◽  
William H. Peck ◽  
Michael L. Williams

The Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone (CMBbz) is a crustal-scale shear zone that juxtaposes the Central Gneiss Belt and the Central Metasedimentary Belt of the Grenville Province. Geochronological work on the timing of deformation and metamorphism in the CMBbz is ambiguous, and the questions that motivate our study are: how many episodes of shear zone activity did the CMBbz experience, and what is the tectonic significance of each episode? We present electron microprobe data from monazite (the U–Th–Pb chemical method) to directly date deformation and metamorphism recorded in five garnet–biotite gneiss samples collected from three localities of the CMBbz of Ontario (West Guilford, Fishtail Lake, and Killaloe). All three localities yield youngest monazite dates ca. 1045 Ma; most of the monazite domains that yield these dates are high-Y rims. In comparison with this common late Ottawan history, the earlier history of the three CMBbz localities is less clearly shared. The West Guilford samples have monazite grain cores that show older high-Y domains and younger low-Y domains; these cores yield a prograde early Ottawan (1100–1075 Ma) history. The Killaloe samples yield a well-defined prograde, pre- to early Shawinigan history (i.e., 1220–1160 Ma) in addition to some evidence for a second early Ottawan event. In other words, the answers to our research questions are: three events; a Shawinigan event possibly associated with crustal thickening, an Ottawan event possibly associated with another round of crustal thickening, and a late Ottawan event that resists simple interpretation in terms of metamorphic history but that coincides chronologically with crustal thinning at the base of an orogenic lid.


Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
William B. Burke ◽  
Andrew K. Laskowski ◽  
Devon A. Orme ◽  
Kurt E. Sundell ◽  
Michael H. Taylor ◽  
...  

North-trending rifts throughout south-central Tibet provide an opportunity to study the dynamics of synconvergent extension in contractional orogenic belts. In this study, we present new data from the Dajiamang Tso rift, including quantitative crustal thickness estimates calculated from trace/rare earth element zircon data, U-Pb geochronology, and zircon-He thermochronology. These data constrain the timing and rates of exhumation in the Dajiamang Tso rift and provide a basis for evaluating dynamic models of synconvergent extension. Our results also provide a semi-continuous record of Mid-Cretaceous to Miocene evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic belt along the India-Asia suture zone. We report igneous zircon U-Pb ages of ~103 Ma and 70–42 Ma for samples collected from the Xigaze forearc basin and Gangdese Batholith/Linzizong Formation, respectively. Zircon-He cooling ages of forearc rocks in the hanging wall of the Great Counter thrust are ~28 Ma, while Gangdese arc samples in the footwalls of the Dajiamang Tso rift are 16–8 Ma. These data reveal the approximate timing of the switch from contraction to extension along the India-Asia suture zone (minimum 16 Ma). Crustal-thickness trends from zircon geochemistry reveal possible crustal thinning (to ~40 km) immediately prior to India-Eurasia collision onset (58 Ma). Following initial collision, crustal thickness increases to 50 km by 40 Ma with continued thickening until the early Miocene supported by regional data from the Tibetan Magmatism Database. Current crustal thickness estimates based on geophysical observations show no evidence for crustal thinning following the onset of E–W extension (~16 Ma), suggesting that modern crustal thickness is likely facilitated by an underthrusting Indian lithosphere balanced by upper plate extension.


2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barun Maity ◽  
Aphrodite Indares

The late Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.7–1.2 Ga) evolution of the active southeastern margin of Laurentia terminated with the Grenvillian continental collision and the development of a large, hot, long-duration orogen at ca. 1.09–0.98 Ga. As a result, much of the hinterland of the Grenville Province consists of Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic rocks, mostly preserved as an imbricate stack of high-grade gneisses, that represent a potential repository of active-margin processes. This study presents geochronologic, geochemical, and isotopic analyses of two granulite-facies suites of ca. 1.45–1.40 Ga mafic tholeiites from the Canyon domain (Manicouagan area, central Grenville Province). One suite consists of 1439 +76/–68 Ma high-FeTi mafic sills with εNd values of –0.4 (TDM 2.57–2.72 Ga), indicate derivation from variably depleted to enriched MORB-type mantle sources, probably in an extensional back-arc setting, before intrusion in a ca. 1.5 Ga supracrustal metasedimentary sequence. The other, previously dated, 1410 ± 16 Ma Mafic to intermediate unit exhibits εNd values of 0.0 to +0.9 (TDM 2.02–2.25 Ga), and variably enriched MORB to arc geochemical signatures, for which formation in a transitional back-arc to arc setting is suggested. Integrated with published information, the new data support a model of a long-lived continental-margin arc and intermittent back-arc development on southeast Laurentia during the mid-Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1.5–1.4 Ga), in which repeated short periods of extension and crustal thinning in the back-arc or intra-arc regions were followed by compression and crustal thickening.


1999 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDEL-KADER M. MOGHAZI

Granitoids in the Gabal El-Urf area in Eastern Egypt consist of a monzogranite pluton, belonging to the Younger Granite province, emplaced in granodioritic rocks. Whole rock Rb–Sr dating indicate ages of 650±95 Ma and 600±11 Ma for the granodiorites and monzogranites, respectively. The granodiorites (65–70% SiO2) are calc-alkaline and metaluminous with low Rb/Sr, Th and Nb contents, moderate enrichment in the LILE (K2O, Rb, and Ba) and display most of the chemical and field characteristics of syn-to late-tectonic I-type granitoids described elsewhere in the Arabian–Nubian Shield. The monzogranites (72–77% SiO2) are metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, highly fractionated and depleted in Al2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2, Sr and Ba with corresponding enrichment in Rb, Nb, Zr, and Y. They can be correlated with the undeformed post-orogenic granites in the Arabian–Nubian Shield that chemically resemble A-type granites emplaced in extensional settings. The mineralogical and chemical variations within the granodiorites and monzogranites are consistent with their evolution by fractional crystallization. The granodiorites have a low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7024) and high ∈Nd values (+6.9–+7.3) and are significantly different from those (initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio=0.7029, ∈Nd values=+5.2–+5.8) of the monzogranites. These data suggest a predominant mantle derivation for both granite types and demonstrate that they originated from different source materials.The granodiorite melt was most probably generated through vapour-saturated partial melting of an early Neoproterozoic depleted mafic lower-crust reservoir due to crustal thickening associated with orogenic compression and/or arc magma underplating. The mineralogical and geochemical data of the A-type monzogranites are consistent with their derivation as a residual granitic liquid from a LILE-enriched mafic magma through crystal-liquid fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, Fe–Ti oxides and apatite. The parental mafic magma was originated in the upper mantle due to crustal thinning associated with extension in the late stage of the Neoproterozoic crustal evolution of north-eastern Egypt.


Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Tang ◽  
Wei-Qiang Ji ◽  
Xu Chu ◽  
Anbin Wu ◽  
Chen Chen

Abstract A new data compilation shows that in intermediate to felsic rocks, zircon Eu/Eu* [chondrite normalized Eu/ ] correlates with whole rock La/Yb, which has been be used to infer crustal thickness. The resultant positive correlation between zircon Eu/Eu* and crustal thickness can be explained by two processes favored during high-pressure differentiation: (1) supression of plagioclase and (2) endogenic oxidation of Eu2+ due to garnet fractionation. Here we calibrate a crustal thickness proxy based on Eu anomalies in zircons. The Eu/Eu*-in-zircon proxy makes it possible to reconstruct crustal thickness evolution in magmatic arcs and orogens using detrital zircons. To evaluate this new proxy, we analyzed detrital zircons separated from modern river sands in the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet. Our results reveal two episodes of crustal thickening (to 60–70 km) since the Cretaceous. The first thickening event occurred at 90–70 Ma, and the second at 50–30 Ma following Eurasia-India collision. These findings are temporally consistent with contractional deformation of sedimentary strata in southern Tibet.


Lithosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yang ◽  
Hongfei Zhang ◽  
Wenjiao Xiao ◽  
Biji Luo ◽  
Zhong Gao ◽  
...  

Abstract A combination of U-Pb zircon ages and geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data are presented for the Early Paleozoic granodiorites from the Haoquangou and Baimawa plutons in order to probe the crustal thickness variation of the eastern North Qilian and the diachronous evolution of the North Qilian orogen. The granodiorites formed at 436–435 Ma and have high Sr/Y ratios (63–117). Elemental and isotopic data combined with geochemical modeling and comparisons with experimental data suggest that they were produced from the melting of relatively juvenile mafic rocks in the thickened lower crust. Together with other petrological and geochemical data and the calculation of variation in crustal thickness, this indicates that the eastern North Qilian experienced clear crustal thickening and thinning from the Late Ordovician to Late Silurian. Based on available data, we suggest that diachronous collision from east to west, which probably resulted in the distinct intensity of orogenesis between eastern and western North Qilian, can well account for the differential distribution of Early Paleozoic high Sr/Y magmatism and other geological differences between the eastern and western parts of the North Qilian. Our study also implies that diachronous collision may lead to, apart from distinct metamorphic, structural and sedimentary responses, the large differences in magmatism and deep crustal processes along the orogenic strike.


2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Rivers ◽  
Walfried Schwerdtner

The Ottawa River Gneiss Complex (ORGC) in the western Grenville Province of Ontario and Quebec is interpreted as the exhumed mid-crustal core of a large metamorphic core complex. This paper concerns the post-peak evolution of the Muskoka domain, the highest structural level in the southern ORGC that is largely composed of amphibolite-facies straight gneiss derived from retrogressed granulite-facies precursors. It is argued that retrogression and high strain occurred during orogenic collapse and that the Muskoka domain acted as the ductile detachment zone between two stronger crustal units, the underlying granulite-facies core known as the Algonquin domain and the overlying lower grade cover comprising the Composite Arc Belt. Formation of the metamorphic core complex followed Ottawan crustal thickening, peak metamorphism and possible channel flow, and took place in a regime of crustal thinning and gravitational collapse in which the cool brittle–ductile upper crust underwent megaboudinage and the underlying hot ductile mid crust flowed into the intervening megaboudin neck regions. Post-peak crustal thinning in the Muskoka domain began under suprasolidus conditions, was facilitated by widespread retrogression, and was heterogeneous, perhaps attaining ~90% locally. It was associated with a range of ductile, high-temperature extensional structures including multi-order boudinage and associated extensional bending folds, and a regional system of extension-dominated transtensional cross-folds. These ductile structures were followed by brittle–ductile fault propagation folding at higher crustal level after the gneiss complex was substantially exhumed and cooled. Collectively the data record ~60 m.y. of post-peak extension on the margin of an exceptionally large metamorphic core complex in which the ductile detachment zone has a true thickness of ~7 km. The large scale of the core complex is consistent with the deep level of erosion, and the long duration of extensional collapse is compatible with double thickness crust at the metamorphic peak, the presence of abundant leucosome in the mid crust and widespread fluid-fluxed retrogression, collectively pointing to the important role of core complexes in crustal cooling after the peak of the Grenvillian Orogeny.RÉSUMÉLe complexe gneissique de la rivière des Outaouais (ORGC) dans la portion ouest de la Province de Grenville au Québec et en Ontario est interprété comme le cœur d’un grand complexe métamorphique à coeur de noyau. Le présent article porte sur l’évolution post-pic du domaine de Muskoka, soit le niveau structural le plus élevé de l’ORGC composé en grande partie d’orthogneiss au faciès amphibolite dérivés de précurseurs au faciès granulite. Nous soutenons que la rétromorphose et les grandes déformations se sont produites durant l’effondrement orogénique et que le domaine de Muskoka en a été une zone de détachement ductile entre deux unités crustales plus résistantes, le cœur au faciès granulite sous-jacent étant le domaine Algonquin, et la chapeau sus-jacent à plus faible grade de métamorphisme comprenant le Ceinture d’Arc Composite. La formation du complexe métamorphique à coeur de noyau est survenue après l’épaississement crustale ottavien, le pic métamorphique et le possible flux en chenal, et s’est produit en régime d’amincissement crustal et d’effondrement gravitationnel au cours duquel la croûte supérieure refroidie a subit un mégaboudinage et où la croûte moyenne chaude et ductile sous-jacente a flué dans les régions entre les mégaboudins. L’amincissement crustale post-pic dans le domaine de Muskoka, qui a débuté en conditions suprasolidus, a été facilité par une rétromorphose généralisée, hétérogène, atteignant à peu près 90 % par endroits. Celle-ci a été associée avec une gamme de structures d’extension ductiles de haute température, incluant du boudinage de plusieurs ordres de grandeur et de plis de flexure d’extension, ainsi qu’un système régional de plis croisés d’origine transtensionnelle. À ces structures ductiles a succédé une phase de plissement de propagation de failles cassantes à ductiles à un plus haut niveau crustal, après que le complexe gneissique ait été exhumé et se soit refroidi. Prises ensemble, les données indiquent une extension post-pic sur la marge d’un complexe métamorphique à coeur de noyau exceptionnellement grand aux environs de 60 m.y. et dans laquelle la zone de détachement montre une épaisseur véritable d’environ 7 km. La grandeur de l’échelle du complexe métamorphique à coeur de noyau concorde avec le fort niveau d’érosion, et la grande durée de l’effondrement d’extension est compatible avec une croûte de double épaisseur au pic de métamorphisme, la présence de leucosomes abondants dans la croûte moyenne et d’une rétromorphose à flux fluidique généralisée, l’ensemble indiquant l’importance du rôle des complexes métamorphiques à coeur de noyau dans le refroidissement de la croûte après le pic de l’orogenèse grenvillienne.


Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. Hillenbrand ◽  
Michael L. Williams

The Acadian and Neoacadian orogenies are widely recognized, yet poorly understood, tectono-thermal events in the New England Appalachian Mountains (USA). We quantified two phases of Paleozoic crustal thickening using geochemical proxies. Acadian (425–400 Ma) crustal thickening to 40 km progressed from southeast to northwest. Neoacadian (400–380 Ma) crustal thickening was widely distributed and varied by 30 km (40–70 km) from north to south. Doubly thickened crust and paleoelevations of 5 km or more support the presence of an orogenic plateau at ca. 380–330 Ma in southern New England. Neoacadian crustal thicknesses show a strong correlation with metamorphic isograds, where higher metamorphic grade corresponds to greater paleo-crustal thickness. We suggest that the present metamorphic field gradient was exposed through erosion and orogenic collapse influenced by thermal, isostatic, and gravitational properties related to Neoacadian crustal thickness. Geobarometry in southern New England underestimates crustal thickness and exhumation, suggesting the crust was thinned by tectonic as well as erosional processes.


1991 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Corfu ◽  
S. L. Jackson ◽  
R. H. Sutcliffe

The paper presents U–Pb ages for zircons of the calc-alkalic to alkalic igneous suite and associated alluvial–fluvial sedimentary rocks of the Timiskaming Group in the late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt, Superior Province. The Timiskaming Group rests unconformably on pre-2700 Ma komatiitic to calc-alkalic volcanic sequences and is the expression of the latest stages of magmatism and tectonism that shaped the greenstone belt. An age of 2685 ± 3 Ma for the Bidgood quartz porphyry, an age of about 2685–2682 Ma for a quartz–feldspar porphyry clast in a conglomerate, and ages ranging from 2686 to 2680 Ma for detrital zircons in sandstones appear to reflect an early stage in the development of the Timiskaming Group. The youngest detrital zircons in each of three sandstones at Timmins, Kirkland Lake, and south of Larder Lake define maximum ages of sedimentation at about 2679 Ma; the latter sandstone is cut by a porphyry dyke dated by titanite at [Formula: see text], identical to the 2677 ± 2 Ma age for a volcanic agglomerate of the Bear Lake Formation north of Larder Lake. Similar ages have previously been reported for syenitic to granitic plutons of the region. The dominant period of Timiskaming sedimentation and magmatism was thus 2680–2677 Ma. Xenocrystic zircons found in a porphyry and a lamprophyre dyke have ages of 2750–2720 Ma, which correspond to the ages of the oldest units in the belt, predating the volumetrically dominant ca. 2700 Ma greenstone sequences. The presence of these xenocrysts and the onlapping of the Timiskaming Group on all earlier lithotectonic units of the southern Abitibi belt support the concept that the 2700 Ma ensimatic sequences were thrust onto older assemblages during a phase of compression that culminated with the generation of tonalite and granodiorite at about 2695–2688 Ma. Published geochemical data for the Timiskaming igneous suite, notably the enrichments in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare-earth elements and the relative depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti compare with the characteristics of suites at modern convergent settings such as the Eolian and the Banda arcs and are consistent with generation of the melts from deep metasomatized mantle in the final stages of, or after cessation of, subduction. Late- and post-Timiskaming compression caused north-directed thrusting and folding. Turbiditic sedimentary units of the Larder Lake area which locally structurally overly the alluvial–fluvial sequence and were earlier thought to be part of the Timiskaming Group, appear to be older "flyschoid" sequences, possibly correlative with sedimentary rocks deposited in the Porcupine syncline at Timmins between 2700 and 2690 Ma.


Author(s):  
Yujian Wang ◽  
Dicheng Zhu ◽  
Chengfa Lin ◽  
Fangyang Hu ◽  
Jingao Liu

Accretionary orogens function as major sites for the generation of continental crust, but the growth model of continental crust remains poorly constrained. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt, as one of the most important Phanerozoic accretionary orogens on Earth, has been the focus of debates regarding the proportion of juvenile crust present. Using published geochemical and zircon Hf-O isotopic data sets for three belts in the Eastern Tianshan terrane of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt, we first explore the variations in crustal thickness and isotopic composition in response to tectono-magmatic activity over time. Steady progression to radiogenic zircon Hf isotopic signatures associated with syn-collisional crustal thickening indicates enhanced input of mantle-derived material, which greatly contributes to the growth of the continental crust. Using the surface areas and relative increases in crustal thickness as the proxies for magma volumes, in conjunction with the calculated mantle fraction of the mixing flux, we then are able to determine that a volume of ∼14−22% of juvenile crust formed in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt during the Phanerozoic. This study highlights the validity of using crustal thickness and zircon isotopic signatures of magmatic rocks to quantify the volume of juvenile crust in complex accretionary orogens. With reference to the crustal growth pattern in other accretionary orogens and the Nd-Hf isotopic record at the global scale, our work reconciles the rapid crustal growth in the accretionary orogens with its episodic generation pattern in the formation of global continental crust.


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