Study of ingredients and nutrient composition of commercially available treats for dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (12) ◽  
pp. 351-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Morelli ◽  
Eleonora Fusi ◽  
Sandro Tenti ◽  
Lorenzo Serva ◽  
Giorgio Marchesini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dense Product

Forty-one dog treats were selected from the market with the aim of providing more insight into supplemental pet food composition. Thirty-two products (four biscuits, nine tender treats, two meat-based strips, five rawhides, eight chewable sticks, four dental care sticks) were analysed for proximate nutrient composition and quantification of minerals, hydroxyproline (Hyp), starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Labelled ingredients were often expressed as non-specific categories. A treat supplied a mean of 332.0±39.2 kcal metabolisable energy (ME)/100 g, and the most energy-dense product was a tender treat (475.0 kcal ME/100 g). Small dogs receive the highest percentage of maintenance energy requirement when producers’ feeding instructions are followed. Treat categories revealed variability in dry matter, crude protein, ash, Hyp and starch. Rawhides showed the highest Hyp content. Simple sugars were identified in most treats, and sucrose was the most prevalent. Results of the study suggest treat labelling should include more information on the ingredients used, and the varying nutrient and caloric density of treats should be considered. Specific attention should be given to the use of treats in dogs with specific ingredient sensitivities or nutrient considerations.

The response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of fermentable metabolisable energy

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
D.J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Crude Protein Level

Unprotected tallow is used as a feed ingredient to meet the energy requirement of high milking dairy cows, but its hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen can inhibit microbial activity and dietary fibre digestion. However, the negative effects of the tallow could be minimized when high levels of molasses are also fed since feeding molasses could shorten the retention time of the hydrolysed free fatty acids in the rumen. In addition, molasses contains a large proportion of non-structural carbohydrates (sugars) which have fast fermentation rates in the rumen. When a diet is formulated to have a low fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) concentration, supplementing with a high molasses level may partially make up the deficiency of the energy requirement of the microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows. Previous experiments have showed that molasses could be fed to dairy cows up to 312 g/kg DM without adverse effect (Yan and Roberts, 1992) and a crude protein level at 160 g/kg DM in the diet containing 310 g/kg DM of molasses was satisfactory for feed intake and milk production of dairy cows (Yan and Roberts, 1993). The current experiment was subsequently undertaken to investigate the response of dairy cows given high levels of molasses to dietary levels of FME produced by altering unprotected tallow concentrations in diets.

The development of maintenance energy requirement and energetic efficiency for lactation from production data of lactating dairy cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
T. Yan ◽  
J. J. Murphy ◽  
C. P. Ferris ◽  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Feeding Systems

The energy feeding systems currently adopted for dairy cows in Western Europe and North America were developed from calorimetric data published 30 years ago. However, the calorimetric measurements were usually undertaken with a small number of trained animals, housed for a short period in respiration chambers. The objective of the present study was to use production data to develop the metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) and the efficiency of ME use for lactation (kl) for dairy cows.

Estimation of the Maintenance Energy Requirements of Beef Cattle and Lambs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 118-118
Author(s):  
R.W.J. Steen ◽  
L.E.R. Dawson ◽  
N. Lavery ◽  
D.E. Kirkpatrick ◽  
S.D. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
High Fibre ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gut Metabolism

The maintenance energy requirement of an animal can be defined as the daily metabolisable energy (ME) intake at which it is in zero energy balance. Maintenance energy requirements can be estimated either by measuring fasting metabolism or from a regression relationship between ME intake and energy retention for a number of animals given a range of ME intakes. However maintenance energy requirements may vary according to the composition of the diet, as higher intakes of high-fibre diets have promoted greater rates of gut metabolism than lower intakes of low-fibre diets. In the present study maintenance energy requirements of beef cattle and lambs have been estimated by regressions between ME intake and energy retention using data from a series of studies involving diets based on grass silage or fresh grass and concentrates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Nutrient Composition, In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics, and In Situ Degradability of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus cruentus, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Kim Margarette C. Nogoy ◽  
Jia Yu ◽  
Young Gyu Song ◽  
Shida Li ◽  
Jong-Wook Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Amaranthus Caudatus ◽  
Amaranthus Hypochondriacus

The amaranth plants showed high potential feed value as forage for ruminants. An in-depth study of this plant, particularly in cattle, will help extend its utilization as an alternative protein and fiber feed source in cattle feeding. In this study, the nutrient compositions of three different species of amaranth, Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., and Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.—two varieties for each species, A.ca 74, A.ca 91, A.cu 62, A.cu 66, A. hy 30, and A. hy 48—were evaluated. The in vitro technique was used to evaluate the fermentation characteristics such as total gas production, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, pH, and ammonia concentration of the rumen fluid. Moreover, the effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM) and crude protein (EDCP) of the amaranth forages were determined through in situ bag technique. The amaranth forages: A. caudatus, A. cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus showed better nutritive value than the locally produced forages in Chungcheong province of Korea. The CP of the amaranth ranged from 11.95% to 14.19%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 45.53% to 70.88% and 34.17% to 49.83%, respectively. Among the amaranth varieties, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the most excellent ruminant feed nutrient quality (CP, 14.19%; NDF, 45.53%; and ADF, 34.17%). The effective degradabilities of dry matter (EDDM; 33–56%) and crude protein EDCP (27–59%) of the amaranth were lower compared to other studies, which could be due to the maturity stage at which the forages were harvested. Nonetheless, A. hypochondriacus 48 showed the highest EDDM (56.73%) and EDCP (59.09%). The different amaranth species did not differ greatly in terms of total VFA concentration or molar proportions, total gas production, or ammonia-N concentration. The high nutrient composition, and highly effective degradability of dry matter and crude protein, coupled with the favorable fermentation characteristics, suggest that the amaranth forages showed good to excellent feed quality for cattle.

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

PSV-11 The effects of pelleting and extrusion on nutrient composition and protein quality measurements in a variety Canadian pulses

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 302-302
Author(s):  
Cara Cargo-Froom ◽  
Anna-Kate Shoveller ◽  
Daniel A Columbus ◽  
Chris Marinangeli ◽  
Elijah Kiarie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Quality Measurements

Abstract Alternative forms of protein are an important focus in nutrition. This study sought to compare the effects of pelleting and extrusion on nutrient composition and protein quality measurements of Canadian pulses. Pulses used for the study included: 2 pea variety (Amarillo and dunn), lentils, chickpeas, and faba bean. Ingredients were ground through a 10/64” or a 2/64” screen to create a coarse and fine ground product, respectively. Both coarse and fine ground ingredients were pelleted at 60–65, 70–75, and 80–85 C0. Fine ground ingredients were extruded at three different temperatures (110, 130, 150 C0) and two moisture levels (18 and 22%). Samples were collected for all runs at the beginning, middle, and end of each run for both pelleted and extruded samples. Samples were analyzed for proximate analysis, amino acids including lysinoalanine, total and damaged starch, and total dietary fibre (including insoluble and soluble). Data were analyzed using a mixed model via proc glimmix in SAS, where ingredient, process, grind, temperature, and extrusion moisture were treated as fixed effects with different interactions selected based on model investigated. Crude protein content of whole pulses was highest in faba bean and lowest in the Amarillo pea, with faba bean protein content significantly higher than all other pulses, and lentil protein content significantly higher than Amarillo peas (P < 0.05). All pelleting temperatures, nested within grind, significantly increased crude protein content of all pulses compared to whole pulses (P < 0.05). All extrusion moistures significantly increased crude protein content of all pulses compared to whole pulses (P < 0.05) and moisture/temperature interactions were significantly higher for all pulses compared to whole pulses (P < 0.05). Amino acid comparisons produced similar significant results. This suggests that pelleting and extrusion processing can have a positive impact on protein content of pulses and protein quality measurements in pulses.

Effects of graded inclusion levels of raw garbanzo beans on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal quality, and fecal fermentative end-products and microbiota in extruded feline diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas ◽  
Bruce R Southey ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
End Products ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Inclusion Level

Abstract Garbanzo beans (GB; Cicer arietinum) are a readily available pulse crop that have gained popularity as a plant-based protein source in the pet food industry. However, raw GB contain anti-nutritional factors that can reduce digestibility and cause digestive upsets in pets that are undesirable to owners. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the inclusion of raw or cooked GB in extruded feline diets on macronutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products in cats. Five diets were formulated to contain raw GB at 0, 7.5, 15, or 30% or cooked GB at 30%. Ten adult, male cats (mean age: 1.0 ± 0.0 yr, mean BW: 4.7 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Each period consisted of 14 d, with 10 d of diet adaptation followed by 4 d of total fecal and urine collection. At the end of each period, 4 mL of blood were collected and analyzed for a serum chemistry and complete blood count to ensure all animals remained healthy throughout the study. Cats were fed twice daily and food intake was calculated to maintain body weight. Food intake was highest (P < 0.05) for cats fed 0% raw GB (72.2 g/d, DMB) compared with GB inclusions of 7.5% or greater (average 70.3 g/d, DMB). Dry matter and organic matter apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) were lowest (P < 0.05) for cats consuming the 30% cooked GB diet (77.3% and 81.7%, respectively). Cats fed 7.5% raw GB had greater (P < 0.05) crude protein ATTD (86.2%) than cats fed 15% raw GB (82.3%) or 30% cooked GB (81.6%). Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were highest (P < 0.05) for 30% cooked GB at 682 μmol/g but not different (P > 0.05) than 15% GB (528 μmol/g) or 30% raw GB (591 μmol/g) diets. In terms of fecal microbial abundance, the predominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria. Cats fed the 0% GB diet had a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes (62.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.0%) than the remaining diets (average 54% and 1.6%, respectively). In conclusion, all inclusion levels of raw GB resulted in high digestibility (average > 80%) and ideal fecal scores (average 2.9), demonstrating their adequacy as a protein source in feline diets up to a 30% inclusion level.

scholarly journals Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PERTTILÄ ◽  
J. VALAJA ◽  
T. JALAVA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 24–35 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME –values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.;

scholarly journals The Effects of Storage on Nutrient Composition and Mycoflora of Stored Guinea Corn (Sorghum bicolor) Grains

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
E. D. Fagbohun ◽  
K. O. Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Stored Grain

Aims: This research work aims to determine the changes in nutritional (proximate, mineral) composition and mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor grains stored for 5 months in order to determine its fitness in meeting nutritional demand.                         Study Design: Experimental study design was carried out Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, from February 2017 to August 2018. Methodology: The grain was procured from Usi market in Usi-Ekiti. It was further sundried for seven days and stored in an airtight container in the laboratory at room temperature. They were visually examined for external changes on the caryopsis and cultured to determine the spoilage fungi. Mineral and proximate analyses were routinely carried out to determine the changes in nutrient composition. These analyses were carried out monthly for five months to determine the changes in physicochemical properties and mycoflora associated with Sorghum bicolor on storage. Results: During storage, spoilage such as external mouldiness, discoloration, musty odour and progressive depletion of external caryopsis were observed on the grain. Seven species of fungi namely Penicillium glabrum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated using a combination of direct plating, dilution and washing method. The colony count of the mycoflora population increased from 6 to 16 spore-forming units per gram. The proximate component comprising ash, moisture, crude protein, fat and fiber content decreased but an increase in carbohydrate content was recorded. A negative Pearson correlation (r = - .990) between crude protein and carbohydrate content was recorded. This was attributed to the presence of resistant starch in Sorghum bicolor and the use of alternative source(s) of carbon for energy by the fungi. The entire mineral component decreased during storage. Copper was the barest mineral while magnesium was the most stable mineral in the stored grain. Conclusion: Sorghum bicolor grains contain vital minerals and nutrients. Prolonged storage of Sorghum bicolor increased the mycoflora population and consequently decreased the nutrient composition excluding the carbohydrate component. Some minerals and proximate components of the grain were relatively stable while others experienced pronounced depletion. Nutritionally deficient grains may lead to malnutrition especially in growing animals and human populations were adequate minerals and nutrients are required for rapid growth.

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