scholarly journals Plant growth dynamics and root morphology of little-known species of Chenopodium from contrasted Andean habitats

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Alvarez-Flores ◽  
Thierry Winkel ◽  
David Degueldre ◽  
Carmen Del Castillo ◽  
Richard Joffre
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Low Resource

Plant morphology determines the access to soil resources, a feature crucial for early growth in annual species. Plant growth and root traits in little-known species of Andean chenopods were compared with the hypothesis that plants from low-resource habitats show traits that enhance resource capture. Three cultivated Chenopodium populations (two populations of the tetraploid Chenopodium quinoa Willd., one population of the diploid Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) and one population of their wild tetraploid relative Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. were grown in pots under nonlimiting conditions over nine weeks of early vegetative growth. All populations followed the same sequence of biomass allocation and showed similar maximal values of shoot and root relative growth rates (RGR). Population differences in plant biomass, net assimilation rate, total root length, and specific root length were associated with seed mass ranking and species ploidy level. Chenopodium quinoa produced less branched stems and maintained high root RGR for a longer time than the other two species, and the C. quinoa population from low-resource habitat showed a faster main root growth. These results show that C. pallidicaule developed a plant growth syndrome adapted to cold, high-altitude habitats, while C. quinoa from low-resource habitats showed an improved capacity to explore soil at depth in early growth stages.

Studies in soil fertility with special reference to organic manures. II. Plant growth and nutrition in the field.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Rice Hulls

This paper reports a study in crop physiology in which an analysis of plant growth response and nutrient intake under irrigation in the field is used to interpret the effects of rice hulls as an organic manure. An exploratory experiment showed that relatively speaking the main effects of treatment took place quite early in the growth of the crop. For this reason the main experiment was virtually restricted to these early growth stages. The test plant in both experiments was the tomato. It was found that rice hulls can influence the growth of the crop in at least three ways. Seedling emergence may be delayed, early growth may be retarded by temporary shortage of available nitrogen, and growth may be stimulated by increase in available phosphorus. All three effects are modified by the addition of sulphate of ammonia, but in all cases the result is an increase in yield with rice-hull treatment. Mean seedling emergence for the six experimental treatments had a range of 2.8 days, and it is shown that the mean weights of 18-day-old seedlings could have been accounted for by these differences alone. The pattern of response at 18 days remains for at least five weeks and is not without its effect on the final yields. In spite of their low nitrogen content, rice hulls alone had only a transitory adverse effect on the nitrogen status of the soil. It is suggested that this may not have had any direct effect on the rate of dry-matter production, but that there was a temporary deflection of assimilates to favour root growth at the expense of shoot growth. Such an effect would, of course, have an adverse effect on fruit yield. Plant analyses suggest very considerable increases in available soil phosphorus due to rice-hull treatment. Much of this phosphorus appears to have been fixed during the course of the experiment, but Truog values obtained after the experiment indicated that significant effects of treatment were still present. The increases in Available phosphorus were less when sulphate of ammonia was added with the rice hulls.

Growth and nutrient uptake by birch and maple seedlings on soil with patchy or homogeneous distribution of organic matter

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2019-2026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margret MI van Vuuren ◽  
Adrianna A Muir ◽  
Colin M Orians
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Soil Heterogeneity ◽  
Homogeneous Distribution ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Total Plant

We compare responses to soil heterogeneity of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and gray birch (Betula pop ulifolia Marsh.). Seedlings were grown with root systems split between two pots with soil: (i) without additional organic matter or nutrients ("no-addition" treatment), (ii) with additional organic matter and nutrients distributed evenly throughout the soil ("mixed" treatment), and (iii) with additional organic matter and nutrients concentrated in one pot ("patch" treatment). Compared with the no-addition treatment, mixed and patch treatments resulted in taller plants, and greater leaf and total plant dry masses for birch, while growth of maple was mostly unaffected. Birch root biomass was significantly increased in the organic patch. Specific root length of fine roots (<1 mm diameter) in the organic patch was twice as large for birch than for maple. Total plant biomass and N and P contents did not differ between mixed and patch treatments, possibly because the contrast between N and P concentrations between patch and non-patch soil was too small. In all treatments, birches took up more N than maples. In addition, the faster localized root growth and larger specific root length indicate a greater potential for birch than for maple to exploit heterogeneous soils.

Effects of the metal pollutants cadmium and nickel on soybean seed development

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Malan ◽  
J. M. Farrant
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Basis Metal ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chloride Salts

AbstractThe chloride salts of Cd or Ni were added to the nutrient solution in which soybean (Glycine max) plants were grown and the response of the plants to these pollutants examined. Both metals markedly reduced plant biomass and seed production. Accumulation was mostly in the roots. Nickel was more mobile than Cd, reaching higher levels in all plant parts, especially seeds. Within the tissues of mature seeds, the highest concentrations of Ni were found in the axis and testa. The highest concentrations of Cd were in the testa and cotyledon, and the lowest in the axis. When expressed on a per seed basis, metal contents of these organs increased with developmental age. Nickel amounts were lower in the pods than the seeds for all growth stages, however there was no significant difference for Cd. Cadmium reduced mature seed mass. This effect was mostly due to decreased yields of lipids, protein and carbohydrates. Although the number of seeds per pod declined as a response to Ni, seed mass was unaffected and there was no apparent effect on storage reserves.

scholarly journals Seed size and adventitious (nodal) roots as factors influencing the tolerance of wheat to waterlogging

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
V. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Nodal Roots

In a glasshouse study, two experiments were conducted to understand how inherent variability, such as the seed size or mass, and formation of adventitious nodal roots might influence the tolerance of various wheat and triticale cultivars at different growth stages to waterlogging. Waterlogging at germination resulted in 11% seedling mortality, but the waterlogged seedlings had a 19% increase in shoot mass per plant, with no difference in root mass compared with non-waterlogged seedlings. Waterlogging at the 3-leaf stage was deleterious to only a few cultivars. On average, larger seed resulted in greater plant growth for most of the cultivars, and seed mass was positively related to the plant biomass and adventitious nodal root mass under waterlogged conditions. A decreasing oxygen concentration with increasing duration of waterlogging and soil depth did not affect the plant growth and visual stress symptoms, chlorosis, until the oxygen concentration decreased to less than 10% in the bottom depths. The highest yielding triticale cultivar, Muir, and wheat cultivars Brookton and Frame had the greatest seed mass, plant biomass, and relative growth rates under waterlogged conditions, compared with the lowest yielding wheat cultivars, Amery, Silverstar, and More. However, the degree of 'waterlogging tolerance', expressed as the percent ratio of plant biomass or growth rates under waterlogged conditions relative to the non-waterlogged control conditions, appeared to be greatest for the low-yielding cultivars, indicating a 'cautious approach' when screening tolerant cultivars.

scholarly journals Corn root morphoanatomy at different development stages and yield under water stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Corrêa de Souza ◽  
Paulo César Magalhães ◽  
Evaristo Mauro de Castro ◽  
Vinícius Politi Duarte ◽  
Alyne Oliveira Lavinsky
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Cumulative Stress

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize the morphoanatomy of roots and the yield traits of two corn hybrids contrasting for drought tolerance (DKB 390, tolerant; and BRS 1030, sensitive), at different stages of development. Water deficit was imposed for ten days, in a greenhouse, at three growth stages: V5, VT, and R3. These treatments were combined to generate cumulative stress during the plant cycle, as: V5VT, V5R3, VTR3, and V5VTR3. The following were analyzed: root anatomy; proportion of aerenchyma in the cortex; metaxylem number and diameter; phloem thickness; as well as morphological characteristics, such as root length, volume, and surface area, specific root length, length of fine roots, grain yield, and ear length and diameter. Development stage affected the responses to stress: DKB 390 showed the best performance for root morphoanatomy and yield traits, under drought stress, at the reproductive stages, mainly R3, and in the treatments with cumulative stress, especially V5VTR3; whereas BRS 1030 presented higher means for the studied parameters, mainly at the V5 and VT stages, but did not show a higher grain yield under water stress. The greater tolerance of the DKB 390 hybrid to water deficit is probably linked with a memory of pre-exposure to water stress at different growth stages.

Seedling growth analysis of Russian wildrye

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1009-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Seedling Growth Rate ◽  
Russian Wildrye ◽  
High Tillering

Tetracan, a recently released tetraploid cultivar of Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski), has larger seed mass and better emergence from seeding depth than diploid cultivars. The objective of this research was to compare the seedling growth of Russian wildrye with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes), Nordan and second to compare Tetracan Russian wildrye with two diploid Russian wildrye cultivars, Mayak and Swift. Seedlings were destructively harvested at 28, 42, 56, and 70 d after planting (DAP) in the greenhouse. Crested wheatgrass had greater seedling biomass in shoot and root, higher tiller number, and a more efficient root system than the Russian wildrye. Tetracan had fewer, larger tillers with larger leaves and greater root length than the two diploid cultivars. These results document that the tetraploid cultivar Tetracan has a different pattern of tiller initiation and growth than the diploid cultivars. Seedling growth rate and biomass yield (seedling vigor) of tetraploid Russian wildrye could be improved through polyploidization with high tillering diploid breeding lines as parents and selection for large tiller size (similar to Tetracan) while maintaining high tillering capacity. Key words: Specific root length, leaf area, tillering, carbon allocation

scholarly journals The Possibility of Using Digital Images in Assessment of Plant Canopy Development and Weed Spread

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Kondrlová ◽  
Ján Horák ◽  
Dušan Igaz ◽  
Dagmar Dobiašová
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Weed Distribution

AbstractNowadays, there are various methods of plant biomass assessment available for the purposes of plant growth analysis. Visual plant coverage assessment is often subjective; the other methods are destructive or require purchasing some special devices. This paper presents the assessment of the possibilities and limitations of using digital images made by conventional digital cameras for the purposes of monitoring of the plant canopy development and weed distribution during a vegetation period using the example from the field experiment established on agricultural land in Malanta at the experimental site of the Slovak University of Agriculture. The study is focused on assessment of the effect of biochar application on gas emission, hydrophysical soil properties as well as plant response and yields and it was established in the spring of 2014. Downward images of corn (Zea maysL.) were taken during four sampling campaigns in the vegetation season 2015. Images were analysed by the BreedPix software that could estimate the portion of green fraction (count of green pixels) and thus the image-derived vegetation index (IDVI). According to the image analysis of photos taken during different sampling dates, it could be concluded that biochar addition had a positive effect on the plant growth (above ground biomass) since all treatments resulted in higher IDVIs at the end of the vegetative growth in comparison to control. Further, we assume that the increasing trend in the crop canopy growth was partially limited by competitive presence of weeds at the beginning of the study. According to our experience, we can recommend the software for temporal and spatial monitoring of agricultural crops development. The usage is limited to early growth stages. Moreover, it can be also used for assessment of the weed coverage.

scholarly journals Evaluating RGB Imaging and Multispectral Active and Hyperspectral Passive Sensing for Assessing Early Plant Vigor in Winter Wheat

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Prey ◽  
Malte von Bloh ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Spectral Unmixing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plant Vigor ◽  
Red Edge

Plant vigor is an important trait of field crops at early growth stages, influencing weed suppression, nutrient and water use efficiency and plant growth. High-throughput techniques for its evaluation are required and are promising for nutrient management in early growth stages and for detecting promising breeding material in plant phenotyping. However, spectral sensing for assessing early plant vigor in crops is limited by the strong soil background reflection. Digital imaging may provide a low-cost, easy-to-use alternative. Therefore, image segmentation for retrieving canopy cover was applied in a trial with three cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under two nitrogen regimes and in three sowing densities during four early plant growth stages (Zadok’s stages 14–32) in 2017. Imaging-based canopy cover was tested in correlation analysis for estimating dry weight, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen content. An active Greenseeker sensor and various established and newly developed vegetation indices and spectral unmixing from a passive hyperspectral spectrometer were used as alternative approaches and additionally tested for retrieving canopy cover. Before tillering (until Zadok’s stage 20), correlation coefficients for dry weight and nitrogen uptake with canopy cover strongly exceeded all other methods and remained on higher levels (R² > 0.60***) than from the Greenseeker measurements until tillering. From early tillering on, red edge based indices such as the NDRE and a newly extracted normalized difference index (736 nm; ~794 nm) were identified as best spectral methods for both traits whereas the Greenseeker and spectral unmixing correlated best with canopy cover. RGB-segmentation could be used as simple low-cost approach for very early growth stages until early tillering whereas the application of multispectral sensors should consider red edge bands for subsequent stages.

Mechanisms of nitrogen limitation affecting maize growth: a comparison of different modelling hypotheses

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 738 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Y. Li ◽  
P. D. Jamieson ◽  
P. R. Johnstone ◽  
A. J. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf N

Two hypothetical mechanisms exist for quantifying crop nitrogen (N) demand and N-deficit effects on crop growth. The Critical N mechanism uses a critical N concentration, while the Leaf N mechanism distinguishes active N in leaves from the N elsewhere in shoots. These two mechanisms were implemented in parallel in a maize model (Amaize) to evaluate their adequacy in predicting crop growth and development. In the Leaf N mechanism, two approaches for quantifying N-deficit effects, by reducing green leaf area (GAI) or diluting specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), were also examined. The model-predicted plant biomass, grain yield, and N uptake were compared with measurements from 47 maize crops grown on 16 sites receiving different N fertiliser treatments. The results showed that model-predicted plant biomass, grain yield and N uptake were insensitive to the approaches used for quantifying N-deficit effects in the Leaf N mechanism. The model-predicted plant biomass, grain yield and N uptake using either N approach were significantly related to measurements (P < 0.01) but had considerable deviations (r2 = 0.66–0.69 for biomass, 0.50–0.54 for grain yield: 0.17–0.33 for N uptake). The linear fits of the predicted against measured values showed no significant difference (P > 0.1) among the three N approaches, with the Leaf N mechanism predicting smaller deviation than the Critical N mechanism. However, the Critical N mechanism was better in simulating plant growth dynamics in early plant growth stages. The Leaf N mechanism distinguished functional from structural N pools in plants, having a sound physiological base. The simulation using the Leaf N mechanism with both SLN dilution and GAI reduction for quantifying N-deficit effects was the best in predicting crop growth and yield.

scholarly journals The response of East Kalimantan, Indonesia local rice cultivars against iron stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
NURHASANAH NURHASANAH ◽  
HELMA SUCI LESTARI ◽  
WIDI SUNARYO
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Iron Stress ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Rice Genotypes

Nurhasanah, lestari HS, Sunaryo W. 2019. The response of East Kalimantan, Indonesia local rice cultivars against iron stress. Biodiversitas 20: 273-282. Iron (Fe) toxicity is one of the most problematic metal elements in acidic soil. Besides being as an essential micronutrient, an excessive iron can cause mineral and nutrients absorption disorder which leads to disruption of plant metabolism and cell development. Reduction of plant growth and yield will be the further consequences of the excessive soil iron content. This study aimed to evaluate the response of East Kalimantan local rice cultivars and to screen rice genotypes tolerant to iron stress. Twenty-five rice genotypes were used in this study, consisted of twenty-three local rice cultivars of East Kalimantan and two control of iron sensitive (IR64) and tolerant (Mekongga) varieties. Uniform sprouts (3 days old) having 1-1.5 cm root length were used for iron stress experiment. The seedlings were grown in nutrient solution using hydroponic system in an aerobic condition. The seedlings were treated for one week in iron stress condition by adding an extra iron source of 100 and 200 ppm FeSO4.7H2O (pH 4.0). The seedlings grown in the nutrient solution without an extra iron treatment at normal acidity growth condition (pH 5.8) were used as the control. The growth responses were observed from root, shoot, and biomass of the plants. The tolerance index of the plant growth characters was calculated to classify the rice genotypes into tolerant, moderate, and sensitive to iron stress. The results showed that 100 and 200 ppm of FeSO4.7H2O treatments inhibited the root and shoot growth and also reduced the plant biomass. The plant growth reduction was in parallel with the increase of iron concentration. There was a significant differential response of East Kalimantan local rice genotypes to iron stress treatment. Some genotypes showed an extreme reduction of plant growth, whereas several genotypes had an increased growth under stressed situation. In the contrary, the sensitive genotype IR 64 was consistently sensitive based on the tolerance index of the root, shoot, and plant biomass characters. Among all growth parameters, the most selective character for iron toxicity screening was maximal root length character. This character caused the most severe symptoms for most of the genotypes. Two local rice genotypes, Bentian and Bogor Hitam, were consistently tolerant based on the maximal root growth, total root growth, shoot length and plant biomass.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document