Mutation frequency of Escherichia coli isolated from river water: potential role in the development of antimicrobial resistance
Bacteria acquire genetic variations to adapt to stressful environmental conditions, which may be associated with the development of antimicrobial resistance. Here we investigated the mutation frequencies of 270 E. coli isolates from river water, representing a relatively less stressful environment. As we predicted, mutation frequencies of such E. coli isolates ranged from < 1 ×10<sup>-11 </sup>to 6.3 ×10<sup>-8</sup> (median, 1.7 × 10<sup>-9</sup>), and a strong mutator (4×10<sup>-7</sup> ≤) was not detected. To better understand the role of mutation frequency in the development of antimicrobial resistance, we assessed antimicrobial sensitivity after exposure of the E. coli isolates to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin as a surrogate for stress. We found that antimicrobial resistance increased in bacteria with a low mutation frequency after exposure, and the relative increase in antimicrobial resistance generally increased depending on the mutation frequency. Thus, mutation frequency may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in natural environments.