Enhancement of salt-stressed cucumber tolerance by application of glucose for regulating antioxidant capacity and nitrogen metabolism

The current study was carried out to assess the potential functions of exogenous glucose (Glu) on plant growth, nitrogen metabolism, and antioxidant defense system in cucumber seedings under salt stress. Our results revealed that the cucumber seedlings exposed to salinity for 7 d exhibited a significant reduction of plant height, and fresh and dry weight. The salt-induced growth inhibition was effectively alleviated by foliar application of 100 mmol L−1 Glu. Exogenous Glu supplementation strikingly reduced the malondialdehyde content and controlled overaccumulation of superoxide anion ([Formula: see text]) generation rate in the salt-stressed cucumber leaves. In addition, Glu significantly increased the antioxidant enzymes activities such as super oxidase dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, and regulated gene expressions of encoding these enzymes, which decreased oxidative damage induced by salt stress. The [Formula: see text] content significantly decreased, but the [Formula: see text] level significantly increased due to salt treatment. However, Glu significantly increased the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in salt-stressed cucumber leaves, which coincided with modulating the gene expressions of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and thus, promoted the conversion of ammonium nitrogen to amino acids and proteins. These results suggest that exogenous Glu could alleviate salt-induced growth inhibition through regulating antioxidant capacity and nitrogen metabolism, which is associated with an improvement of cucumber growth and salt tolerance.

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Paclobutrazol Influences Salinity Responses of Peach and Olive

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.898b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 898B-898

Author(s):

A. Abu El-Kashab ◽

A.F. El-Sammak ◽

A.A. Elaidy ◽

M.l. Salama ◽

M. Rieger

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Expansion ◽

Expansion Rate ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Salinity Response ◽

Old Trees ◽

Leaf Expansion Rate

We studied the effect of a 200-mg·liter–1 foliar application of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on growth and physiological responses of Prunus persica `Nemaguard' (salt-sensitive) and Olea europea `Manzanillo' (salt-tolerant) to salt stress. One-year-old trees were grown in 3 sand: 3 field soil: 4 pine bark media in 20-cm pots in a greenhouse and were irrigated with nutrient solutions adjusted with 0, 9, 18, or 36 mmol NaCl for peach and 0, 36, 72, 108 mmol NaCI for olive. Dry weight, photosynthesis, and leaf conductance decreased with increasing salinity for both species. However, leaf expansion rate was unaffected by NaCl. PBZ reduced dry weight for peach only, but PBZ increased photosynthesis and reduced leaf expansion rate for both species. Relative water content was decreased by salt but increased by PBZ. PBZ reduced the foliar Na and Cl content in peach but not olive. Olive had less Na in leaves than peach at 36 mmol NaCI, accumulated less C in leaves in all salt treatments, and had higher foliar Na without symptom expression. PBZ may reduce salt stress in sensitive species like peach by reducing foliar Na and Cl accumulation but has less influence on the salinity response of the more salt-tolerant olive.

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Impact of Zn Nanoparticles Synthesized via Green and Chemical Approach on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Growth under Salt Stress

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073694 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3694

Author(s):

Sara Zafar ◽

Zuhair Hasnain ◽

Nazia Aslam ◽

Saqib Mumtaz ◽

Hawa ZE Jaafar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Saline Environment ◽

Zinc Nanoparticles ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Co Precipitation ◽

Zn Nanoparticles

The study investigated the green and chemical approaches for the preparation of Zn nanoparticles and their effect on the growth of okra plants under saline conditions. The leaf extract of Sorghum bicolor L. was used for the green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles (Zn-GNPs). Zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were also produced by the co-precipitation method (Zn-CNPs). The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and were applied foliarly in the range of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% on okra plants. A marked increase in the shoot and root fresh and dry weight (g) and chlorophyll contents were observed under normal and saline conditions. An increase in antioxidant activity was observed under saline conditions. However, the foliar application of 0.3% Zn-GNPs was helpful in the regulation of the antioxidant defense system under a saline environment. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of Zn-GNPs is the most promising eco-friendly approach in mitigating salinity stress.

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Exogenous Application of Chitosan Alleviate Salinity Stress in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7100342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 342

Author(s):

Geng Zhang ◽

Yuanhua Wang ◽

Kai Wu ◽

Qing Zhang ◽

Yingna Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Major Factors

Soil salinity is one of the major factors that affect plant growth and decrease agricultural productivity worldwide. Chitosan (CTS) has been shown to promote plant growth and increase the abiotic stress tolerance of plants. However, it still remains unknown whether the application of exogenous CTS can mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on lettuce plants. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of foliar application of exogenous CTS to lettuce plants grown under 100 mM NaCl saline conditions. The results showed that exogenous CTS increased the lettuce total leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weight, increased leaf chlorophyll a, proline, and soluble sugar contents, enhanced peroxidase and catalase activities, and alleviated membrane lipid peroxidation, in comparison with untreated plants, in response to salt stress. Furthermore, the application of exogenous CTS increased the accumulation of K+ in lettuce but showed no significant effect on the K+/Na+ ratio, as compared with that of plants treated with NaCl alone. These results suggested that exogenous CTS might mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on plant growth and biomass by modulating the intracellular ion concentration, controlling osmotic adjustment, and increasing antioxidant enzymatic activity in lettuce leaves.

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Hydrogen rich water (HRW) induces plant growth and physiological attributes in fragrant rice varieties under salt stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-21074/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaomeng Fu ◽

Lin Ma ◽

Runfei Gui ◽

Yuzhan Li ◽

Xiaojuan Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

High Concentration ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Fragrant Rice ◽

Mda Content ◽

Physiological Attributes

Abstract Hydrogen is an important molecule, exerting antioxidant ability in plants and animals through antioxidant enzymes, which can be dissolved in water. Previous studies have showed that application of hydrogen rich water (HRW), containing a high concentration of hydrogen, plays an important role in enhancing drought tolerance and alleviating the metal stress in plants. However, the effects of HRW on plant growth and physiological attributes in fragrant rice varieties under salt stress are still unclear. A pot experiment was conducted with two fragrant rice varieties i.e. Yuxiangyouzhan and Xiangyaxiangzhan to study the effects of HRW treatments i.e. foliar application of HRW (F-HRW) and irrigation application of HRW (I-HRW) on plant growth and physiological attributes under two NaCl levels (0 mmol L -1 and 150 mmol L -1 ). The results depicte d that, compared with without HRW treatment (CK), the F-HRW and I-HRW treatments significantly increased the dry weight per unit seedling height by 12.64% and 22.99%, while decreased the plant height by 3.92% and 2.97% respectively of two fragrant rice varieties under salt stress. Moreover, compared with CK treatment, the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced by F-HRW and I-HRW treatments in NaCl-stressed fragrant rice cultivars and opposite results were observed for MDA content. In crux, our findings conclude that application of HRW modulates the plant growth and physiological attributes in salt-stressed fragrant rice cultivars.

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The Effect of Trichoderma citrinoviride Treatment under Salinity Combined to Rhizoctonia solani Infection in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11081589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1589

Author(s):

Askim Hediye Sekmen Cetinel ◽

Azime Gokce ◽

Erhan Erdik ◽

Barbaros Cetinel ◽

Nedim Cetinkaya

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Psii Efficiency ◽

Trichoderma Citrinoviride

Trihoderma citrinoviride protects plants from diseases by functioning as antagonists of many pathogenic fungi or by triggering the antioxidant defense system in plants. In the present study, to uncover the possible alleviative role of Trichoderma against salinity and Rhizoctonia solani infection, strawberry plants were pretreated Trichoderma citrinoviride and then subjected to salinity, R. solani and combined salinity and R. solani. The effect of T. citrinoviride on the alleviation of the effects of salt stress and Rhizoctonia solani infection was investigated by analysing leaf dry weight, PSII efficiency, and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of strawberry plants. T. citrinoviride improved competitive capability against salinity and R. solani infection. It showed 79% inhibition of the growth of pathogen R. solani. T. citrinoviride reduced 63% of the severity of disease in the leaves. Trichoderma pretreatment maximized plant dry weight. The T. citrinoviride-pretreated plants showed higher levels of PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm). Decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation compared to untreated seedlings under salt stress and R. solani infection was observed. Trichoderma-pretreated and –untreated plants respond differently to salt stress and R. solani infection by means of antioxidant defense. As compared to untreated seedlings, treated seedlings showed significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), cell wall peroxidase (CWPOX) under salt stress and R. solani infection, indicating that treated seedlings might sense lower stress as compared to untreated seedlings. The study reports the effective adaptive strategy and potential of T. citrinoviride in alleviating the negative impact of salt stress and R. solani infection in strawberry.

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Foliar application of polyamines improve some morphological and physiological characteristics of rose

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2021-0012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Fereshteh Yousefi ◽

Zohreh Jabbarzadeh ◽

Jafar Amiri ◽

MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani ◽

Ali Shaygan

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Physiological Characteristics ◽

Leaf Area And Thickness ◽

Number Of Leaves

Abstract Objective This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of foliar spray of polyamines on some morphological and physiological characteristics of rose. Materials and methods Experimental variants involved the type (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) and concentration (0 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM and 4 mM) of polyamines. In this research, the plant height, number of leaves and shoots, leaf area and thickness, fresh and dry weight of leaf and stem, the content of anthocyanin, soluble sugar, phenol and antioxidant capacity were measured 2 weeks after the end of experiment. Results Results indicated that among all polyamine types, putrescine has the highest effect on the morphological characteristics. Among different concentrations of polyamines, the concentration of 1 mM resulted in the highest increase in shoot fresh and dry weight. Putrescine application at 2 mM and 4 mM concentrations increased soluble sugar content. In the present study, polyamine treatment reduced the content of anthocyanin, phenol and antioxidant capacity. Conclusions It can be cocluded that application of polyamines improved some morphological and physiological traits in various ways.

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Foliar Application of Sodium Molybdate Enhanced Nitrogen Uptake and Translocation in Soybean Plants by Improving Nodulation Process Under Salt Stress

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova ◽

10.1515/cerce-2017-0027 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 71-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Farhangi-Abriz ◽

R. Faegi-Analou ◽

N. Nikpour-Rashidabad

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Nitrogen Metabolism ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Sodium Molybdate ◽

Soybean Plants ◽

Biological Nitrogen ◽

Harmful Effects

Abstract Soil salinity with different harmful effects on plant growth and productivity is one of the main reasons in diminishing biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen assimilation in legume plants. Molybdate has a key role on nitrogen metabolism of plants and can be has a beneficial effect on it. Thus, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sodium molybdate spraying (0.2 and 0.4% solutions in water) on nodulation, nitrogen uptake and translocation in soybean plants under different levels of salt stress (0, 5 and 10 dS m−1 NaCl, respectively). Salinity reduced the nodulation, root and shoot growth and special flavonoids content in roots, which are have a key role in nodulation includes, daidzein, genistein, coumestrol and glycitein, also diminished nitrogenase, glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities in nodes, nitrogen content of nodes, roots and leaves, nitrogen uptake and translocation by soybean plants. Under salt stress and nonsaline condition, sodium molybdate treatments improved the nodulation by increasing flavonoids content of roots, also these treatments enhanced the plant growth and nitrogenase, GS, GDH, GOGAT and NR activities of nodes. Furthermore, nitrogen content of nodes, roots and leaves, nitrogen uptake and translocation by soybean plants improved by sodium molybdate applications. Both of the sodium molybdate doses, exposed the similar effects on improving nodulation and nitrogen metabolism of soybean.

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Regulation on Antioxidant Defense System in Rice Seedlings (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. ‘Pathumthani 1’) Under Salt Stress by Paclobutrazol Foliar Application

Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca ◽

10.15835/nbha47111282 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 368-377

Author(s):

Bundit KHUNPON ◽

Suriyan CHA-UM ◽

Bualuang FAIYUE ◽

Jamnong UTHAIBUTRA ◽

Kobkiat SAENGNIL

Keyword(s):

Reactive Oxygen Species ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Reactive Oxygen ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Oxygen Species ◽

Rice Seedlings

The present study investigated the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) foliar application on oxidative metabolism in salt-stressed rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘Pathumthani 1’; PTT1) seedlings. Fourteen-days-old rice seedlings, grown in the pots were pretreated with 15 mg L-1 paclobutrazol supplied as foliar spray. One week after pretreatment, the rice seedlings were exposed to salt stress (150 mM NaCl) for 12 days. It was observed that salinity enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radical (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH·). It also increased reactive oxygen species-associated oxidative damage, measured in terms of lipoxygenase activity, conjugated dienes, malondialdehyde content and relative electrolyte leakage. Increase in these parameters was associated with the decrease in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT)] and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants [ascorbic acid (AsA), total glutathione and α-tocopherol contents). Pretreatment of seedlings with paclobutrazol significantly lowered reactive oxygen species accumulation and membrane damage (p < 0.05), which can be correlated with the increased antioxidant activity (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic traits) under salt stress. The study concluded that paclobutrazol-treatment up-regulates the antioxidant defense system and recuperates the salt-induced oxidative damage in ‘Pathumthani 1’ rice seedlings under salt stress.

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In-vitro PHYSIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF Viola odorata PLANT TO COMBINED SALT AND DROUGHT STRESS

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus ◽

10.24326/asphc.2020.4.5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

Seyedeh Nastaran Hosseini Darvishani ◽

Esmaeil Chamani ◽

Vali Ollah Ghasemi Omran ◽

Behrouz Esmaeilpour ◽

Yasser Yaghoubian

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Culture Media ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Antioxidant Defense System ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Viola Odorata ◽

Medical Plant

Nowadays sweet violet (Viola odorata) is an ornamental-medical plant that considered as endangered and threatened species. On the other hand, biotic and abiotic stresses impose a major threat to agriculture. Here, we investigated the effects of salinity and drought stresses, based on polyethylene glycol (PEG; 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 4%) and NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM), on growth characteristics, physiological parameters and antioxidant defense system of sweet violet under in-vitro conditions. The influences of NaCl and PEG gradients in the culture media on plant height, green leaf percentage, root dry weight (DW), and electrolyte leakage (EL) was described by a linear or quadratic model. All measured parameters (except EL) decreased when NaCl or PEG concentration increased. In contrast, EL increased other traits. Moreover, with increasing in salinity and drought severity, shoot DW decreased, while antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and proline content increased. However, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC), at all drought levels, increased with increasing NaCl concentration up to 50 or 100 mM, and then decreased. Most variations in the shoot DW, CAT activity, proline and TSC contents due to salt stress occurred at low concentration of PEG. Overall, our findings highlight that the effect of combined drought and salt stress was more severe. However, the sensitivity of the plant to drought or salinity stress was higher in the absence of other stress.

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Salinity Tolerance of Black Gram Cultivars During Germination and Early Seedling Growth

Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova ◽

10.2478/cerce-2018-0025 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 51-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.K. Hasan ◽

M.S. Islam ◽

M.R. Islam ◽

H.N. Ismaan ◽

A. El Sabagh

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Salinity Tolerance ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Black Gram

Abstract A laboratory experiment regarding germination and seedling growth test was conducted with three black gram genotypes tested under three salinity levels (0, 75 and 150 mM), for 10 days, in sand culture within small plastic pot, to investigate the germination and seedling growth characteristics. Different germination traits of all black gram genotypes, like germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) greatly reduced, as well as mean germination time (MGT) increased with increasing salt stress. At high salt stress, BARI Mash-3 provided the highest GP reduction (28.58%), while the lowest was recorded (15.79% to control) in BARI Mash-1. Salinity have the negative impact on shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights. The highest (50.32% to control) and lowest reduction (36.39%) of shoot length were recorded in BARI Mash-2 and BARI Mash-1, respectively, under 150 mM NaCl saline conditions. There were significant reduction of root lengths, root fresh and dry weight, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight in all genotypes under saline condition. The genotypes were arranged as BARI Mash-1 > BARI Mash-3 > BARI Mash-2, with respect to salinity tolerance.

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