Fishery Joint Ventures in Developing Countries

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2328-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Honda
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Excessive Competition ◽  
Trawl Fishing ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Storage

To an increasing degree joint ventures are being used to assist developing nations to make better use of the fishery resources in their own waters or adjacent thereof. Japan has been active in this field, providing technical assistance, equipment, training, and fellowships. The Japanese fishing industry has also provided capital and skills.The first Japanese fisheries joint venture was established in 1953 and the system has grown rapidly since; by March 1972 there were 38 countries involved, with 77 enterprises and a capital investment of $25 million. Most joint ventures have been established in Asia and Oceania; Africa has shown the greatest increase in recent years. Most enterprises are for fishing activities, especially trawl fishing for shrimp; the others are for cold storage, fish processing, and aquaculture.About 46% of joint venture enterprises are owned mostly by Japan, but increasingly the local country has an equal or larger share. Most land-based employees are of the local country, but over half the fishermen are Japanese; this reflects the difficulty of obtaining enough skilled local fishermen. One task of the ventures should be to train such men.Successful joint ventures require the following: The national interest of the recipient country should be kept fully in mind; Recipient countries should take the steps necessary for resource conservation, for prevention of conflicts on the fishing grounds, and for avoiding excessive competition; Fisheries require complex infrastructures, including harbors and supply and storage facilities, which cannot be supplied by commercial enterprises. Arrangements should be made by the recipient country to provide these, by the government or through bilateral or multilateral assistance; and Recipient governments should fully appreciate the characteristics and risks of fishery ventures, and take a long view of development. They should recognize the need for exploratory and experimental fishing, and give favorable treatment regarding taxation, employment, import of fishing materials, and remittance of foreign exchange.

Agreeing to disagree: structuring future capital investment provisions in joint ventures

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Edgar Elliott ◽  
Lois D’Costa ◽  
James Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Agreeing To Disagree ◽  
Structural Work ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Contractual Structures

Abstract Prior to entering into any joint venture agreement (JVA), dealmakers should be aware of the options available to resolve future investment disagreements. There are three broad capital investment structures commonly found in joint ventures: (i) standard passmark rules; (ii) non-consent/opt-out; and (iii) sole risk. Within each category, deal practitioners have numerous options to tailor capital investment structures. As much as possible, deal practitioners should contemplate the most likely areas of disagreement, and then tailor the capital investment structures appropriately to ensure that the joint ventures (JV) can manage capital investment decisions in an efficient, value-preserving way. While it is impossible to establish a formula to determine which specific contractual structures will best accommodate future capital investments in a given JV, companies should weigh various factors to inform their position. We reviewed 40 JVAs to understand various capital investment mechanics and how they differ based on the nature of the venture and owner context. Our research found an extremely diverse array of creative structural work-arounds to address different owner appetites to make future capital investments. The purpose of this article is to describe, illustrate and provide benchmarks on different mechanics and contractual terms found in joint venture agreements, and to offer guidance as to which future capital investment mechanics should be included in venture agreements.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Joint Ventures in Property Development in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyewale Oyedeji
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Government Financing ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Government

Joint venture is a new financing model adopted in property development. However, there is little or no research in evaluating the model which this study aimed at achieving. The study populations are the members of Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria in Lagos. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires administered to the study population. Gathered data were presented and analyzed through tables, chats and likert scales. Findings from the study revealed that residential property is the class of property mostly developed through joint venture in the study area. Also, the most prevalent parties that go into a joint venture agreement in the study area are; private property developer and financial institutions and the least prevalent are private property developers and the government. Financing is the most important term in a joint venture agreement in the study area and the least important term is acquisition of equipment. Finally, financing is the most prevalent problem of joint venture in the study area and breach of joint venture agreement is the least. Recommendations were made on how to solve joint ventures problems in property development. Also, there is need for further research on the nature of relationship between parties going into joint ventures.

Operations Research on the Female Village-Based Family Planning Worker Program of Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-305
Author(s):  
Louisiana Lush ◽  
George P. Cernada ◽  
A. K. Ubaidur Rob ◽  
Mohammed Shafiq Arif ◽  
Minhaj Ul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Operations Research ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Family Planning Services ◽  
Training And Supervision ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Training ◽  
Broad Program

This article presents the results of a number of operations research studies (OR) of family planning services provided by a new cadre of female village-based family planning workers in Punjab Province, Pakistan. This cadre of workers, recruited nationwide, have been trained to visit women in their villages to provide information and family planning services. The studies were conducted as part of a broad program of technical assistance to the Government of Pakistan. Surveys investigated the quality of their training as well as attitudes among clients to the new program. They found that the program is developing well but there is room for improvement, particularly in counseling and training. Additional field studies are ongoing and recommendations for change have been incorporated in training and supervision. The program is expanding on a national scale.

scholarly journals Infrastructure Joint Venture Projects in Malaysia: A Preliminary Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01020
Author(s):  
Norsyakilah Romeli ◽  
Faridah Muhamad Halil ◽  
Faridah Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Sufian Hasim
Keyword(s):  
Joint Venture ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
Construction Period ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Government

As many developed country practise, the function of the infrastructure is to connect the each region of Malaysia holistically and infrastructure is an investment network projects such as transportation water and sewerage, power, communication and irrigations system. Hence, a billions allocations of government income reserved for the sake of the infrastructure development. Towards a successful infrastructure development, a joint venture approach has been promotes by 2016 in one of the government thrust in Construction Industry Transformation Plan which encourage the internationalisation among contractors. However, there is depletion in information on the actual practise of the infrastructure joint venture projects in Malaysia. Therefore, this study attempt to explore the real application of the joint venture in Malaysian infrastructure projects. Using the questionnaire survey, a set of survey question distributed to the targeted respondents. The survey contained three section which the sections are respondent details, organizations background and project capital in infrastructure joint venture project. The results recorded and analyse using SPSS software. The contractors stated that they have implemented the joint venture practice with mostly the client with the usual construction period of the infrastructure project are more than 5 years. Other than that, the study indicates that there are problems in the joint venture project in the perspective of the project capital and the railway infrastructure should be given a highlights in future study due to its high significant in term of cost and technical issues.

International Labor Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-318
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Labor Organization ◽  
International Labor Organization ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
International Labor

The seventh session of the International Labor Organization (ILO) Asian Advisory Committee was held in Geneva on November 7 and 8, 1955, under the chairmanship of Mr. Maung Maung (government member, Burma). The session was attended by eight government members, four employers' members, and three workers' members, and by observers from the UN and the Food and Agriculture Organization. The Committee agreed that increased credit facilities for agriculture in Asia would contribute to social and economic progress in the region and might also help to increase the volume of international trade; there was need for wide and repid international action to deal with the problem, and it was suggested that the provision of such credit might be assisted through expended activities on the part of existing international financial agencies. The Committee endorsed a resolution adopted at the fifth session of the Permanent Agricultural Committee concerning the scope and nature of ILO contributies to international programs of action for community organization and development, emphasizing that the ILO should take an active part in conferences, seminars and study groups as well as in technical assistance projects designed to promote community development, and should stress the community development approach within its own program of work. In considering ways of accelerating economic development in Asian countries, the Committee emphasized the need for increased capital investment by countries with capital surpluses, so as to ensure that an increase in the rate of capital formation did not encroach on the level of current consumption.

Sustainability of Microbusinesses and Success of Microfinance

Paradigm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Aradhana Chouksey ◽  
Yamini Karmarkar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
Training Need ◽  
Funding Resource ◽  
Selection Of

Emergence of microfinance facilities has raised self-employment opportunities for the disadvantaged group. There are many small and micro entrepreneurs who have started their business with funding support from microfinance agencies. Though this increased funding resource has increased the number of businesses that are started by entrepreneurs in rural areas, another important fact is that all these new businesses are not necessarily successful. In Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh (MP), only 20 per cent of businesses funded by microfinance agencies are profitable. There are multiple reasons behind this lack of success of microenterprises. There are paucity of information in selection of right opportunity, absence of technical assistance, lack of business knowledge and marketing and finance skills, which are few of them. This is an alarming sign for funding agencies as higher failure rate of microenterprises bound to jeopardize, the sustainability of the microfinance in long term and retard the development of region. This research conducted on microenterprises of Malwa region of MP tries to identify the specific training needs of microfinance clients. Further, this research tries to evaluate empirically what are the potential and sustainable microbusiness opportunities, which can be started and run by people of disadvantage groups. Empirical findings through a survey designed on a sample of 54 microenterprises of eight villages of Malwa region show that any microbusiness having higher ratio of working capital to fixed capital investment are successful in Malwa region. Also, it is found that the most important training need of these enterprises is in the field of ‘managing finance’ for small business.

Gender- and Poor-inclusive Community-managed Sanitation and Hygiene in Urban Indonesia

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mozar ◽  
C. Sijbesma
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
The Government

The Government of Indonesia executed the Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP, April 2006 - January 2010), with financial support from the Governments of the Netherlands and Sweden, as well as management support from the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The program assisted a dozen cities to improve sanitation in a wider sense. It covered safe disposal of human excreta and waste water, local drainage, solid waste management and promotion of hygienic practices. The program was demand-based: the cities brought in their own human and financial resources, but got technical assistance for sanitation situation assessments and mapping, sanitation strategy and program development, and finding additional resources for increased implementation. The program had three major thrusts: (1) develop an enabling sanitation environment, (2) raise sanitation awareness and promote good hygiene, and (3) build city sanitation planning capacities and develop city sanitation strategies. The promotion component included development of poor-inclusive sanitation intervention, assisting men, women and children in the poorest neighborhoods to strengthen good and improve bad sanitation and hygiene conditions and practices. Community empowerment is important in urban sanitation development, but at the same time, requires that the social and technical institutions in charge of empowerment and sanitation adopt new skills and techniques for working with communities. Without the right skills to assist the communities, build their skills, and provide some minimal monitoring of performance afterwards, there is a risk of over-expecting what a community can manage. Community empowerment with gender- and poor-inclusive approaches must be integrated into all stages of urban sanitation development, i.e. (1) the organizational development, (2) review of related existing projects and services, (3) formulation of an overall city sanitation strategy and program, and (4) local project planning. Equitably attention for gender and poor is part of the overall organization, strategy formulation, local action planning, program and projects development and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of outputs, outcomes and impacts.

Proton: Its rise, Fall, and Future Prospects

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 347-377
Author(s):  
Jane Terpstra Tong ◽  
Robert H. Terpstra ◽  
Ngat Chin Lim
Keyword(s):  
Joint Venture ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Business Decisions ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Social Agenda ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Economic Development Model

This case focuses on the challenges faced by a Malaysian state-owned automobile manufacturer, Proton. In so doing, it exemplifies the political context in which businesses, both domestic and foreign, operate in Malaysia. What makes Proton unique is its origin as the brainchild of Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohammad, Malaysia's fourth Prime Minister. Mahathir was one of the longest-serving leaders in Asia when he resigned in 2003. Over his 22-year reign, Mahathir and his government made several fundamental changes to Malaysia's institutions and his legacy is still reflected in the current social, political and economic institutions. One of the more controversial economic programs he championed was the National Car Project, under which Proton was established. When Mahathir decided to industrialise Malaysia's economy, he did not look to the west for direction, but instead turned to the east — Japan. He adopted the Japanese economic development model that emphasises hands-on government involvement in the economy. To form Proton, he selected Japanese Mitsubishi Motors as the joint venture partner and within two years Proton was rolling out its own vehicles, which in effect were the “rebadged” version of Mitsubishi's Lancer. To ensure there were customers for Proton vehicles, the government raised import tariffs, making it very expensive to buy foreign imports. It also made Proton the official supplier for almost all government passenger vehicles. Under the protection policies of Mahathir, Proton grew to dominate the domestic market. However, it was unable to succeed in obtaining the desired technology from its Japanese partner, or in developing the ability to survive independently and compete effectively, especially in the international market. Part of Proton's weakness stemmed from its social agenda, which favoured bumiputera suppliers, even at the expense of cost and quality efficiency. Proton therefore serves as a good example to illustrate what can happen to a business when it is over-protected, and when business decisions are not made on merit-based principles. Proton's weaknesses were further exposed when the government allowed the establishment of a second national automaker, Perodua, in 1993. The recent free-trade policies adopted by the ASEAN countries, and also by China and India, have put even more pressure on Proton to transform. But the question is how?

scholarly journals Modern ethical, legal and institutional framework of biomedical cell technologies development in the People’s Republic of China

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
G N Kuz’menko ◽  
O F Lobazova ◽  
O A Evreeva
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Party Government ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Cell Technologies ◽  
Business Component ◽  
Chinese Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Storage

New Chinese medicine democracy almost did not affect the traditional bases of the medical code, a certain pragmatism in relation to the moral component was preserved in it. Interest in the individual’s health was originally inscribed in the worldview code of the Chinese nation, which understands the best way of a living being existence as a harmony of the natural elements, energy states in it. General pantheistic basis, hidden or explicit anthropological naturalism of religious and philosophical views, which are traditional for China, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism form had a corresponding impact on medical ethics. Millennium beginning was expressed in the focusing of the government attention on the ethical and legal support of biotechnologies, in particular biomedical cell technologies. Government set targets to accelerate the implementation of the governmental scientific and technological specific projects in innovation areas. As a result of special solutions development by the China’s Communist Party, government emphasized the formation of developed system of «high technology zones», including biotechnoparks. Strict regulatory requirements for production, storage and use of stem cells different types, which have been adopted by the government of the People’s Republic of China in recent years, objectively allow China to sell products and services in the field of cell technology not only domestically but also abroad. If the business component of those services types, which are currently formed in the Chinese industry of biomedical cell technologies, are considered, three models can be distinguished: the first model is related to stem cells collection and storage; the second model includes stem cells production and research; the third business model - enterprises directly engaged with stem cell transplantation.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Official Development Assistance Jepang terhadap Negara Resipien

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Sarah Anabarja
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Official Development Assistance ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Export Credit

Japan has been well-known due to its advanced technology innovation particularly in the field of industrial technology. Some Japanese manufactures that based on technological development have become the main supplier of high-technology goods in many countries in the world most importantly in Asia. Since 1970s, Japan government has implemented its foreign assistance called Official Development Assistance (ODA) to developing countries including Indonesia. Japan has assisted the developing countries through its export-credit program. This paper will discuss the effectiveness of ODA and its implementation. In the first part of this paper, it will elaborate the history and structure of Japan’s ODA. In the next part, it will also explain the successful achievement of this program. Besides, it will also examine whether or not the implementation of this assistance has effectively reached its target and goals. The understanding of essential component of development strategy to increase the ODA’s effectiveness is related with the usage of that assistance in the recipient country. This perception is in line with Kevin Morrison (2000) saying the four elements of foreign assistance’s effectiveness particularly the technical assistance of Japan.

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