A New Formula for Population-Based Estimation of Whole Body Muscle Mass in Males

1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm B. Doupe ◽  
Alan D. Martin ◽  
Mark S. Searle ◽  
Dean J. Kriellaars ◽  
Gordon G. Giesbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Male Cadaver ◽  
Group A ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Group B ◽  
New Formula

A new equation to estimate muscle mass in males was developed using parameters common to the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey and the male cadaver data of Martin et al. (1990b). The cadavers (N = 12) were randomly divided into two groups. The equation was developed on cadaver Group A and then validated on Group B. Once the equation with the most suitable variables was validated on Group B, it was redeveloped on combined data from Groups A and B. The final equation is as follows: muscle mass (gm) = Ht (0.031MUThG2 + 0.064CCG2 + 0.089CAG2) −3.006; adjusted R2 = .96, SEE = 1,488 gm, F = 87.5, p = .0001. Variables (in cm) were Ht, height; MUThG, modified upper thigh girth; CCG, corrected calf girth; and CAG, corrected arm girth. The predictive ability of this equation was comparable to the original equation of Martin et al. (1990b) and can be a valuable tool for muscle mass estimation of male subjects in the 1981 Canada Fitness Survey. Key words: equation, estimation, body composition, body fat, fat free mass, lean body mass, Canada Fitness Survey

scholarly journals A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Resistance Training on Whole-Body Muscle Growth in Healthy Adult Males

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro J. Benito ◽  
Rocío Cupeiro ◽  
Domingo J. Ramos-Campo ◽  
Pedro E. Alcaraz ◽  
Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Significant Variable

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study all published clinical trial interventions, determined the magnitude of whole-body hypertrophy in humans (healthy males) and observed the individual responsibility of each variable in muscle growth after resistance training (RT). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 10 May 2018 for original articles assessing the effects of RT on muscle size after interventions of more than 2 weeks of duration. Specifically, we obtain the variables fat-free mass (FMM), lean muscle mass (LMM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The effects on outcomes were expressed as mean differences (MD) and a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regressions determined covariates (age, weight, height, durations in weeks…) to explore the moderate effect related to the participants and characteristics of training. One hundred and eleven studies (158 groups, 1927 participants) reported on the effects of RT for muscle mass. RT significantly increased muscle mass (FFM+LMM+SMM; Δ1.53 kg; 95% CI [1.30, 1.76], p < 0.001; I2 = 0%, p = 1.00). Considering the overall effects of the meta-regression, and taking into account the participants’ characteristics, none of the studied covariates explained any effect on changes in muscle mass. Regarding the training characteristics, the only significant variable that explained the variance of the hypertrophy was the sets per workout, showing a significant negative interaction (MD; estimate: 1.85, 95% CI [1.45, 2.25], p < 0.001; moderator: -0.03 95% CI [−0.05, −0.001] p = 0.04). In conclusion, RT has a significant effect on the improvement of hypertrophy (~1.5 kg). The excessive sets per workout affects negatively the muscle mass gain.

scholarly journals Activin-type II receptor B (ACVR2B) and follistatin haplotype associations with muscle mass and strength in humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 2142-2148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Walsh ◽  
E. Jeffrey Metter ◽  
Luigi Ferrucci ◽  
Stephen M. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Haplotype Structure ◽  
Type Ii

Genetic variation in myostatin, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle, in cattle has shown remarkable influence on skeletal muscle, resulting in a double-muscled phenotype in certain breeds; however, DNA sequence variation within this gene in humans has not been consistently associated with skeletal muscle mass or strength. Follistatin and activin-type II receptor B ( ACVR2B) are two myostatin-related genes involved in the regulation and signaling of myostatin. We sought to identify associations between genetic variation and haplotype structure in both follistatin and ACVR2B with skeletal muscle-related phenotypes. Three hundred fifteen men and 278 women aged 19–90 yr from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were genotyped to determine respective haplotype groupings (Hap Groups) based on HapMap data. Whole body soft tissue composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quadriceps peak torque (strength) was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer. Women carriers of ACVR2B Hap Group 1 exhibited significantly less quadriceps muscle strength (shortening phase) than women homozygous for Hap Group 2 (109.2 ± 1.9 vs. 118.6 ± 4.1 N·m, 30°/s, respectively, P = 0.036). No significant association was observed in men. Male carriers of follistatin Hap Group 3 exhibited significantly less total leg fat-free mass than noncarriers (16.6 ± 0.3 vs. 17.5 ± 0.2 kg, respectively, P = 0.012). No significant associations between these haplotype groups were observed in women. These results indicate that haplotype structure at the ACVR2B and follistatin loci may contribute to interindividual variation in skeletal muscle mass and strength, although these data indicate sex-specific relationships.

Whole Body Protein Turnover in Chronically Undernourished Individuals

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Soares ◽  
L. S. Piers ◽  
P. S. Shetty ◽  
A. A. Jackson ◽  
J. C. Waterlow
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Chronic Undernutrition

1. Two groups of adult men were studied in Bangalore, India, under identical conditions: the ‘normal weight’ subjects (mean body mass index 20.8 kg/m2) were medical students of the institute with access to habitual energy and protein intakes ad libitum. The other group, designated ‘undernourished’, were labourers on daily wages (mean body mass index 16.7 kg/m2). 2. In an earlier study we obtained lower absolute values for both basal metabolic rate and protein synthesis in the undernourished subjects; however, when the data were expressed on a body weight or fat-free mass basis, a trend towards higher rates of protein synthesis, as well as higher basal metabolic rate, was evident. The suggestion was made that such results reflected the relatively higher energy intakes per kg body weight of the undernourished subjects on the day of study. The objective of the present study was therefore to control for the dietary intake during the measurement of whole body protein turnover. 3. In the present study dietary intakes were equated on a body weight basis; however, expressed per kg fat-free mass, the normal weight subjects had received marginally higher intakes of energy and protein. The results, however, were similar to those of the previous study. In absolute terms, basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis and breakdown were lower in the undernourished subjects. When expressed per kg body weight or per kg fat-free mass, the undernourished subjects had higher basal metabolic rates than the well-nourished subjects, whereas no differences were seen in the rate of protein synthesis or breakdown. 4. Estimates of muscle mass, based on creatinine excretion, indicated that the undernourished subjects had a higher proportion of non-muscle to muscle mass. Nitrogen flux (Q) was determined from 15N abundance in two end products, urea (Qu) and ammonia (Qa). The ratio Qu/Qa was increased in the undernourished subjects and was significantly correlated with the ratio of non-muscle to muscle mass (r = 0.81; P < 0.005). These results fit in with our earlier suggestion of a greater proportion of non-muscle (visceral) mass in undernourished subjects. 5. The present data suggest that there are no changes in the rate of protein synthesis or breakdown in chronic undernutrition when results are expressed, conventionally, per kg fat-free mass. It can be theoretically shown, however, that there could be a 15% reduction in the rate of turnover of the visceral tissues in chronic undernutrition. This, together with the reduced urinary nitrogen excretion, would contribute to nitrogen economy in these individuals.

scholarly journals Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation on function, muscle mass, strength, social participation, and falls-efficacy in older people: A randomized trial protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245809
Author(s):  
Túlio Medina Dutra de Oliveira ◽  
Diogo Carvalho Felício ◽  
José Elias Filho ◽  
João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan ◽  
Diogo Simões Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical Limitations

Background Resistance training has a positive impact on functional capacity and muscle mass in the elderly. However, due to physical limitations or a simple aversion against regular exercise, a majority of the elderly do not reach the recommended exercise doses. This led us to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a novel, time-efficient, and smooth training technology on physical function, fat-free mass, strength, falls-efficacy, and social participation of the elderly. Methods The present study is a randomized, parallel group clinical trial approved by the Ethics Committee of our Institution. Sixty-six volunteers (age ≥ 60 years) will be recruited from the geriatric outpatient department in a tertiary hospital and primary care units and randomized into two groups: WB-EMS group or active control group (aCG). The WB-EMS or aCG protocol will consist of 16 sessions for 8 consecutive weeks, twice per week. The primary outcomes will be maximal isometric knee extension (IKE), functional lower extremity strength, fat-free mass, gait speed, and risk of falls measured before and after intervention. The secondary outcomes will be social participation and falls-efficacy assessed before and after the intervention and at three and six months of follow-up. Participant’s satisfaction with and awareness of electrical stimulation therapy will also be assessed immediately after the 8-week intervention. Discussion Patients receiving WB-EMS exercises are believed to have better outcomes than those receiving conventional, more time-consuming resistance exercises. Hence, innovative, time-efficient, joint-friendly, and highly individualized exercise technologies (such as WB-EMS) may be a good choice for the elderly with time constraints, physical limitations, or little enthusiasm, who are exercising less than the recommended amounts for impact on muscle mass, strength, and function.

scholarly journals Application of Multifunctional Intelligent Suspension Treatment Beds in Nursing Care of Patients with Extensive Burns

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fangyan Chen ◽  
Liwen Xu ◽  
Guozhong Lv ◽  
Yugang Zhu ◽  
Jiang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Care ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Psychological Care ◽  
Electrolyte Disorder ◽  
Peace Of Mind ◽  
Bed Temperature ◽  
Plasma Electrolytes ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Extensive Burns

The nursing care of patients with extensive burns by using multifunctional intelligent suspension treatment beds was studied. 40 patients, including 30 males and 10 females, with extensive burns were nursed using multifunctional intelligent suspension treatment beds. First of all, the patients were given psychological care, which was patiently explained, so that they can overcome their fears and be treated with peace of mind. Second, the room temperature and bed temperature were closely monitored. Finally, special attention was paid to the adjustment of rehydration volume, regular detection of plasma electrolytes, prevention of electrolyte disorder, and dehydration. Besides, disinfection and isolation should be performed when using. The results showed that 4 cases (20%) were positive in group A and 8 cases (40%) were positive in group B on the 10th day after injury X 2 = 4.005 , and the incidence of wound infection in group A was significantly lower than that in group B. The use of suspension beds in patients with extensive burns makes them safe and comfortable, and the whole body wound scabs healed faster, as well as the infection was minimized. A suspended bed is especially suitable for the clinical treatment of patients with extensive burns. The advantages of suspended bed can be fully realized by summarizing clinical experience.

Whole Body Fat Free Mass and Vo2peak in Recreationally Active Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-105
Author(s):  
Charles Paul Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Hydrostatic Weighing ◽  
Verification Test ◽  
Oxygen Difference

BACKGROUND: Vo2peak has traditionally been thought to be regulated by cardiac output and arteriovenous-oxygen difference. A “muscle-centric” view suggests the cardiovascular system is secondarily responsive to the primary driver: active muscle mass.METHODS: A total of 19 recreationally active men (N = 10) and women (N = 9) performed a Vo2peak test, a Vo2peak verification test on an electrically braked cycle ergometer on the same day, and a hydrostatic weighing test to assess fat free mass after providing written informed consent.RESULTS: Vo2peak was significantly higher in men (3.74 ± 0.6 L · min−1) than women (2.22 ± 0.30 L · min−1). Whole body fat free mass explained 91% of the variability in Vo2peak (R2 = 0.91) in the men and women combined, 81% of the variability in Vo2peak in men alone, and 46% of the variability in Vo2peak in women alone. None of these subjects were highly trained.DISCUSSION: Fat free mass, a surrogate for muscle mass, was the primary predictor of Vo2peak in this group of recreationally active men and women. Therefore, it appears that whole body fat free mass (a surrogate for muscle mass) is the primary driver for Vo2peak in these recreationally active men and women. These data have implications as to the type of training NASA personnel should be undertaking: resistance training as opposed to aerobic training.Lambert CP. Whole body fat free mass and Vo2peak in recreationally active men and women. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):102–105.

scholarly journals Impact of Stopping Trastuzumab in Early Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study in Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (12) ◽  
pp. 1222-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira Rushton ◽  
Isac Lima ◽  
Meltem Tuna ◽  
Chris Johnson ◽  
Josee Ivars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cardiac Imaging ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
Adjuvant Trastuzumab ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Abstract Background Adjuvant trastuzumab for early-stage (I-III) HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) has led to statistically significant improvement in cancer outcomes but carries a risk of cardiotoxicity. Trastuzumab is discontinued early in many patients for asymptomatic changes in left ventricular ejection fraction. We evaluated the impact of early discontinuation of trastuzumab on cancer outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based cohort study of early BC patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab in Ontario, Canada, 2007-2016. Four groups were analyzed: group A was full treatment, 17-18 cycles trastuzumab; group B was cardiac event (CE) within treatment period; group C was ≤16 cycles, no CEs, stopped within 30 days from last cardiac imaging; and group D was ≤16 cycles, no CEs, stopped more than 30 days from cardiac imaging. Primary outcome was disease-free survival (DFS); secondary outcomes were: overall survival, cancer-specific mortality, and cardiovascular mortality. Sensitivity analyses were performed 14 months after cycle 1 trastuzumab to control for early relapse. Results A total of 5547 patients met the inclusion criteria: group A = 3921, group B = 309, group C = 362, and group D = 955. The 5-year DFS was 94.1% in group A, 80.1% in group B, 81.4% in group C, and 82.4% in group D. Using a Cox model, the hazard ratio for 5-year DFS was 3.15 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.13 to 4.65) for group B, 1.94 (95% CI = 1.30 to 2.89) for group C, and 1.92 (95% CI = 1.46 to 2.53) for group D. Overall, 26 patients (0.5%) died of cardiac causes. Conclusions BC patients in Ontario who did not complete adjuvant trastuzumab had a statistically significantly higher risk of BC relapse and death and low incidence of cardiac death. These findings support 1 year of adjuvant trastuzumab in early-stage BC.

A population-based study evaluating metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) patients treated with interferon (IFN) alone, first-line IFN then second-line sunitinib, or sunitinib alone

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15572-15572 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Kollmannsberger ◽  
D. Y. Heng ◽  
N. Murray ◽  
K. N. Chi
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Second Line ◽  
First Line ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

15572 Background: Previously, immunotherapy agents such as IFN were the only treatments available for mRCC. Sunitinib has demonstrated prolonged progression free survival in a phase III trial but overall survival benefit has yet to be determined and few patients (pts) with poor MSKCC prognostic profiles were included. Methods: The province-wide BC Cancer Agency Registry was cross-referenced to the central pharmacy database to identify all pts with the diagnosis of mRCC who were treated with IFN and/or sunitinib. Sunitinib became available after October 2005 under an expanded access program or as standard treatment. Three groups of pts were identified: Group A consisted of pts who received IFN alone between January 2003 to October 2005, Group B was all pts who progressed on first-line IFN after October 2005 and subsequently were treated with second-line sunitinib and Group C was all pts treated with first-line sunitinib. Baseline characteristics and overall survival were collected on all patients. Results: A total of 75 patients were identified with 36 patients in Group A, 23 patients in Group B, and 16 patients in Group C. Data are reported from the initiation of IFN in Group A and the initiation of sunitinib in Groups B and C. Median follow-up was 6.0 months in group A, 7.6 months in group B, and 6.2 months in group C. Median age of treatment initiation (62y vs. 60y vs. 62y), number of metastatic sites (>1 site in 63% vs. 61% vs. 56%), and Karnofsky performance status (79 vs. 86 vs. 81) were similar between groups A, B and C, respectively. The MSKCC prognostic profiles were favorable, intermediate and poor in 26%, 51% and 23% in group A, 17%, 65% and 17% in group B and 31%, 38% and 31% in group C, respectively. The estimated 6-month overall survival in groups A, B and C was 56%, 72% and 100%, respectively (log rank A vs C p=0.009; log rank B vs C p=0.042). Conclusion: With the limitations of retrospective analysis and preliminary follow-up, the introduction of sunitinib as standard treatment into the general population of patients with mRCC appears to be associated with a longer overall survival compared to patients treated with IFN alone. Population-based analysis on the impact of the introduction of sunitinib therapy is ongoing. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The impact of muscle mass loss after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer on prognosis.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
Yota Shimoda ◽  
Takashi Ogata ◽  
Shinsuke Nagasawa ◽  
Yuta Kumazu ◽  
Tsutomu Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Complication Rate ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Group A ◽  
Muscle Mass Loss ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

107 Background: Several reports revealed that preoperative presence of sarcopenia was related with poor prognosis for esophageal cancer. However, the influence of muscle mass loss during perioperative period on prognosis is unknown. The alternation of muscle mass during perioperative period is attractive topic as surgeon have chance to intervene for maintaining muscle mass in perioperative care. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of loss of muscle after esophagectomy to discharge on prognosis. Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 150 consecutive patients with esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer, who underwent the open right thoraco−abdominal approach esophagectomy, pathologically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, between September 2011 and June 2015. Patients who had pathologically diagnosed as T4 or stageⅣ according to the UICC 7th edition TNM classification were excluded. This study investigated the influence of muscle mass loss after esophagectomy to discharge on prognosis. Body composition was analyzed using the Tanita MC−190EM bioelectrical impedance analyzer, evaluated within 1 week before surgery and at discharge. The primary end−point is over−all survival after esophagectomy. Results: The median % muscle mass loss was 4.38% (range −3.3 to +18.8). Patients were divided into two groups based on the % muscle mass loss by cut−off 4.38 (group A: less % muscle mass loss, group B: more % muscle mass loss). N stage (0/1/2/3) was 39/28/6/2 in group A, and 26/23/19/7 in group B. The rate of 2/3 was significantly higher in group B. Postoperative complication rate was 31% (23/75) in group A, and 48% (36/75) in group B. The complication rate was significantly higher in group B. The 3−years survival rate was 89.2% in group A, and 70.9% in group B. Group B was significantly worse for over−all survival than group A (p = 0.033). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the patients who had % muscle mass loss over 4.38 (p = 0.045; HR 2.008; HR 95% CI 1.014−3.977), T2/3 (p = 0.001; HR 3.649; HR 95% CI 1.660−8.019) associated with worse over−all survival. Conclusions: Our study found correlation between loss of muscle after esophagectomy to discharge and worse outcomes.

Regulations of Free Fatty Acids and Diabetic Parameters in Drug Naïve Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Canagliflozin Monotherapy

Drug Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiji Kutoh ◽  
Alexandra N. Kuto ◽  
Askuka Wada ◽  
Rumi Kurihara ◽  
Rina Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Beta Cell Function ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Group A ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Group B

AbstractThe objective of this study is to investigate the regulations of FFA with canagliflozin in relation to metabolic parameters. Drug naïve subjects with T2DM were administered 50–100 mg/day canagliflozin monotherapy (n=70) for 3 months. Significant correlations between the changes of (Δ) FFA and Δadipo-IR (R=0.496), but no correlations between ΔFFA and ΔHOMA-R were observed. The subjects were divided into three groups with similar numbers according to Δ FFA: group A: highest tertile: (ΔFFA=38.7%, n=23); group B: intermediate tertile: (ΔFFA=2%, n=23); group C: lowest tertile: (ΔFFA=−36%, n=24). Metabolic parameters were compared between group A and group C. At baseline, FFA was higher in group C than group A (p<0.002). Greater degrees of HbA1c reduction and increases of insulin were observed in group C than group A (both p<0.05). In group A, significant reductions of BMI (−2.6%) and HOMA-R (−30%) were seen. In group C, significant reductions of non-HDL-C (−6.2%), UA (−7.6%) or adipo-IR (−28.7%), and increases of HOMA-B (+85.6%) were observed. Taken together, 1) certain population treated with canagliflozin showed decreased FFA. 2) beta-cell function increased while atherogenic cholesterol, UA and adipo-IR decreased in those with reduced FFA. Better glycemic efficacies were seen in these populations. 3) body weight and whole body insulin resistance (HOMA-R) significantly decreased in those with elevated FFA. 4) FFA is linked to adipose insulin resistance (adipo-IR), while it does not appear to impact whole body insulin resistance (HOMA-R).

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