A new method for evaluating decay: the effect of oxygen on Polyporuscompactus in red oak

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1021-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hall ◽  
Curt Leben
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

The effects of oxygen decay (weight loss) incited by Polyporuscompactus Overh. was studied using small fresh and dried wood blocks containing both sapwood and heartwood of similar radial position and age. A manifold was used to deliver hydrated gas mixtures of 1.0, 4.2, or 21% (ambient air) oxygen at constant pressure and continuous flow to jars containing inoculated or noninoculated blocks. Means (P = 0.05) for dry weight losses in inoculated blocks at 1.0, 4.2, and 21% oxygen were 3.3, 8.9, and 21.4%, respectively; losses may be comparable to decay by other white rot fungi using the soil-block procedure. Losses in noninoculated blocks at the above oxygen levels were 2.0, 4.6, and 7.0%, respectively. Differences in dry weight losses between fresh and dry blocks were found. In particular, losses in inoculated fresh blocks were significantly less than losses in inoculated dry blocks in ambient air. Native inhabitants occurring in fresh wood appear to interfere with the decay processes of P. compactus. Losses in noninoculated fresh blocks were significantly greater than in noninoculated dry blocks at 21% oxygen but not at 1.0 or 4.2% oxygen; losses were attributed to natural inhabitants in fresh wood.

Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the Thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Class 1

Abstract Softwoods (SW, spruce and fir) and hardwoods (HW, ash and beech) were thermally modified by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3–4 h in the temperature range 160–220°C (TMW160–220°C) and their fungal durability were examined in soil-block tests with two brown rot (BR, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata) fungi. SW-TMW160–220°C were exposed to P. placenta and P. sanguineus and HW-TMW190–220°C to all fungal species. Considerable improvement (durability class 1–3) in decay resistance was only achieved for SW- and HW-TMW220°C. Thermal modification (TM) below 200°C influenced decay resistance negatively in case of some fungal species applied for both SW and HW. Judged by the durability class, decay resistance was higher in HW- than in SW-TMW at high TM temperature. Behavior of TM differed significantly between ash (ring-porous HW) and beech (diffuse-porous HW). A comparison between results of soil- and agar-block tests on Termovouoto wood demonstrated that the influence of testing method in terms of assignment to durability classes is not significant.

scholarly journals Kalappia celebica, an endemic wood from Sulawesi Island: Chemical composition and its resistance against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012122
Author(s):  
Niken Pujirahayu ◽  
Asrianti Arif ◽  
Zakiah Uslinawaty ◽  
Nurhayati Hadjar Ibrahim ◽  
Waode Erniwati Bakara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Moisture Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract Kalapi wood (Kalappia celebica kosterm) is endemic to Sulawesi Island and is a monotype species in the Fabaceae family with limited distribution. This study investigates the chemical composition and natural durability of Kalapi (K. celebica Kosterm) wood against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium. This study was conducted based on the TAPPI standard for moisture analysis content, ASTM-D for extractive content, holocelluloce, and lignin, and method Cross and Bevan for cellulose. Durability observation was conducted in 12 weeks by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by the fungi according to SNI standards 01-7207-2014. Results show that K. celebica has holocelullose, cellulose, and extractives at a high level, lignin was moderate, and had low hemicellulose. The results of testing the durability of wood shown that K. celebica has resistance to G. tsugae attack (class II) but is not resistant to G. lucidium (class IV), with an average weight loss of 3.14 % and 18.82 %, respectively.

scholarly journals Performance of Ceriporiopsis sp. in the Treatment of Black Liquor Wastewater

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajeng Arum Sari
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Different Strains

High amounts of black liquor wastewater are generated from bioethanol production by using oil palm empty fruit bunches. It contains an alkaline solution (NaOH), so it is quite toxic for aquatic ecosystems if discharged directly into waters. Black liquor has been treated by coagulation method, and it still needs additional treatment. This study aimed to determine degradation of black liquor wastewater by selected white-rot fungi (WRF). Five different strains of WRF have been tested for their ability to decolorize black liquor on agar and liquid media. Out of five fungi studied, two fungi, Ceriporiopsis sp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, showed the capacity to grow more than 50% on agar medium. In liquid medium, the percentage of decolorization of 15,000 ppm coagulated and diluted black liquor ranged from 70 to 89% at 30 days depending on the fungal strain. Ceriporiopsis sp. showed the better ability to decolorize black liquor than P. chrysosporium. The performance of Ceriporiopsis sp was evaluated regarding decolorization of black liquor, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and mycelial dry weight both in coagulated black liquor and original black liquor. The color of original and coagulated black liquor can be decolorized up to 90.13 and 86.85%, respectively. COD in original and coagulated black liquor was reduced up to 70.17 and 40.09%, respectively. The presence of coagulant Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) inhibited degradation of black liquor by fungus. The result demonstrated that Ceriporiopsis sp has a potential alternative to treat black liquor wastewater. 

scholarly journals Removal of phenols-like substances in pharmaceutical wastewater with fungal bioreactors by adding Trametes versicolor

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bernats ◽  
T. Juhna
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Trametes Versicolor ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Pharmaceutical Wastewater ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Fungal Enzymes

Abstract Fungi are known to be more resistant to toxic compounds and more effective in removing recalcitrant organics such as phenols than bacteria. Here we examined the removal of phenols (as a component of Zopliclone drugs), added to non-sterile pharmaceutical wastewater with continuous treatment fungal bioreactor by its augmentation with mono-species of white-rot fungi (WRF) Trametes versicolor. Results showed that WRF in a sterile reactor (a batch mode) were moderately effective for removal of phenols (40% in seven days); however, native wastewater microbes at optimal conditions for fungi (pH 5.5, 25 °C) were more effective (90%, both in batch and continuous flow modes). In continuous flow mode, addition of WRF was an effective way to mitigate high loads of phenols (up to 400 mg/L), by both fungal enzymes (growth rate 0.075 h−1, laccase enzymatic activity 4 nkat/mL) and biosorption. The study confirmed that naturaly occuring fungi in combination with fungus-augmentation is an effective approach for treatment of high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater.

Regulation of Transpiration in the Clover Mite Bryobia Praetiosa Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-269
Author(s):  
PAUL W. WINSTON ◽  
V. EUGENE NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Total Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Face ◽  
Humidity Range

1. Groups of sixteen mites were starved for 48 hr. at 29% R.H. and then exposed for 18 or 24 hr. to one of nine humidities, from 0% to 93% R.H. They were weighed as groups before and after the treatments to determine total weight loss. Dry weights were also obtained to find water content and for the calculation of water and dry-weight losses. All work was done at 25° C. 2. Water loss, considered equivalent to total weight loss, was also obtained under several other conditions; and at all humidities it was found to be highest in mites killed in chloroform vapour while it was considerably less in those killed in HCN gas. Mites with spiracles kept open by air with 10% CO2 lost weight at rates midway between those for dead and those for living animals. 3. There is apparent regulation of body-water content as a percentage of the final weight over the whole humidity range. 4. Water loss is restricted by a CO2-sensitive mechanism, presumably the spiracles. 5. Active regulation of water loss by a cuticular mechanim was shown between 53% and 85% R.H., while at humidities below this, loss was actively restricted but not regulated. 6. It is postulated that both restriction and regulation are brought about by the same mechanism, which might be a form of active transport. 7. Uptake of water from unsaturated air was not found with any of the methods used. 8. Regulation such as was found here would help to maintain the internal environment of these mites as nearly constant as possible in the face of fluctuating humidities.

Can We Estimate the True Weight of Zooplankton Samples after Chemical Preservation?

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis A. Giguère ◽  
J.-F. St-Pierre ◽  
B. Bernier ◽  
A. Vézina ◽  
j.-G. Rondeau
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Weight Losses

Zooplankton are collected and sorted into two size fractions from which samples are randomly alloted to a battery of commonly used preservation techniques. We determine dry weight, ash content, and caloric content. We compute organic and inorganic losses of the samples to examine potential causes of variation in dry weight estimates. Treatments are: no preservation, preservation with one of three chemicals (75% ethanol, 5% or 10% buffered formaldehyde), preservation for 1 or 66 wk, and oven- or freeze-drying. Overall dry weight losses are independent of preservation methods. Chemical preservation reduces dry weight by 37 to 43%. Organic and inorganic losses range from 25 to 33% and 73 to 82%, respectively. Because inorganic losses are large, chemical preservation increases the caloric content of samples by 13 – 27%. Dry weight losses are somewhat size-dependent (37 versus 43% for the large and small size fraction respectively, after 66 wk of preservation). A regression of percent dry weight losses on body length (in millimetres) is obtained for our data, and published reports where formaldehyde is used as a preservative. It is: In[dry weight loss] = 4.149 − 0.576 length0.333. This relationship can be used to adjust the weight of zooplankton samples which have been preserved chemically. A survey of studies published in 1983 indicates that most authors did not adjust for dry weight losses due to preservation.

Decay of date palm wood by white-rot and brown-rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Adaskaveg ◽  
R. A. Blanchette ◽  
R. L. Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fomitopsis Pinicola ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Selective Delignification

Wood from trunks of Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was decayed for 12 weeks with white-rot fungi (Ganoderma colossum, G. zonatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Scytinostroma galactinum, or Trametes versicolor) or brown-rot fungi (Wolfiporia cocos, Gloeophyllum trabeum, or Fomitopsis pinicola). Using the vermiculite-block assay, white-rot fungi caused significantly more weight loss (63%) than brown-rot fungi (32%). Of the white-rot fungi, G. colossum caused the greatest weight loss (81%), while S. galactinum caused the least (36%). In contrast, weight loss caused by the brown-rot fungi was similar. Chemical analyses indicated that both white-rot and brown-rot fungi caused losses of starch, holocellulose, and lignin. White-rot fungi, however, removed greater amounts of lignin than the brown-rot fungi with three species, S. galactinum, P. chrysosporium, and G. zonatum, causing selective delignification. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that phloem and parenchyma cells were more susceptible to decay than xylem and fiber cells. Starch grains were degraded by all fungi and were nearly removed in wood decayed by G. colossum. In wood decayed by white-rot fungi, cell walls were eroded and middle lamellae were degraded. Selective delignification was observed in fibers adjacent to vascular tissue in wood decayed by the three white-rot fungi. In wood decayed by brown-rot fungi, walls of ground parenchyma and vascular bundle cells were swollen and fragmented when physically disrupted. In wood decayed by F. pinicola, some cell walls were nearly disintegrated. Key words: selective delignification, simultaneous decay, ultrastructure.

Decomposition of loblolly pine bark by soil- and root-inhabiting fungi

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1787-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Kuhlman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Rate Of Decay ◽  
Block Test

A modified soil-block test was used to compare the bark-decomposing ability of various soil- and root-inhabiting fungi. Bark of Pinus taeda was highly resistant to decomposition by all 31 fungi tested. A brown-rot fungus, Lenzites saepiaria, caused the most weight loss, but weight losses due to decay by all fungi varied only from 3 to 15%. Isolates of Mucorales produced 3–8% weight losses from stem bark in 12 weeks. Available nutrients were used within 6 weeks; longer incubation resulted in little additional decomposition. Losses in weight from root bark and stem bark were similar, indicating little nutritional difference between these two substrates.Extraction of stem bark with ethanol or water before incubation with Fomes annosus, L. saepiaria, or Scytalidinun lignicola did not increase the amount of decomposition. This suggests that extractives in the bark may not be responsible for the slow rate of decay. Since autoclaving of the bark before incubation with the fungi enabled the fungi to cause more weight loss than did gas sterilization of the bark, the primary reason for the slow rate of decomposition by fungi is considered to be the complex molecular structure of the bark constituents.

scholarly journals The effect of dissolved oxygen on microgreen productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 05002
Author(s):  
Alexander Grishin ◽  
Andrey Grishin ◽  
Natalia Semenova ◽  
Vladimir Grishin ◽  
Inna Knyazeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Multicomponent Mixtures ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Effect Of Oxygen

The effect of oxygen dissolved in water was researched (1.3 mg/l – without saturation, 6.1 mg/l – air saturation, 14.7 mg/l – oxygen saturation) on the microgreen productivity of “Ivolga” variety wheat of and ‘Aida’ variety lentils. It was found that the enrichment of water for seed germination with oxygen stimulates the speedy germination and receipt of wheat and lentils sprouts 1 day faster than in the variant without saturation. An increase in oxygen concentration contributes to the rapid root system growth of the researched cultures, stimulates the formation of 2 order roots, accelerates the development of the overhead plant parts without dry weight loss. On the 7th day of cultivation, the wet weight of wheat increased by 21% in the variant with air saturation and 56% with oxygen saturation, wet weight of lentils – by 57% and 77%, respectively. Both a deficiency and an excess of oxygen in water can adversely affect the content of basic pigments. Therefore, it is necessary to select the species composition of cultures for composing multicomponent mixtures, to obtain higher microgreen quality when grown on oxygen-rich solutions.

Fretting Corrosion of Mild Steel in Air and in Nitrogen

1954 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-400
Author(s):  
I-Ming Feng ◽  
Herbert H. Uhlig
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Fretting Corrosion ◽  
Relative Slip ◽  
Dry Air ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Fretting Damage

Abstract Data are presented on fretting corrosion of mild steel using weight loss as a measure of damage. Relative slip was measured both by use of stroboscopic light and strain gages. Load was applied pneumatically. Humidity of ambient air was found to be a sensitive variable requiring control, a fact first discovered through discrepancies of weight-loss data obtained in winter compared with those obtained in summer. Fretting corrosion of mild steel in moist air is only 55 to 65 per cent of the weight loss in dry air, depending on duration of test. Because of this large difference, all tests were carried out in dry air. At the same time, it was observed that fretting corrosion is appreciably greater below room temperature than above room temperature (up to 150 C). Weight losses of specimens fretted at 50 C are approximately 50 per cent losses at 0 C. Rate of fretting corrosion in air is found to be constant with time after an initial run-in period during which the rate is temporarily higher. In moist or dry nitrogen, weight losses are much less, although not zero. The greater the relative slip, the greater is fretting damage, and in complete absence of slip the data indicate that no weight loss occurs. Increased pressure or load is found to increase fretting damage. Weight loss is greater the lower the frequency for the same number of test cycles. The frequency effect increases with relative slip, and in nitrogen the frequency effect disappears.

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