Organ-specific metabolism during anoxia and recovery from anoxia in the cherrystone clam, Mercenaria mercenaria

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 2674-2681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra A. Korycan ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Intermediary Metabolites ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Imino Acids ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Wet Weight

The levels of intermediary metabolites and end products were quantified in the tissues of the cherrystone clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, over a time course of 96 h of anoxia followed by 48 h of aerobic recovery. Succinate and alanine accumulated as anaerobic products while glycogen and aspartate were utilized as substrates. Succinate accumulation ranged from 12–14 μmol/g wet weight in muscle (phasic and catch adductor, foot) to 25 μmol/g in gill and mantle with 32 μmol/mL released into the mantle cavity fluid. Lesser amounts of alanine were produced, the ratio succinate:alanine varying from 1.4:1 in phasic adductor to 3.2:1 in mantle at 96 h. Aspartate reserves apparently supply the carbon for succinate synthesis over the first 6–12 h of anoxia; subsequent succinate and alanine production probably results from glycogen fermentation. The imino acids alanopine and strombine were not produced in appreciable amounts (<1 μmol/g) during anoxia. When returned to aerated seawater, control levels of alanine and aspartate were reestablished within 24 h; accumulated succinate was catabolized within 48 h. Glycogen content of all tissues showed a sharp decline after 6 h of recovery, perhaps due to enhanced energy demands, but levels increased later in recovery. Tissue ATP levels, which were depressed during anoxia, were restored by 24 h.

The time course of calcium deposition in shells of the barnacle (Balanus amphititre amphititre) during cyprid-juvenile metamorphosis

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Nancy R. Wallace ◽  
Craig C. Freudenrich ◽  
Karl Wilbur ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
Ann LeFurgey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Calcium Deposition ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Scanning Electron

The morphology of balanomorph barnacles during metamorphosis from the cyprid larval stage to the juvenile has been examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The free-swimming cyprid attaches to a substrate, rotates 90° in the vertical plane, molts, and assumes the adult shape. The resulting metamorph is clad in soft cuticle and has an adult-like appearance with a mantle cavity, thorax with cirri, and incipient shell plates. At some time during the development from cyprid to juvenile, the barnacle begins to mineralize its shell, but it is not known whether calcification occurs before, during, or after ecdysis. To examine this issue, electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) was used to detect calcium in cyprids and juveniles at various times during metamorphosis.Laboratory-raised, free-swimming cyprid larvae were allowed to settle on plastic coverslips in culture dishes of seawater. The cyprids were observed with a dissecting microscope, cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen-cooled liquid propane at various times (0-24 h) during metamorphosis, freeze dried, rotary carbon-coated, and examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EPXMA dot maps were obtained in parallel for qualitative assessment of calcium and other elements in the carapace, wall, and opercular plates.

GLYCOGEN IN THE DECIDUAL TISSUE OF THE RAT UTERUS

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. CECIL ◽  
J. BITMAN ◽  
M. R. CONNOLLY ◽  
T. R. WRENN
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Endometrial Tissue ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Glycogen Concentration ◽  
Decidual Tissue ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Glycogen Deposition

SUMMARY Glycogen was investigated in uteri of intact and progesterone-treated spayed rats with and without deciduomata. Samples of whole uterus, endometrium and myometrium were analysed. With development of deciduoma in intact animals the glycogen concentration of whole uterus increased from 68 to 125 mg./100 g. wet weight. There was no change in the myometrial glycogen concentration; i.e. 74 mg./100 g. without deciduoma and 73 mg./100 g. wet weight in the decidual myometrium. The endometrial glycogen content of decidual tissue was 221 mg./100 g. wet weight. Since myometrial glycogen was constant, the increases observed in the decidual tissue of whole uteri must be due to an increase in the amount of endometrium and/or an increase in the concentration of glycogen in the endometrium. As the deciduoma developed the proportion of endometrium increased from 9% in the uninjured horn to 34% in the injured horn. Thus, an increase in the amount of endometrium contributes to the increase in the glycogen concentration. Similar changes were observed in whole uterus, myometrium and endometrium of the spayed animals treated with progesterone. Previous work on uterine glycogen in rats indicated that oestrogens cause glycogen deposition and this occurs only in the myometrium, while progesterone exhibits no effect. The present results demonstrate that progesterone is responsible for the glycogen increase by stimulating the growth of endometrium—a glycogen-rich tissue. Since no endometrial tissue could be obtained from horns without decidual development, this study could not determine whether progesterone had any effect on glycogen deposition.

Metabolic and hormonal changes following endotoxin administration to diabetic rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R77-R81
Author(s):  
D. L. Kelleher ◽  
B. C. Fong ◽  
G. J. Bagby ◽  
J. J. Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Glycogen Depletion ◽  
Endotoxin Administration

The aim of these investigations was to study the time course and cause of the altered metabolic response of diabetic rats to endotoxin administration. Escherichia coli endotoxin was administered to streptozotocin-diabetic and control normoglycemic rats. At 1, 2, 5, 8, and 24 h following endotoxin, animals were decapitated. Plasma samples were analyzed for glucose, lactate, insulin, glucagon, and corticosteroids. In addition, tissue glycogen content of liver and skeletal muscle was determined. Endotoxin caused an elevation of plasma glucose in both diabetic and normoglycemic rats by 1 h postinjection. The elevation was prolonged in diabetic rats for 8 h but lasted only 2 h in nondiabetic rats. Both endotoxin-treated groups demonstrated hyperlactacidemia following endotoxin. Endotoxin led to liver glycogen depletion in both diabetic and normoglycemic rats, whereas muscle glycogen content was only slightly affected. Plasma glucagon and corticosteroids rose immediately and remained elevated in both endotoxin-treated groups. A significant insulin response to rising plasma glucose was observed in nondiabetic but not in diabetic rats following endotoxin. These results suggest that the exaggerated and prolonged hyperglycemia observed in diabetic endotoxin-treated rats is due to hypersecretion of glucose-mobilizing hormones and elevated gluconeogenesis, unmatched by an adequate secretion of insulin to promote glucose uptake and utilization.

Regrowth of atrophied skeletal muscle in adult rats after ending immobilization

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Wet Weight

The recovery time course of muscle atrophied by immobilization was followed after removal of hindlimb casts from adult female rats. Increases of only 9% in body weight, 4% in gastrocnemius weight, and 10% in soleus weight occurred in controls during the 78-day duration of the experiment. There were no increases in the amounts of total protein or of citrate synthase activities in gastrocnemius or soleus during the first 3 days after removal of hindlimb casts; thereafter, there were increases in these paramters. Citrate synthase activities per mg of gastrocnemius protein were significantly higher at the 16th and 50th day of recovery. No significant differences for citrate synthase activity per mg of soleus occurred during recovery. Until the 50th day of recovery, no significant differences for total protein in soleus and for total protein and wet weight of gastrocnemius were observed between control and recovery values. However, the wet weight of the soleus returned rapidly during recovery and was not significantly different from control during recovery.

Estrogenic effects of the enantiomers of o,p′-DDT in Japanese quail

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 562-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. McBlain ◽  
V. Lewin ◽  
F. H. Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
Estrogenic Effects ◽  
Female Quail ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Sensitive Parameters

Immature female Japanese quail were given three daily intraperitoneal injections of (±)-o,p′-DDT, (−)-o,p′-DDT, or (+)-o,p′-DDT. Seventy-two hours after the first injection the oviducts were excised and the estrogen-sensitive parameters, oviducal wet weight and oviducal glycogen content, were measured. The levo enantiomer of o,p′-DDT was a more active estrogen than the dextro form in the immature female quail. The differing estrogenic activities of the o,p′-DDT enantiomers apparently were not the result of a differential transport within the birds. A dietary dose of 200 ppm of (±)-o,p′-DDT was not estrogenic in immature female quail when administered for 3 or 7 days. Neither enantiomer of o,p′-DDT was able to offset a light-stimulated testicular wet weight increase in male Japanese quail.

scholarly journals Amyloid β 1-42 Induces Hypometabolism in Human Stem Cell-Derived Neuron and Astrocyte Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1348-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta A Tarczyluk ◽  
David A Nagel ◽  
H Rhein Parri ◽  
Erin HY Tse ◽  
James E Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Transgenic Animal ◽  
Human Stem Cell ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Transgenic Animal Models ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Neuronal Functions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting more than 35 million people worldwide. Brain hypometabolism is a major feature of AD, appearing decades before cognitive decline and pathologic lesions. To date, the majority of studies on hypometabolism in AD have used transgenic animal models or imaging studies of the human brain. As it is almost impossible to validate these findings using human tissue, alternative models are required. In this study, we show that human stem cell-derived neuron and astrocyte cultures treated with oligomers of amyloid beta 1-42 (A β1-42) also display a clear hypometabolism, particularly with regard to utilization of substrates such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate, and glutamate. In addition, a significant increase in the glycogen content of cells was also observed. These changes were accompanied by changes in NAD+/NADH, ATP, and glutathione levels, suggesting a disruption in the energy-redox axis within these cultures. The high energy demands associated with neuronal functions such as memory formation and protection from oxidative stress put these cells at particular risk from A β-induced hypometabolism. Further research using this model may elucidate the mechanisms associated with A β-induced hypometabolism.

Organotypic slice cultures from rat brain tissue: a new approach forNaegleria fowleriCNS infectionin vitro

Parasitology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. GIANINAZZI ◽  
M. SCHILD ◽  
N. MÜLLER ◽  
S. L. LEIB ◽  
F. SIMON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Specific Morphology ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Organotypic Slice Cultures

The free-living amoebaNaegleria fowleriis the aetiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a disease leading to death in the vast majority of cases. In patients suffering from PAM, and in corresponding animal models, the brain undergoes a massive inflammatory response, followed by haemorrhage and severe tissue necrosis. Both,in vivoandin vitromodels are currently being used to study PAM infection. However, animal models may pose ethical issues, are dependent upon availability of specific infrastructural facilities, and are time-consuming and costly. Conversely, cell cultures lack the complex organ-specific morphology foundin vivo, and thus, findings obtainedin vitrodo not necessarily reflect the situationin vivo. The present study reports infection of organotypic slice cultures from rat brain withN. fowleriand compares the findings in this culture system within vivoinfection in a rat model of PAM, that proved complementary to that of mice. We found that brain morphology, as presentin vivo, is well retained in organotypic slice cultures, and that infection time-course including tissue damage parallels the observationsin vivoin the rat. Therefore, organotypic slice cultures from rat brain offer a newin vitroapproach to studyN. fowleriinfection in the context of PAM.

scholarly journals Evidences of apoptosis during the early phases of soleus muscle atrophy in hindlimb suspended mice

2008 ◽  
pp. 601-611
Author(s):  
R Ferreira ◽  
MJ Neuparth ◽  
R Vitorino ◽  
HJ Appell ◽  
F Amado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Hindlimb Suspension ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
P53 Expression ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Apoptosis Inducing Factor ◽  
Early Phases

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence and time-course of apoptosis in soleus skeletal muscle during the first 48 hours of unloading. Fifty Charles River mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each) according to the time of hindlimb suspension (HS). Mice were suspended for 0 (Control), 6 (6HS), 12 (12HS), 24 (24HS), and 48 hours (48HS). Soleus muscle atrophy was confirmed by a significant decrease of 20 % in muscle-wet weight and of 5 % in the ratio protein concentration/muscle wet-weight observed after 48 hours of unloading. The apoptotic index, the AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) and p53 expression presented their uppermost value (304 %, 241 % and 246 %, respectively) at 24HS, and were preceded by the highest activity of caspase-3 and -8 at 12HS (170 % and 218 %, respectively) and of Bax/Bcl-2 content at 6HS (160 %). There were no marked ultrastructural alterations until 24 hours of simulated weightlessness. Lysosomal autophagic activity and infiltration of phagocytic cells were observed at 24HS and 48HS and might have contributed to the degenerative changes noticed in both groups. Though not consistently supported by morphological evidences, the biochemical parameters sustain the concept that the occurrence of apoptosis parallels the soleus atrophic response in its early phase.

scholarly journals Progesterone-regulated Changes in Oestradiol-stimulated Guinea Pig Uterus: Steroid Hormone Receptor Levels and RNA and Protein Metabolism

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
GM Stone ◽  
C McCaffery ◽  
R Tassell ◽  
BG Miller
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Steroid Hormone Receptor ◽  
Protein And Rna Synthesis ◽  
Wet Weight

By 24 h after its administration progesterone (P) is markedly anti-uterotrophic in the oestradiol (E2)-stimulated uterus of several species, including the mouse, but less so in the E2 -stimulated uterus of the guinea pig. The time course of some early responses to a single injection of P in the E2-stimulated uterus has been further examined in the guinea pig. E2 caused early, marked increases in uterine wet weight and in vitro rates of protein and RNA synthesis, which were maximal at 4 h, but relatively little tissue growth or increase in RNA: DNA and protein: DNA ratios at 12-24 h. P uniformly abolished all of these various uterine responses to E2.

Modeling cadmium accumulation in indigenous yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1623-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa D. Kraemer ◽  
Peter G.C. Campbell ◽  
Landis Hare
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Cadmium Accumulation ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Assessment Context

We used field data from transplantation and caging studies with juvenile yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) to test a kinetic bioaccumulation model for cadmium (Cd). The model, which considers both dietary and aqueous sources of Cd, was first used to predict the dynamics of Cd accumulation in perch exposed to high ambient Cd for 70 days. Model simulations for hepatic Cd agreed well with the observed time course of Cd accumulation in the liver, but for the gills and gut, the predicted accumulations after 70 days were about three times higher than the observed values, suggesting that these latter organs can alter their ability to take up and (or) eliminate Cd. The model was also used to predict steady-state Cd concentrations in the gills, gut, and liver of perch living in lakes along a Cd gradient. Agreement between predicted and observed steady-state Cd concentrations was reasonable in lakes with low to moderate Cd concentrations, but in lakes with high dissolved Cd (>1.5 nmol·L–1), the model overestimated Cd accumulation, particularly in the gills and gut. These results suggest that kinetic bioaccumulation models may better apply to some organs than to others. Because metal-induced toxicity is normally organ-specific, their application in a risk assessment context should be undertaken with caution.

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