Spot the Difference

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Kiwon Um ◽  
Xiangyu Hu ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
Nils Thuerey
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Real World ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
User Studies ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Eno Schemes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Complex Phenomena

Comparative evaluation lies at the heart of science, and determining the accuracy of a computational method is crucial for evaluating its potential as well as for guiding future efforts. However, metrics that are typically used have inherent shortcomings when faced with the under-resolved solutions of real-world simulation problems. We show how to leverage the human visual system in conjunction with crowd-sourced user studies to address the fundamental problems of widely used classical evaluation metrics. We demonstrate that such user studies driven by visual perception yield a very robust metric and consistent answers for complex phenomena without any requirements for proficiency regarding the physics at hand. This holds even for cases away from convergence where traditional metrics often end up with inconclusive results. More specifically, we evaluate results of different essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) schemes in different fluid flow settings. Our methodology represents a novel and practical approach for scientific evaluations that can give answers for previously unsolved problems.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF HOLOGRAPHIC PERCEPTION OF VISUAL PERSPECTIVE IN ARCHITECTURE

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Kuzmych V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Visual Perspective ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Horizon Line ◽  
Tonal Perception ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of holographic human perception in the analysis of the architectural environment. Includes aspects of perspective-tonal perception of visual factors of holographic scanning of the human visual system. Aimed at understanding and reproducing the features and nuances of vision, in the context of summary analysis and reproduction of the system of energy flows in the elements of visual perception. The holographic factor of perception of reality is based on the difference between the work of the right and left eye, with the peculiarity of the angular adjustment of vision to the object of observation. The horizon line or the height of the perception of volumes, as well as the position of the spaces of the architectural environment remain dominant.

Comparison of In-the-Ear and Over-the-Ear Hearing Aid Fittings

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Risberg ◽  
Robyn M. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Functional Gain ◽  
The Relationship

A custom in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid fitting was compared to two over-the-ear (OTE) hearing aid fittings for each of 9 subjects with mild to moderately severe hearing losses. Speech intelligibility via the three instruments was compared using the Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) test. The relationship between functional gain and coupler gain was compared for the ITE and the higher rated OTE instruments. The difference in input received at the microphone locations of the two types of hearing aids was measured for 10 different subjects and compared to the functional gain data. It was concluded that (a) for persons with mild to moderately severe hearing losses, appropriately adjusted custom ITE fittings typically yield speech intelligibility that is equal to the better OTE fitting identified in a comparative evaluation; and (b) gain prescriptions for ITE hearing aids should be adjusted to account for the high-frequency emphasis associated with in-the-concha microphone placement.

ViFin

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Wenqiang Chen ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Meiyi Ma ◽  
Farshid Salemi Parizi ◽  
Shwetak Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
User Studies ◽  
Finger Movement ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Time System ◽  
Real Time System ◽  
Input Devices ◽  
A New Technique

Wearable devices, such as smartwatches and head-mounted devices (HMD), demand new input devices for a natural, subtle, and easy-to-use way to input commands and text. In this paper, we propose and investigate ViFin, a new technique for input commands and text entry, which harness finger movement induced vibration to track continuous micro finger-level writing with a commodity smartwatch. Inspired by the recurrent neural aligner and transfer learning, ViFin recognizes continuous finger writing, works across different users, and achieves an accuracy of 90% and 91% for recognizing numbers and letters, respectively. We quantify our approach's accuracy through real-time system experiments in different arm positions, writing speeds, and smartwatch position displacements. Finally, a real-time writing system and two user studies on real-world tasks are implemented and assessed.

A Modified CGM Algorithm Enhances Data Availability While Retaining iCGM Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682110075
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Harvey Towers ◽  
Xiaohe Zhang ◽  
Rasoul Yousefi ◽  
Ghazaleh Esmaili ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Integration ◽  
Patient Experience ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Sensor Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Data Gap ◽  
Improve Patient

The algorithm for the Dexcom G6 CGM System was enhanced to retain accuracy while reducing the frequency and duration of sensor error. The new algorithm was evaluated by post-processing raw signals collected from G6 pivotal trials (NCT02880267) and by assessing the difference in data availability after a limited, real-world launch. Accuracy was comparable with the new algorithm—the overall %20/20 was 91.7% before and 91.8% after the algorithm modification; MARD was unchanged. The mean data gap due to sensor error nearly halved and total time spent in sensor error decreased by 59%. A limited field launch showed similar results, with a 43% decrease in total time spent in sensor error. Increased data availability may improve patient experience and CGM data integration into insulin delivery systems.

Spatial Openness as a Practical Metric for Evaluating Built-up Environments

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafna Fisher-Gewirtzman ◽  
Israel A Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Quality Indicator ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Spatial Configurations ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Potential Use

This paper reports on a primary metric tool developed in a collaboration between an architecture researcher and a computer science researcher. The development of this tool emerged from the concept that the spatial openness (SO)—the volume of free space measured from all possible observation points—is an important quality indicator of alternative spatial configurations within given constraints; this concept is based on the idea that the geometry and morphology of the built-up environment influence perception. Previous work showed that comparative SO measurements in alternative spatial configurations are correlated with the comparative perceived density, and in particular that a higher value of SO indicates a lower perceived density. We present a feasible 3D computational method for measuring SO and demonstrate its potential use in the design process. The SO metric is a step towards the development of quantitative comparative evaluation of building shapes and spatial configurations related to the 3D observation of open space.

scholarly journals Efficacy of BRAF and MEK Inhibition in Patients with BRAF-Mutant Advanced Melanoma and Germline CDKN2A Pathogenic Variants

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2440
Author(s):  
Francesco Spagnolo ◽  
Bruna Dalmasso ◽  
Enrica Tanda ◽  
Miriam Potrony ◽  
Susana Puig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Phase Iii Trials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

Inherited pathogenic variants (PVs) in the CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene are among the strongest risk factors for cutaneous melanoma. Dysregulation of the p16/RB1 pathway may intrinsically limit the activity of MAPK-directed therapy due to the interplay between the two pathways. In our study, we assessed, for the first time, whether patients with germline CDKN2A PVs achieve suboptimal results with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi)+/−MEK inhibitors (MEKi). We compared the response rate of nineteen CDKN2A PVs carriers who received first-line treatment with BRAFi+/−MEKi with an expected rate derived from phase III trials and “real-world” studies. We observed partial response in 16/19 patients (84%), and no complete responses. The overall response rate was higher than that expected from phase III trials (66%), although not statistically significant (p-value = 0.143; 95% CI = 0.60–0.97); the difference was statistically significant (p-value = 0.019; 95% CI = 0.62–0.97) in the comparison with real-world studies (57%). The clinical activity of BRAFi+/−MEKi in patients with germline CDKN2A PV was not inferior to that of clinical trials and real-world studies, which is of primary importance for clinical management and genetic counseling of this subgroup of patients.

scholarly journals Refixation Patterns of Mind-wandering during Real-world Scene Perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Zhang ◽  
Nicola C Anderson ◽  
Kevin Miller
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Real World ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Quantification Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thought Probes

Recent studies have shown that mind-wandering (MW) is associated with changes in eye movement parameters, but have not explored how MW affects the sequential pattern of eye movements involved in making sense of complex visual information. Eye movements naturally unfold over time and this process may reveal novel information about cognitive processing during MW. The current study used Recurrence Quantification Analysis (Anderson, Bischof, Laidlaw, Risko, & Kingstone, 2013) to describe the pattern of refixations (fixations directed to previously-inspected regions) during MW. Participants completed a real-world scene encoding task and responded to thought probes assessing intentional and unintentional MW. Both types of MW were associated with worse memory of the scenes. Importantly, RQA showed that scanpaths during unintentional MW were more repetitive than during on-task episodes, as indicated by a higher recurrence rate and more stereotypical fixation sequences. This increased repetitiveness suggests an adaptive response to processing failures through re-examining previous locations. Moreover, this increased repetitiveness contributed to fixations focusing on a smaller spatial scale of the stimuli. Finally, we were also able to validate several traditional measures: both intentional and unintentional MW were associated with fewer and longer fixations; Eye-blinking increased numerically during both types of MW but the difference was only significant for unintentional MW. Overall, the results advanced our understanding of how visual processing is affected during MW by highlighting the sequential aspect of eye movements.

The phase-functions method and scalar amplitude of nucleon–nucleon scattering

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650088
Author(s):  
V. I. Zhaba
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Scattering Amplitude ◽  
Nucleon Nucleon ◽  
Phase Shifts ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Nucleon Scattering ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Scalar Scattering ◽  
Scalar Amplitude ◽  
Phase Functions

A known phase-functions method (PFM) has been considered for calculation of a single-channel nucleon–nucleon scattering. The following partial waves of a nucleon–nucleon scattering have been considered using the phase shifts by PFM: 1S0-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-, 3F3-states for nn-scattering, 1S0-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-states for pp-scattering and 1S0-, 1P1-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-, 3D2-states for np-scattering. The calculations have been carried out using phenomenological nucleon–nucleon Nijmegen group potentials (NijmI, NijmII, Nijm93 and Reid93) and Argonne v18 potential. The scalar scattering amplitude has been calculated using the obtained phase shifts. Our results are not much different from those obtained by using the known phase shifts published in other papers. The difference between calculations depending on a computational method of phase shifts makes: for real (imaginary) parts 0.14–4.36% (0.16–4.05%) for NijmI. 0.02–4.79% (0.08–3.88%) for NijmII. 0.01–5.49% (0.01–4.14%) for Reid93 and 0.01–5.11% (0.01–2.40%) for Argonne v18 potentials.

IMPORTANCE OF 3D VEHICLE HEAT EXCHANGER MODELING

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michal Schmid ◽  
Fatih Bozkurt ◽  
Petr Pašcenko ◽  
Pavel Petržela
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Vehicle Simulation ◽  
Velocity Magnitude ◽  
Primary Fluid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inlet Conditions

Abstract The work demonstrates, via a comprehensive study, the necessity of using a 3D CFD approach for heat exchanger (HTX) modelling within underhood vehicle simulation. The results are presented as the difference between 1D and 3D CFD approaches with a focus on auxiliary fluid (e.g. coolant) temperature prediction as a function of primary fluid (e.g. air) inlet conditions. It has been shown that the 1D approach could significantly underpredict auxiliary fluid inlet temperature due to neglecting the spatial distribution of primary fluid velocity magnitude. The resultant difference in the auxiliary fluid flow HTX inlet temperature is presented and discussed as a function of the Uniformity Index (UI) of the primary fluid flow velocity magnitude. Additionally, the 3D HTX model's importance is demonstrated in an industrial example of full 3D underhood simulation.

Characteristics of Education and the Current State of Teacher Effectiveness in Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-171
Author(s):  
Takeshi Miyazaki ◽  
Hideki Watanabe ◽  
Emiko Furukawa ◽  
Masako Nezu ◽  
Shigeki Ohono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Teacher Effectiveness ◽  
Real World ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
The Way

This chapter analyzed how Japanese teachers' qualifications and abilities, as well as educational policies, have been promoted since the postwar period to the present day and summarized these results. There are discrepancies between the needs of students' families and the real world and the ideas and contents required by the Course of Study. Teachers have tried to play a positive role in bridging the gap and in merging the reality and the ideals. In order to bridge the “difference” faced by school sites, it is necessary to start by examining the contents of the reforms required from the bottom and reforms required from the top. As an initiative from below, in most elementary schools in Japan, groups of teachers have voluntarily gathered, and “Jugyo-Kenkyu” have been conducted for many years to analyze the challenges of their own school's students as a team. Although Jugyo-Kenkyu has achieved some positive results, the way to measure the effectiveness of the research is still an issue.

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