Determinants of Insecticide Resistance Evolution: Comparative Analysis Among Heliothines

2022 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 387-406
Author(s):  
T.K. Walsh ◽  
D.G. Heckel ◽  
Yidong Wu ◽  
S. Downes ◽  
K.H.J. Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Helicoverpa Assulta ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Resistance Evolution

It is increasingly clear that pest species vary widely in their propensities to develop insecticide resistance. This review uses a comparative approach to analyze the key pest management practices and ecological and biochemical or genetic characteristics of the target that contribute to this variation. We focus on six heliothine species, three of which, Helicoverpa armigera, Heliothis virescens, and Helicoverpa zea, have developed resistances to many pesticide classes. The three others, Helicoverpa punctigera, Helicoverpa assulta, and Helicoverpa gelotopoeon, also significant pests, have developed resistance to very few pesticide classes. We find that host range and movement between alternate hosts are key ecological traits that influence effective selection intensities for resistance. Operational issues are also critical; area-wide, cross-pesticide management practices that account for these ecological factors are key to reducing selection intensity. Without such management, treatment using broad-spectrum chemicals serves to multiply the effects of host plant preference, preadaptive detoxification ability, and high genetic diversity to create a pesticide treadmill for the three high-propensity species.Without rigorous ongoing management, such a treadmill could still develop for newer, more selective chemistries and insecticidal transgenic crops.

scholarly journals A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4059-4066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Fountain ◽  
Mark Ravinet ◽  
Richard Naylor ◽  
Klaus Reinhardt ◽  
Roger K Butlin
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Linkage Map ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Cimex Lectularius ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Bed Bug

Abstract The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2 resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.

scholarly journals Givira ethela (Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), A Previously Unidentified Pest on Vitis vinifera (L.)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 239
Author(s):  
Davide Scaccini ◽  
Enrico Ruzzier ◽  
Kent M. Daane
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Management Options

Grape cultivation is a billion-dollar agricultural sector in California, where invasive or novel pest species can disrupt management practices. We report herein on a new pest associated with California vineyards, the carpentermoth Givira ethela (Neumoegen and Dyar, 1893). Rather than an invasive species, G. ethela appears to be a newly recognized wood-boring pest of Vitis vinifera (L.) in regions of California’s Central Valley, where its initial occurrence has been dated back to, at least, the beginning of the 2000s. The habitus of adult, genitalia and pupa is illustrated. Givira ethela distribution in California is updated including published records and new data. Carpentermoth galleries seem to facilitate the access of Planococcus ficus Signoret, 1875 to vine sap and protection from natural enemies, environmental stresses, and pesticide treatments. Notes on pest status, life history, monitoring practices, natural enemies, and management options on grapes are also discussed. Tools for the Integrated Pest Management of G. ethela should include the correct identification of the insect and its damage, a full understanding of its biology and ecology, the application of monitoring methods, and the identification of economic thresholds and injury levels.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to glyphosate and glufosinate

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1557-1563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Vestena Cassol ◽  
Luis Antonio de Avila ◽  
Carla Rejane Zemolin ◽  
Andrey Piveta ◽  
Dirceu Agostinetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides

<p>Dose-response experiments were carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice to nonselective herbicides currently used in rice-soybean rotation in Rio Grande do Sul. Two red rice biotypes previously identified as resistant and susceptible to the imidazolinone herbicides were treated with imazapic plus imazapic, glyphosate and glufosinate under nine herbicide rates. A non-linear log-logistic analysis was used to estimate the herbicide rate that provided 50% red rice control and dry weight reduction (GR<sub>50</sub>). Imidazolinone-resistant red rice exhibited greater GR<sub>50</sub> values than imidazolinone-susceptible biotype for imazapyr plus imazapic. In contrast, both imidazolinone-resistant and susceptible red rice showed similar GR<sub>50</sub>values for glyphosate and glufosinate. These results indicate that glyphosate and glufosinate effectively control imidazolinone-resistant red rice at similar herbicide rates used to control imidazolinone-susceptible; however, integrated weed management practices must be adopted in rice-soybean rotation to delay resistance evolution of red rice populations to glyphosate and glufosinate</p>

scholarly journals Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto in Livestock and Hu-man in Hamadan, Western Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad MATINI ◽  
Mohammad FALLAH ◽  
Amir Hossein MAGHSOOD ◽  
Massoud SAIDIJAM ◽  
Majid FASIHI HARANDI
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Genetic Identification ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Transmission Cycle

Background: Cystic echinococcosis, a major public health and economic concern, is a zoonotic helminth infection with worldwide distribution. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic characteristics of hydatid cysts isolated from human and livestock in Hamadan region, western Iran during 2016-2017. Methods: Ten human hydatid cysts and 40 animal hydatid cysts including 32 sheep, 5 cattle and 3 goats were genotyped by PCR amplification of two mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1. Genetic identification of the isolates was performed by using bioinformatics software and mtDNA nucleotide sequences of the parasite, available in GenBank database. Results: The PCR amplification was successfully carried out on 50 hydatid cyst isolates and then the nucleotide sequencing was conducted. The sequence analysis of the samples found that the isolates belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto including G1 (42/50, 84%), G2 (4/50, 8%) and G3 (4/50, 8%) genotype. The G1 genotype was detected in human (8/10, 80%), sheep (26/32, 81%), cattle (5/5, 100%) and goat (3/3, 100%) hydatid cysts. The G2 and G3 genotypes were found only in sheep and human isolates. Alignment analysis of the cox1 and nad1 gene sequences revealed thirteen and ten sequence types, respectively. Conclusion: G1 was the prevailing genotype of E. granulosus in the area and dog-sheep transmission cycle should be considered when implementing hydatidosis control programs. In addition, high genetic diversity was detected among the hydatid cyst isolates.

scholarly journals Plant-Based Solutions to Global Livestock Anthelmintic Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. French
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Livestock Health

Anthelmintic resistance in livestock is increasing globally. Livestock intestinal parasites now develop resistance to synthetic anthelmintics within 2–10 years, collectively costing billions of dollars annually in lost revenue around the world.  Over-reliance on commercial drugs and dips and changes in livestock management practices are key drivers of this trend.  To date, current research has focused on identifying new anthelmintics from bacterial and fungal sources or even synthesizing new drugs that target parasite metabolism or reproduction. Plant-derived anthelmintics are a promising alternative, yet to date major research funders and scientists have overlooked this option. Until the mid-20th century, rural communities relied on plant-based methods of controlling livestock parasites. These methods include feeding livestock specific medicinal plants and trees, grazing livestock on herbal leys, and changing where livestock grazed based on ecological factors (e.g., flooding) that increased parasite burdens. Many historic texts and ethnological accounts record the ethnobotanical knowledge of rural communities and the plants they used to control livestock intestinal parasites. Some traditions persist today yet the farmers, graziers, and shepherds who hold this knowledge are rapidly disappearing and with them perhaps a potential long-term solution to anthelmintic resistance. This short perspective piece will cover recent research using ethnobotanical data as a means to identifying potential new anthelmintics; the morphological, physiological, and metabolic effect of plant secondary metabolites on parasites; and an overview of “best practices” which can reduce bias in assessments of plant bioactivity and increase reproducibility of test results. This will hopefully bring recent advances in ethnobiology, chemistry, and ecology to new audiences, and, potentially, spark new interest in using medicinal plants to improve livestock health.

Evolution of Drosophila insecticide resistance

Genome ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Traits ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

The impact of insecticide resistance is well documented. It includes the toxic effects of pesticides on the environment and the cost of the increased amounts of insecticides required to effectively control resistant insects. Resistance evolves by the selection of genes that confer tolerance to insecticides. Several resistance genes have been identified and cloned in Drosophila, including genes for mutant target molecules and genes that increase insecticide degradation. Drosophila is a useful system to understand the evolution of quantitative traits in general as well as the population genetics of insecticide resistance. Through it, we may hope to understand the relationship between discrete genetic change and continuously varying characters. In addition, molecular genetic techniques developed using Drosophila can eventually be transferred to other insects in order to help control pest populations.Key words: insecticide resistance, evolution of tolerance, selection of resistant genes, molecular genetics, Drosophila.

Ichneumon promissorius (Erichson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): Factors Affecting Fecundity, Oviposition, and Longevity

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Preoviposition Period ◽  
Host Pupa

Ichneumon (=Pterocormus) promissorius (Erichson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumomidae), a native of Australia, is a pupal parasitoid which searches the soil surface for host pupation sites, burrows into a pupal gallery, and oviposits in the host pupa. Fecundity and rate of oviposition were influenced by the mating status of females, the host from which females developed, and the frequency in which females were exposed to hosts. Virgin females continued laying eggs many days after mated females had stopped. A preoviposition period of 17 d in mated females did not affect the oviposition curve or the number of eggs laid, suggesting that the oogenesis is arrested until female wasps are exposed to host pupae. Female wasps exposed to pupae for 24 h every fifth day lived longer than female wasps continuously exposed to pupae. However, females that were continuously exposed to pupae laid more eggs. Virgin females reared on Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) pupae laid fewer eggs than virgin females reared on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pupae. These data will be important in evaluating the potential of I. promissorius as a biological control agent for pest species in the United States and will be useful in developing laboratory rearing procedures for I. promissorius.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Glyphosate Resistance in Western Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
Linda M. Hall ◽  
Frederick A. Holm ◽  
Robert H. Gulden
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Risk Rating

With increasing incidence of glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide, greater farmer awareness of the importance of glyphosate stewardship and proactive glyphosate-resistance management is needed. A Web-based decision-support tool (http://www.weedtool.com) comprising 10 questions has been developed primarily for farmers in western Canada to assess the relative risk of selection for glyphosate-resistant weeds on a field-by-field basis. We describe the rationale for the questions and how a response to a particular question influences the risk rating. Practices with the greatest risk weighting in western Canadian cropping systems are lack of crop-rotation diversity (growing mainly oilseeds) and a high frequency of glyphosate-resistant crops in the rotation. Three case scenarios are outlined—low, moderate, and high risk of glyphosate-resistance evolution. Based on the overall risk rating, three best-management practices are recommended to reduce the risk of glyphosate resistance in weeds.

Section 1. The Australian insecticide resistance management strategy

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil W. Forrester ◽  
Matthew Cahill ◽  
Lisa J. Bird ◽  
Jacquelyn K. Layland
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Insecticide Resistance Management ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Chemical Groups

SummaryIn response to field pyrethroid failures against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in early 1983, an insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategy was introduced for insect control in summer crops in eastern Australia. The aims of this strategy were to contain the pyrethroid resistance problem, to prevent re-selection of historical endosulfan resistance (both curative IRM) and to avoid any future problems with organophosphate/carbamate resistance (preventative IRM). An alternation strategy was adopted which was based on the rotation of unrelated chemical groups on a per generation basis, along with a strong recommendation for the use of ovicidal mixtures. These chemical countermeasures were then integrated with other non-chemical control methods (biological and cultural) into a workable integrated pest management programme. The restrictions were applied to all Helicoverpa armigera susceptible crops (including cereals, oilseeds, grain legumes, tomatoes, tobacco and cotton) and even to other co-incident pest species. From its inception, compliance with the voluntary strategy has been exceptional.

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