Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitríona Long-Smith ◽  
Kenneth J. O'Riordan ◽  
Gerard Clarke ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Timothy G. Dinan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Drug Side Effects ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Pharmacology And Toxicology ◽  
Traditional Fields ◽  
The Brain

The traditional fields of pharmacology and toxicology are beginning to consider the substantial impact our gut microbiota has on host physiology. The microbiota-gut-brain axis is emerging as a particular area of interest and a potential new therapeutic target for effective treatment of central nervous system disorders, in addition to being a potential cause of drug side effects. Microbiota-gut-brain axis signaling can occur via several pathways, including via the immune system, recruitment of host neurochemical signaling, direct enteric nervous system routes and the vagus nerve, and the production of bacterial metabolites. Altered gut microbial profiles have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Psychobiotics, live biotherapeutics or substances whose beneficial effects on the brain are bacterially mediated, are currently being investigated as direct and/or adjunctive therapies for psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and possibly for neurodegenerative disease, and they may emerge as new therapeutic options in the clinical management of brain disorders.

Cost of Brain Disorders in Italy – A Review

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Maura Pugliatti ◽  
Paola Cossu ◽  
Patrik Sobocki ◽  
Ettore Beghi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
European Brain ◽  
Socioeconomic Burden ◽  
The Brain

Brain disorders represent 35% of the total disease burden in Europe and 37% of the total disease burden in European regions with very low child mortality and low adult mortality; the latter group includes Italy. The negative socioeconomic impact of this burden is reflected in two fundamental issues: consumption of resources and state of health. In recent years, the European Brain Council (EBC), a co-ordinating council formed by European organisations and patient associations in neurological disorders, has encouraged and supported projects aimed at analysing the socioeconomic burden of brain disorders in Europe. Within the EBC, the pan-European study on Cost of Disorders of the Brain in Europe (CDBE) aimed at reporting the best possible estimates of the societal cost of 12 brain disorders (addiction, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, tumours, dementia, epilepsy, migraine and other headaches, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, psychotic disorders, stroke and trauma) based on the existing literature, using an ad hoc cost model. The aggregated results for Italy from the CDBE study are reviewed in this paper.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Old Phytochemicals versus Two Newly Researched Plant-Derived Compounds: Potential for Brain and Other Relevant Ailments

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Mei Wang ◽  
Willmann Liang ◽  
D. T. Yew
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gingko Biloba ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Polygala Tenuifolia ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
The Brain

Among hundreds of formulae of Chinese herbal prescriptions and recently extracted active components from the herbs, some of which had demonstrated their functions on nervous system. For the last decade or more,Gingko bilobaandPolygala tenuifoliawere widely studied for their beneficial effects against damage to the brain. Two compounds extracted fromApium graveolensandRhizoma coptidis, butylphthalide and berberine, respectively, received much attention recently as potential neuroprotective agents. In this review, the two traditionally used herbs and the two relatively new compounds will be discussed with regard to their potential advantages in alleviating brain and other relevant ailments.

scholarly journals Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 360 (6395) ◽  
pp. eaap8757 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Verneri Anttila ◽  
Brendan Bulik-Sullivan ◽  
Hilary K. Finucane ◽  
Raymond K. Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Brain

Disorders of the brain can exhibit considerable epidemiological comorbidity and often share symptoms, provoking debate about their etiologic overlap. We quantified the genetic sharing of 25 brain disorders from genome-wide association studies of 265,218 patients and 784,643 control participants and assessed their relationship to 17 phenotypes from 1,191,588 individuals. Psychiatric disorders share common variant risk, whereas neurological disorders appear more distinct from one another and from the psychiatric disorders. We also identified significant sharing between disorders and a number of brain phenotypes, including cognitive measures. Further, we conducted simulations to explore how statistical power, diagnostic misclassification, and phenotypic heterogeneity affect genetic correlations. These results highlight the importance of common genetic variation as a risk factor for brain disorders and the value of heritability-based methods in understanding their etiology.

scholarly journals Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2): Confusing Roles in the Pathophysiology of Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuqi Chen ◽  
Wenmei Lu ◽  
Danhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

As a type of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases, sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is predominantly found in the cytoplasm of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting its potential role in neurological disorders. Though SIRT2 is generally acknowledged to accelerate the development of neurological pathologies, it protects the brain from deterioration in certain circumstances. This review summarized the complex roles SIRT2 plays in the pathophysiology of diverse neurological disorders, compared and analyzed the discrete roles of SIRT2 in different conditions, and provided possible explanations for its paradoxical functions. In the future, the rapid growth in SIRT2 research may clarify its impacts on neurological disorders and develop therapeutic strategies targeting this protein.

scholarly journals N-Acetylaspartate Is an Important Brain Osmolyte

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Warepam ◽  
Khurshid Ahmad ◽  
Safikur Rahman ◽  
Hamidur Rahaman ◽  
Kritika Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Protein Stability ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Thermal Denaturation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Most of the human diseases related to various proteopathies are confined to the brain, which leads to the development of various forms of neurological disorders. The human brain consists of several osmolytic compounds, such as N-Acetylaspartate (NAA), myo-inositol (mI), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), creatine (Cr), and choline-containing compounds (Cho). Among these osmolytes, the level of NAA drastically decreases under neurological conditions, and, hence, NAA is considered to be one of the most widely accepted neuronal biomarkers in several human brain disorders. To date, no data are available regarding the effect of NAA on protein stability, and, therefore, the possible effect of NAA under proteopathic conditions has not been fully uncovered. To gain an insight into the effect of NAA on protein stability, thermal denaturation and structural measurements were carried out using two model proteins at different pH values. The results indicate that NAA increases the protein stability with an enhancement of structure formation. We also observed that the stabilizing ability of NAA decreases in a pH-dependent manner. Our study indicates that NAA is an efficient protein stabilizer at a physiological pH.

Sirtuin3 in Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhath Sherin ◽  
S. Gomathy ◽  
Shanish Antony
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
The Brain

Abstract:: Sirtuins are NAD+ dependent enzymes that have a predominant role in neurodegenerative disorders and also regulate the inflammatory process, protein aggregation, etc. The relation between Sirtuins with that of the nervous system and neurodegeneration are widely studied consequently. Sirtuins have a strong role in metabolic syndrome in mitochondria also. The activities of Sirtuins can be altered by using small molecules that would be developed into drugs and it is proven that manipulation of SIRT1 activity influences neurodegenerative disease models. They are especially thrilling since using small molecules, which would be developed into a drug, it is feasible to alter the activities of sirtuins. Different functions of Sirtuins are depended upon their subcellular localization. In this review paper, we are discussing different Sirtuins, differential expression of sirtuins, and expression of sirtuin in the brain and briefly about sirtuin3 (SIRT3).

scholarly journals Basic Concept of Ophthalmology and Visual Disorder

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-189
Author(s):  
Liliyanti Fauzi ◽  
Tiara Bunga
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Aging Process ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Protective Structure ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Visual Dysfunction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Visual Disturbances

The eye is a complex sensory organ that is responsible for vision. Within the protective sheath, each eye has receptors, a lens system for focusing light on receptors, and a nervous system for transmitting impulses from the receptors to the brain. Visual dysfunction can be caused by abnormal eye movements or changes in visual acuity, refraction, color vision, or accommodation. Visual dysfunction may also be a secondary effect of other neurological disorders. This narrative review aims to describe the structure of the eye in general and visual disturbances caused by the aging process and disorders of the protective structure of the eye.

scholarly journals Infection and Immunometabolism in the Central Nervous System: A Possible Mechanistic Link Between Metabolic Imbalance and Dementia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Shinjyo ◽  
Kiyoshi Kita
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Leptin Signaling ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Infection Susceptibility ◽  
Metabolic Imbalance ◽  
The Brain

Metabolic syndromes are frequently associated with dementia, suggesting that the dysregulation of energy metabolism can increase the risk of neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. In addition, growing evidence suggests the link between infections and brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. The immune system and energy metabolism are in an intricate relationship. Infection triggers immune responses, which are accompanied by imbalance in cellular and organismal energy metabolism, while metabolic disorders can lead to immune dysregulation and higher infection susceptibility. In the brain, the activities of brain-resident immune cells, including microglia, are associated with their metabolic signatures, which may be affected by central nervous system (CNS) infection. Conversely, metabolic dysregulation can compromise innate immunity in the brain, leading to enhanced CNS infection susceptibility. Thus, infection and metabolic imbalance can be intertwined to each other in the etiology of brain disorders, including dementia. Insulin and leptin play pivotal roles in the regulation of immunometabolism in the CNS and periphery, and dysfunction of these signaling pathways are associated with cognitive impairment. Meanwhile, infectious complications are often comorbid with diabetes and obesity, which are characterized by insulin resistance and leptin signaling deficiency. Examples include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and periodontal disease caused by an oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. This review explores potential interactions between infectious agents and insulin and leptin signaling pathways, and discuss possible mechanisms underlying the relationship between infection, metabolic dysregulation, and brain disorders, particularly focusing on the roles of insulin and leptin.

scholarly journals Autoimmune Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyakam Bhagavati
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Remarkable discoveries over the last two decades have elucidated the autoimmune basis of several, previously poorly understood, neurological disorders. Autoimmune disorders of the nervous system may affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system, CNS) and also the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle (peripheral nervous system, PNS). This comprehensive overview of this rapidly evolving field presents the factors which may trigger breakdown of self-tolerance and development of autoimmune disease in some individuals. Then the pathophysiological basis and clinical features of autoimmune diseases of the nervous system are outlined, with an emphasis on the features which are important to recognize for accurate clinical diagnosis. Finally the latest therapies for autoimmune CNS and PNS disorders and their mechanisms of action and the most promising research avenues for targeted immunotherapy are discussed.

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