Parallel and divergent adaptations of rat soleus and plantaris to chronic exercise and hypergravity

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. R442-R448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Fuller ◽  
Kenneth M. Baldwin ◽  
Charles A. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Primary Stimulus ◽  
Adequate Stimulus ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Running Wheels ◽  
Muscle Myosin

It has been demonstrated that endurance exercise and chronic acceleration, i.e., hypergravity, produce comparable adaptations in a variety of physiological systems, including decreased adiposity, increased energy metabolism, and altered intermediary metabolism. Similar adaptations have not been demonstrated for skeletal muscle per se. To further differentiate between these general responses with respect to gravity and exercise, this study tested the hypothesis that chronic exercise (voluntary wheel running) and chronic acceleration (2 G via centrifugation) will induce similar changes in muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression in rat plantaris, a fast extensor, and in rat soleus, a slow “antigravity” extensor. The experimental design involved four groups of mature male rats ( n = 8/group): 1 G and 2 G with running wheels, and 1 G and 2 G controls without running wheels. The primary observations from the study were as follows: 1) 8 wk of 2 G are an adequate stimulus for MHC compositional changes in rat plantaris and soleus muscle; 2) both exercise and +G caused an increase in the slow MHC1 isoform in soleus muscle, suggesting that loading is a primary stimulus for this shift; and 3) 2 G and exercise appeared to have differential effects on the plantaris muscle MHC isoforms, with 2 G causing an increase in MHC2b, and exercise causing a decrease in MHC2b with a concomitant increase in MHC1, suggesting that factors other than enhanced loading, possibly locomotor activity levels, are the primary stimulus for this shift.

Interaction between exercise and food restriction: effects on longevity of male rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1529-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Holloszy ◽  
K. B. Schechtman
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Maximal Life Span ◽  
Running Wheels

Male rats that exercise in running wheels have a longer average survival than freely eating sedentary controls but, in contrast to food-restricted sedentary controls of the same weight, show no extension of maximal life span (J. Appl. Physiol. 59: 826-831, 1985). To test the possibility that exercise may counteract a life-extending effect of decreased availability of energy for certain biological processes such as cell proliferation, we examined the combined effects of exercise and food restriction on longevity of male rats. As before, wheel running improved average length of life, 978 +/- 172 vs. 875 +/- 175 (SD) days, for the sedentary controls (P less than 0.01) without increasing maximal life span. Paired-weight controls, food restricted (approximately 30% below ad libitum) to weight the same as the runners, showed increases in both average (1,056 +/- 144 days) and maximal life span. Food-restricted runners, with intake restricted to the same extent (approximately 30%), had an increased mortality rate over the first approximately 50% of their survival curve up to approximately 900 days of age; their average life span (995 +/- 226) was similar to that of the control group of runners and shorter than that of their paired-weight food-restricted sedentary controls (1,088 +/- 159 days, P less than 0.05). However, after approximately 900 days of age the food-restricted runners' survival became similar to that of the food-restricted sedentary groups, with a comparable increase in maximal life span. Thus the exercise did not counteract the increase in maximal life span induced by food restriction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Wheel running in the wild

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1786) ◽  
pp. 20140210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna H. Meijer ◽  
Yuri Robbers
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Running Wheel ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Stereotypic Behaviour ◽  
Running Wheels ◽  
Wheel Activity

The importance of exercise for health and neurogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Wheel running is often used in the laboratory for triggering enhanced activity levels, despite the common objection that this behaviour is an artefact of captivity and merely signifies neurosis or stereotypy. If wheel running is indeed caused by captive housing, wild mice are not expected to use a running wheel in nature. This however, to our knowledge, has never been tested. Here, we show that when running wheels are placed in nature, they are frequently used by wild mice, also when no extrinsic reward is provided. Bout lengths of running wheel behaviour in the wild match those for captive mice. This finding falsifies one criterion for stereotypic behaviour, and suggests that running wheel activity is an elective behaviour. In a time when lifestyle in general and lack of exercise in particular are a major cause of disease in the modern world, research into physical activity is of utmost importance. Our findings may help alleviate the main concern regarding the use of running wheels in research on exercise.

Diet-induced hyperphagia in the rat is influenced by sex and exercise

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. R1080-R1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Eckel ◽  
Shelley R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Daily Caloric Intake ◽  
Running Wheels

Caloric intake is increased in rats fed a diet containing greater fat or sugar than that found in laboratory chow. Because such diet-induced hyperphagia has been studied primarily in sedentary male rats, our goal here was to investigate the effects of sex and exercise on caloric intake of a diet (chow supplemented with sweet milk) chosen for its ability to stimulate hyperphagia. Rats were housed individually in cages that provided access to running wheels, and daily caloric intake of chow alone and then chow plus sweet milk was monitored during sedentary and active conditions. In sedentary rats, chow intake was greater in males compared with females. Wheel running produced similar decreases in chow intake in both sexes. Availability of the chow plus milk diet increased caloric intake compared with that observed in chow-fed rats. This diet-induced hyperphagia was significantly greater in sedentary females (35.7 ± 3.1% increase) relative to sedentary males (9.1 ± 2.2% increase). In addition, 35% of sedentary females consuming the chow plus milk diet developed estrous cycle disruptions. Wheel running decreased intake of the chow plus milk diet in both sexes. In active males, diet-induced hyperphagia was abolished; caloric intake was reduced to that observed during chow feeding. In active female rats, diet-induced hyperphagia was attenuated but not abolished; caloric intake of the chow plus milk diet remained greater than that observed during chow feeding. We conclude that female rats are more vulnerable than male rats to this form of diet-induced hyperphagia.

Long-Term Exercise Training Selectively Alters Serum Cytokines Involved in Fever

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Johnson Rowsey ◽  
Bonnie L. Metzger ◽  
John Carlson ◽  
Christopher J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Serum Zinc ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Serum Cytokines ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Running Wheels

Long-term exercise training selectively alters serum cytokines involved in fever. Chronic exercise training has a number of effects on the immune system that may mimic the physiological response to fever. Female rats that voluntarily exercise on running wheels develop an elevated daytime core temperature after several weeks of training. It remains to be seen whether the elevation in daytime temperature involves inflammatory patterns characteristic of an infectious fever. We assessed whether chronic exercise training in the rat would alter levels of cytokines involved in fever. Female Sprague Dawley rats at 45 days of age weighing 90—110 g were divided into two groups (exercise and sedentary) and housed at an ambient temperature of 22°C. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), iron, and zinc levels were analyzed. Rats underwent 8 weeks of exercise on running wheels. Exercise led to altered levels of some key cytokines that are involved in fever. Exercise animals had significantly higher IL-1β levels and lower IL-10 levels compared to sedentary animals. Although IL-6 levels were slightly lower in the exercise animals, these levels were not significantly affected by training. TNF-α activity was similar in the two groups. Training also led to a slight increase in serum zinc and decrease in serum unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC). The data suggest that chronic exercise training evokes immune responses that mimic some, but not all, aspects of fever. This may explain why exercise leads to elevated daytime core temperature.

Left ventricle transcriptomic analysis reveals connective tissue accumulation associates with initial age-dependent decline in V̇o2peak from its lifetime apex

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory N. Ruegsegger ◽  
Ryan G. Toedebusch ◽  
Joshua F. Braselton ◽  
Thomas E. Childs ◽  
Frank W. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Tissue Development ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Better Than

Peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) strongly predicts morbidity and mortality better than other established risk factors, yet mechanisms associated with its age-associated decline are unknown. Our laboratory has shown that V̇o2peak first begins to decrease at the same age of 19–20 wk in both sedentary and wheel-running, female Wistar rats (Toedebusch et al., Physiol Genomics. 48: 101–115, 2016). Here, we employed a total systemic approach using unsupervised interrogation of mRNA with RNA sequencing. The purpose of our study was to analyze transcriptomic profiles from both sedentary (SED) and wheel-running (RUN) conditions as a strategy to identify pathways in the left ventricle that may contribute to the initial reductions in V̇o2peak occurring between 19 and 27 wk of age. Transcriptomic comparisons were made within both SED and RUN rats between 19 and 27 wk ( n = 5–8). Analysis of mRNAs shared in SED and RUN between 19 and 27 wk found 17 upregulated (e.g., Adra1d, Rpl17, Xpo7) and 8 downregulated (e.g., Cdo1, Ctfg, Sfrp1) mRNAs, at 19 wk, respectively. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis of mRNAs common to SED and RUN produced networks suggestive of increased connective tissue development at 27 vs. 19 wk. Additionally, Ctfg mRNA was negatively associated with V̇o2peak in both SED and RUN ( P < 0.05). In summary, transcriptomic analysis revealed mRNAs and networks associated with increased connective tissue development, decreased α-adrenergic activity, and decreased protein translation in the left ventricle that could, in part, potentially influence the initiation of the lifelong reduction in V̇o2peak, independent of physical activity levels.

Relationship between wheel running, feeding, drinking, and body weight in male rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica M. Afonso ◽  
Roelof Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Male Rats

scholarly journals Effects of Two Types of Restraint Stress on the Spontaneous Behaviour in Rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Trnečková ◽  
Pavel Šída ◽  
Sixtus Hynie ◽  
Ivan Krejčí ◽  
Zdeněk Hliňák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Strong Suppression ◽  
Partial Immersion ◽  
Wistar Male Rats

Our previous findings suggested the existence of stressor-specific behavioural and cognitive responses in rats. In the present study, restraint stressor (immobilization, IMO) and restraint stressor combined with partial immersion of rats into water (IMO+C) were applied for 1 hour to Wistar male rats and their spontaneous behaviour was examined in the open field test. The classic behavioural parameters were recorded: crossing, rearing, and resting. When tested 1 and 4 hours after IMO+C, animals exhibited strong suppression of locomotor and exploratory activity (crossing and rearing); partial inhibition of both behavioural variables was found after IMO. Thus, substantial differences were observed in dependence on the length of period between the end of stressor application and the start of testing. In testing performed one week later, the locomotor and exploratory activity levels of both IMO and IMO+C animals corresponded to the control ones. These data suggest a differential behavioural response to both used stressors that may result from their different proportion of psychical and physical components. In conclusion, our results provide other data for the support of differential effects of two types of restraint stressors on spontaneous behaviour of animals exposed to a novel environment.

Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TRα transcriptional factors

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. E132-E138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Alves Lima ◽  
Gabriel Forato Anhê ◽  
Gisele Giannocco ◽  
Maria Tereza Nunes ◽  
Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Contractile Activity ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Transcriptional Factors ◽  
Chronic Exercise ◽  
Improve Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Per Se

Skeletal muscle is a target tissue for approaches that can improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant states. In muscles, glucose uptake is performed by the GLUT-4 protein, which is encoded by the SLC2A4 gene. SLC2A4 gene expression increases in response to conditions that improve insulin sensitivity, including chronic exercise. However, since chronic exercise improves insulin sensitivity, the increased SLC2A4 gene expression could not be clearly attributed to the muscle contractile activity per se and/or to the improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was designed to investigate the role of contractile activity per se in the regulation of SLC2A4 gene expression as well as in the participation of the transcriptional factors myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a), and thyroid hormone receptor-α (TRα). The performed in vitro protocol excluded the interference of metabolic, hormonal, and neural effects. The results showed that, in response to 10 min of electrically induced contraction of soleus muscle, an early 40% increase in GLUT-4 mRNA (30 min) occurred, with a subsequent 65% increase (120 min) in GLUT-4 protein content. EMSA and supershift assays revealed that the stimulus rapidly increased the binding activity of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TRα into the SLC2A4 gene promoter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed, in native nucleosome, that contraction induced an approximate fourfold ( P < 0.01) increase in MEF2D and HIF-1a-binding activity. In conclusion, muscle contraction per se enhances SLC2A4 gene expression and that involves MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TRα transcription factor activation. This finding reinforces the importance of physical activity to improve glycemic homeostasis independently of other additional insulin sensitizer approaches.

Maternal restraint stress during pregnancy negatively affects behaviors and antioxidant capacity of offspring rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 882-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yin ◽  
Guofu Wang ◽  
Shixing Gao ◽  
Yanping Huang ◽  
Ruqian Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Biochemical Indices

This study evaluated the effect of maternal restraint stress during the gestation period on behaviors, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant capacities of offspring rats (Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout,1769)) at weaning age. Behaviors, plasma biochemical indices, and antioxidant ability of the liver, soleus muscle, and gastrocnemius muscle of mother and (or) offspring rats were analyzed. Significant increases were found in the immobility and swinging behavior frequencies of offspring male rats; no difference was found in behaviors of female rats. The antioxidant indices including superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide synthase, and total antioxidant capacity in the soleus muscle of offspring male rats were significantly decreased in the restraint group. Female offspring rats showed significant lower glutathione and higher malondialdehyde levels in the gastrocnemius muscle and liver, respectively. No difference was found in the productive performance and plasma biochemical indices of maternal rats, nor in the biochemical parameters of the two groups of weaning rats. The results suggested that maternal chronic stresses negatively affected the behaviors and antioxidant abilities of offspring rats, and that these effects possibly have a greater impact on offspring male rats than on female rats.

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