Influence of fingertip contact on illusory arm movements

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1555-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ely Rabin ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Contact ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

Recent evidence suggests that reaching movements are more accurate when end point contact occurs, suggesting that fingertip contact contributes to a final estimation of arm position. In the present study we tested two hypotheses: 1) that fingertip contact influences illusions of arm movement produced by muscle vibration and 2) that this influence depends on the a priori context of the stability of the contact surface. Subjects sat with their elbows on a table and eyes closed. They demonstrated the perceived orientation of the left (cue) arm by mirroring the location with the right (report) arm. We manipulated deep proprioceptive cues by vibrating the left biceps brachia, causing illusions of elbow extension, and tested whether these illusions were altered when the fingertip remained in contact with a stable external surface. The context at this point represents a prior assumption that the external contact surface is stable. Midway through the experiment, the context was changed by challenging the prior assumption that the contact surface was stable by demonstrating that it could move. Unbeknownst to the subject, the external contact surface remained stable during data collection throughout the experiment. As expected, without tactile cues, biceps vibration caused illusory elbow extension. Conditions with fingertip contact and biceps vibration in the stable context demonstrated that contact largely eliminated the overestimation of cue arm elbow angle. However, in the context of a possibly unstable (movable) contact surface, the reports of elbow extension returned. Thus a priori notions about the stability context of an external contact surface influence how this tactile cue is integrated with proprioceptive sensory modalities to generate an estimate of arm location in space. These findings support the notion that tactile cues are used to calibrate proprioception against external spatial frameworks.

scholarly journals The postulations á la D’Alembert and á la Cauchy for higher gradient continuum theories are equivalent: a review of existing results

2015 ◽  
Vol 471 (2183) ◽  
pp. 20150415 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. dell’Isola ◽  
P. Seppecher ◽  
A. Della Corte
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Field ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Contact Interactions ◽  
Stress Tensors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gradient Theories ◽  
Continuum Theories ◽  
Virtual Velocity

In order to found continuum mechanics, two different postulations have been used. The first, introduced by Lagrange and Piola, starts by postulating how the work expended by internal interactions in a body depends on the virtual velocity field and its gradients. Then, by using the divergence theorem, a representation theorem is found for the volume and contact interactions which can be exerted at the boundary of the considered body. This method assumes an a priori notion of internal work, regards stress tensors as dual of virtual displacements and their gradients, deduces the concept of contact interactions and produces their representation in terms of stresses using integration by parts. The second method, conceived by Cauchy and based on the celebrated tetrahedron argument, starts by postulating the type of contact interactions which can be exerted on the boundary of every (suitably) regular part of a body. Then it proceeds by proving the existence of stress tensors from a balance-type postulate. In this paper, we review some relevant literature on the subject, discussing how the two postulations can be reconciled in the case of higher gradient theories. Finally, we underline the importance of the concept of contact surface, edge and wedge s -order forces.

The Effect of Test Conditions on the Early Components of the Averaged Electroencephalic Response

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice I. Mendel ◽  
Robert Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
First Response ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Reading Order ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Order Of Presentation

The effect of test conditions on the early components of the averaged electroencephalic response was examined in 12 normal hearing subjects between the ages of 21 and 43. Clicks at 50 dB SL were presented to the right ear at the rate of 9.6/sec while the subject was (1) sitting in the dark with eyes closed, (2) sitting quietly in the light with eyes open, and (3) reading. Order of presentation was counter-balanced with each condition repeated three times. 1024 clicks were used in obtaining each of the nine averaged responses. Electroencephalic activity was recorded from an electrode on the vertex referred to the left earlobe. The polyphasic response pattern was relatively consistent, characterized by a configuration with mean peak latencies of (N o ) 7.6 msec, (P o ) 16.5 msec, (N a ) 26.9 msec, (P a ) 40.6 msec, and (N b ) 54.0 msec. No significant differences occurred in either latency or amplitude of the response with the different test conditions. Latency and amplitude of the response did not differ as a function of order, although the first response was usually larger than the mean of the remaining eight.

Transfer of Dominance in Speed of Verbal Response to Visually Presented Stimuli from Right to Left Hemisphere

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1091-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Gordon ◽  
A. Carmon
Keyword(s):  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Cerebral Dominance ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Field Response ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

Transfer of cerebral dominance from the right to the left hemisphere was demonstrated for a response-time task of verbal naming of novel, visually presented symbols. Four sets of stimuli were used: (1) familiar numbers in the typical Arabic script; (2) Gothic-like numbers; (3) binary numbers presented in a form using dots rather than digits; and (4) symbols taken from the Digit Symbol subtest of the WAIS. Stimuli from each of these four sets were quickly flashed unpredictably to either the left or right visual half-field. Response latency was measured until the subject repeated vocally the name of the number represented by the symbol. The results show that the new symbols, e.g., binary numbers and symbols, were recognized faster by the right hemisphere at the beginning of the test session and by the left hemisphere toward the end. By contrast, numbers in familiar script showed no such hemisphere shift; dominance was constant and remained in the left hemisphere throughout. It was hypothesized that the recognition ability of the right hemisphere produced the initial superiority of the left field whereas the encoding function of the left hemisphere produced the switch to the right field. The suggestion is advanced that the new symbols used in the present study are not much different a priori than symbols normally used for language, i.e., letters, words, and therefore the abilities of the right hemisphere may be critical in acquisition of reading before and concurrently with acquisition of general language skills by the left (language) hemisphere.

scholarly journals Iterative solution of unstable variational inequalities on approximately given sets

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. I. Alber ◽  
A. G. Kartsatos ◽  
E. Litsyn
Keyword(s):  
Variational Inequalities ◽  
Banach Spaces ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Iterative Regularization ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right ◽  
Degenerate Operators ◽  
Convergence Of Approximate Solutions

The convergence and the stability of the iterative regularization method for solving variational inequalities with bounded nonsmooth properly monotone (i.e., degenerate) operators in Banach spaces are studied. All the items of the inequality (i.e., the operatorA, the “right hand side”fand the set of constraintsΩ) are to be perturbed. The connection between the parameters of regularization and perturbations which guarantee strong convergence of approximate solutions is established. In contrast to previous publications by Bruck, Reich and the first author, we do not suppose here that the approximating sequence is a priori bounded. Therefore the present results are new even for operator equations in Hilbert and Banach spaces. Apparently, the iterative processes for problems with perturbed sets of constraints are being considered for the first time.

Symmetrizable Difference Dchemes

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei A. Gulin
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Difference Scheme ◽  
Difference Schemes ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Stability Boundaries ◽  
Typical Representative ◽  
Variable Weight ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Conditions Of Stability ◽  
The Right

AbstractA review of the stability theory of symmetrizable time-dependent difference schemes is represented. The notion of the operator-difference scheme is introduced and general ideas about stability in the sense of the initial data and in the sense of the right hand side are formulated. Further, the so-called symmetrizable difference schemes are considered in detail for which we manage to formulate the unimprovable necessary and su±cient conditions of stability in the sense of the initial data. The schemes with variable weight multipliers are a typical representative of symmetrizable difference schemes. For such schemes a numerical algorithm is proposed and realized for constructing stability boundaries.

Contemporary Machiavellian theses "The strategy of the role of the absurd state as a model"

2020 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Hameed ◽  
Saif Hayder AL.Husainy
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Information Revolution ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Technologies

In the anarchism that governs the nature and patterns of international relations characterized by instability and uncertainty in light of several changes, as well as the information revolution and the resulting developments and qualitative breakthroughs in the field of scientific and advanced technological knowledge and modern technologies.  All of these variables pushed toward the information flow and flow tremendously, so rationality became an indispensable matter for the decision maker as he faces these developments and changes. There must be awareness and rationality in any activity or behavior because it includes choosing the best alternative and making the right decision and selecting the information accurately and mental processing Through a mental system based on objectivity, methodology, and accumulated experience away from idealism and imagination, where irrationality and anarchy are a reflection of the fragility of the decision-maker, his lack of awareness of the subject matter, his irresponsibility, and recklessness that inevitably leads to failure by wasting time and Effort and potential. The topic acquires its importance from a search in the strategies of the frivolous state and its characteristics with the ability to influence the regional, and what it revealed is a turning point in how to adapt from the variables and employ them to their advantage and try to prove their existence. Thus, the problem comes in the form of a question about the possibility of the frivolous state in light of the context of various regional and international events and trends. The answer to this question stems from the main hypothesis that (the aim which the frustrating state seeks to prove is that it finds itself compelled to choose several strategies that start from the nature of its characteristics and the goals that aim at it, which are centered in the circle of its interests in the field of its struggle for the sake of its survival and area of influence).

Pemanfaatan Metil Ester Sulfonat pada Pembuatan Deterjen Cair

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
Eldha Sampepana ◽  
Suroto Hadi Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate ◽  
Emulsion Stability ◽  
Alcohol Sulfate ◽  
Stable Emulsion ◽  
Linear Alkylbenzene ◽  
Alkylbenzene Sulfonate ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Right

In the manufacture of detergents still using surfactants (which serves as an emulsifier) of crude oil in the form of the AS. (alcohol sulfate) and LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), where this type of surfactant cannot be degraded by microorganisms when discharged into the environment, causing environmental pollution. Methyl ester sulfonate surfactant is an anionic surfactant which has a composition of C16 - C18 fatty acids are capable of acting against nature deterjensinya, while the C12 - C14 fatty acids contribute to the foaming effect. The purpose of this study was to look for the formulation of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) the right to produce a good detergent by using materials such as methyl ester sulfonate surfactant self-made, methyl ester sulfonate and sodium lauryl market Ester Sulfate (SLS) with a concentration of 15 %, 20 % and 25 %. Detergent results of the study have high detergency ( net ) compared with the detergency of detergent commercial, have a stable emulsion stability, the stability of the foam/foam detergent power made from methyl ester sulfonate surfactant produces less foam, compared with a detergent made from SLS and surfactant SNI 06-4075-1996 standards.

Educación y valores

2014 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Sabino de Juan López
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

RESUMEN En el artículo se ofrece una reflexión en torno a la educación y valores. Tras una referencia a los diferentes sentidos en que se puede plantear el problema en función de la forma como se puede entender la relación entre los dos sustantivos “educación” y “valores”, la reflexión se centra en algunos problemas relacionados con los valores en cuanto contenidos de la educación. Primeramente se refiere al problema del criterio en función del cual determinar los valores de la educación, concluyendo en que el criterio no podía ser ni de carácter a priori, ni empírico, sino “sintético”. A continuación, se afronta el problema del principio, de la fuente de los valores, o la concreción del criterio de los valores de la educación, entendiendo que éstos deberían ser determinados a partir del sujeto de la educación. Se concluye con la referencia a una exigencia de los valores de la educación, la configuración de una totalidad unitaria e interactiva. Palabras clave: educación, valores, fuente de valores, integración, cultura EDUCATION AND VALUES ABSTRACT The article offers a reflection on education and values. After a reference to the different senses in which one can pose the problem in terms of how you can understand the relationship between the two nouns “education” and “values”, reflection focuses on some problems related to the values in the contents of education. First, it concerns the problem of the criterion against which to determine the values of education, concluding that the criterion could be neither a priori in nature, not empirical, but “synthetic”. Herein, the problem of principle is faced, the source of values, or the realization of the criterion of the values of education, understanding that these should be determined from the subject of education. It concludes with the reference of a requirement of the values in education, setting up a unitary and interactive whole. Key Words: education, values , power values , integration, culture

Strategi Humas Partai Gerindra dalam Membangun Citra Partai pada Pemilu 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rialdo Rezeky ◽  
Muhammad Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Media Relations ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
The Public ◽  
Community Or ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Right ◽  
Participatory Observation

The approach of this research is qualitative and descriptive. In this study those who become the subject of research is an informant (key figure). The subject of this study is divided into two main components, consisting of internal public and external public that is from the Board of the Central Executive Board of Gerindra Party, Party Cadres, Observers and Journalists. The object of this research is the behavior, activities and opinions of Gerindra Party Public Relation Team. In this study used data collection techniques with interviews, participatory observation, and triangulation of data. The results of this study indicate that the Public Relations Gerindra has implemented strategies through various public relations programs and establish good media relations with the reporters so that socialization goes well. So also with the evaluation that is done related to the strategy of the party. The success of Gerindra Party in maintaining the party’s image in Election 2014 as a result of the running of PR strategy and communication and sharing the right type of program according to the characteristics of the voting community or its constituents.Keywords: PR Strategy, Gerindra Party, Election 2014

PENILAIAN AUTENTIK PADA MATAPELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM

Edupedia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Mohamad Aso Samsudin ◽  
Ukhtul Iffah
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Education ◽  
Authentic Assessments ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

Teaching is an art means that the art of managing people who have a variety of different characters. The teacher should be able to recognize these different characters so that he can easily master them so that the subject is easily mastered by them. However, the teacher is not easy to do that. It is no less difficult in learning to do assessment, because when assessment teachers are required to be careful and meticulous so that the results are not wrong, be careful in determining appropriate measurement tools as measured, or careful in operating the right tools, especially teachers are required able to do a complete assessment (authentic) in three domains (cognitive, psychomotor, and affective). This article reviews how to carry out authentic assessments in Islamic Education (Pendidikan Agama Islam) learning.

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