Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Stanley ◽  
Katie Wynne ◽  
Barbara McGowan ◽  
Stephen Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Neuropeptide Release ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Physiological Systems

Our knowledge of the physiological systems controlling energy homeostasis has increased dramatically over the last decade. The roles of peripheral signals from adipose tissue, pancreas, and the gastrointestinal tract reflecting short- and long-term nutritional status are now being described. Such signals influence central circuits in the hypothalamus, brain stem, and limbic system to modulate neuropeptide release and hence food intake and energy expenditure. This review discusses the peripheral hormones and central neuronal pathways that contribute to control of appetite.

scholarly journals Gqα/G11α deficiency in dorsomedial hypothalamus leads to obesity resulting from decreased energy expenditure and impaired sympathetic nerve activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Wilson ◽  
Hui Sun ◽  
Zhenzhong Cui ◽  
Marshal T. Jahnke ◽  
Mritunjay Pandey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Dorsomedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Specific Deletion

The G protein subunits Gqα and G11α (Gq/11α) couple receptors to phospholipase C, leading to increased intracellular calcium. In this study we investigated the consequences of Gq/11α deficiency in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), a critical site for the control of energy homeostasis. Mice with DMH-specific deletion of Gq/11α (DMHGq/11KO) were generated by stereotaxic injection of AAV-Cre-GFP into the DMH of Gqαflox/flox:G11α-/- mice. Compared to control mice that received DMH injection of AAV-GFP, DMHGq/11KO mice developed obesity associated with reduced energy expenditure without significant changes in food intake or physical activity. DMHGq/11KO mice showed no defects in the ability of the melanocortin agonist melanotan II to acutely stimulate energy expenditure or to inhibit food intake. At room temperature (22oC) DMHGq/11KO mice showed reduced sympathetic nervous system activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and heart, accompanied with decreased basal BAT Ucp1 gene expression and lower heart rates. These mice were cold intolerant when acutely exposed to cold (6oC for 5 hours) and had decreased cold-stimulated BAT Ucp1 gene expression. DMHGq/11KO mice also failed to adapt to gradually declining ambient temperatures and to develop adipocyte browning in inguinal white adipose tissue although their BAT Ucp1 was proportionally stimulated. Consistent with impaired cold-induced thermogenesis, the onset of obesity in DMHGq/11KO mice was significantly delayed when housed under thermoneutral conditions (30ºC). Thus, our results show that Gqα and G11α in the DMH are required for the control of energy homeostasis by stimulating energy expenditure and thermoregulation.

scholarly journals Obesity, food intake and exercise: Relationship with ghrelin

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul Tiryaki-Sonmez ◽  
Serife Vatansever ◽  
Burcin Olcucu ◽  
Brad Schoenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Orexigenic Peptide ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
Short And Long Term

SummaryObesity, a disorder of body composition, is defined by a relative or absolute excess of body fat. In general adult population, obesity has been associated with a diverse array of adverse health outcomes, including major causes of death such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, as well as functional impairment from problems such as osteoarthritis and sleep apnea. Ghrelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone which plays an important role in obesity. It is a powerful, endogenous orexigenic peptide and has a crucial function in appetite regulation, as well as short – and long-term energy homeostasis. In the presence of increased obesity, decreased physical activity, and high food consumption, the relationship between exercise, appetite, food intake and ghrelin levels has important implications. In this review, we discuss the effect of acute and chronic exercise performance on appetite, food intake and ghrelin and their relationships.

scholarly journals A Functional Leptin System Is Essential for Sodium Tungstate Antiobesity Action

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 642-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignasi Canals ◽  
María C. Carmona ◽  
Marta Amigó ◽  
Albert Barbera ◽  
Analía Bortolozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Sodium Tungstate ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Leptin System

Sodium tungstate is a novel agent in the treatment of obesity. In diet-induced obese rats, it is able to reduce body weight gain by increasing energy expenditure. This study evaluated the role of leptin, a key regulator of energy homeostasis, in the tungstate antiobesity effect. Leptin receptor-deficient Zucker fa/fa rats and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice were treated with tungstate. In lean animals, tungstate administration reduced body weight gain and food intake and increased energy expenditure. However, in animals with deficiencies in the leptin system, treatment did not modify these parameters. In ob/ob mice in which leptin deficiency was restored through adipose tissue transplantation, treatment restored the tungstate-induced body weight gain and food intake reduction as well as energy expenditure increase. Furthermore, in animals in which tungstate administration increased energy expenditure, changes in the expression of key genes involved in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis were detected. Finally, the gene expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides, Npy, Agrp, and Cart, involved in the leptin regulation of energy homeostasis, was also modified by tungstate in a leptin-dependent manner. In summary, the results indicate that the effectiveness of tungstate in reducing body weight gain is completely dependent on a functional leptin system. Anti-obesity activity of tungstate is due to an increase in thermogenesis and a reduction in food intake and depends entirely on a functional leptin system.

scholarly journals Use of a Highly Antioxidant Diet in the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Secretion in Patients after the BIB Procedure

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Edyta Balejko ◽  
Jerzy Balejko
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Diet Therapy ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Reducing Ability ◽  
Bariatric Patients ◽  
Antioxidant Diet

Obesity is a global problem. The secretory activity of adipose tissue causes inflammation and disturbs metabolic parameters. Low-invasive bariatric procedures are an alternative to surgical treatment, especially in individuals who do not qualify for surgery or in whom conservative treatment does not bring the expected results. The diets designed for bariatric patients contained an increased proportion of bioflavonoids. The dietary components were carefully selected to provide anti-inflammatory effects. The experimental diets showed an antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 433–969 µM TE/100 g or 100 mL, reducing ability (FRAP) of 13–58 µM TE/100 g or 100 mL, and total polyphenol content of 80–250 mg catechins/100 g or 100 mL. Lower levels of adipocytokines were obtained in the blood of patients following the diet. The results of the present study showed the participation of some adipocytokines in the regulation of energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism, glucose level, blood pressure and inflammation. Diet therapy should yield positive results in the long term, with the possibility of using immune modulation in personalized therapy for metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Neonatal nutritional programming impairs adiponectin effects on energy homeostasis in adult life of male rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (1) ◽  
pp. E29-E37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Peduti Halah ◽  
Paula Beatriz Marangon ◽  
Jose Antunes-Rodrigues ◽  
Lucila L. K. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nutritional Programming

Neonatal nutritional changes induce long-lasting effects on energy homeostasis. Adiponectin influences food intake and body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of neonatal nutritional programming on the central stimulation of adiponectin. Male Wistar rats were divided on postnatal (PN) day 3 in litters of 3 (small litter, SL), 10 (normal litter, NL), or 16 pups/dam (large litter, LL). We assessed body weight gain for 60 days, adiponectin concentration, and white adipose tissue weight. We examined the response of SL, NL, and LL rats on body weight gain, food intake, oxygen consumption (V̇o2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calorimetry, locomotor activity, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression in the hypothalamus, and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in the brown adipose tissue after central stimulus with adiponectin. After weaning, SL rats maintained higher body weight gain despite similar food intake compared with NL rats. LL rats showed lower body weight at weaning, with a catch up afterward and higher food intake. Both LL and SL groups had decreased plasma concentrations of adiponectin at PN60. SL rats had increased white adipose tissue. Central injection of adiponectin decreased body weight and food intake and increased V̇o2, RER, calorimetry, p-AMPK and UCP- 1 expression in NL rats, but it had no effect on SL and LL rats, compared with the respective vehicle groups. In conclusion, neonatal under- and overfeeding induced an increase in body weight gain in juvenile and early adult life. Unresponsiveness to central effects of adiponectin contributes to the imbalance of the energy homeostasis in adult life induced by neonatal nutritional programming.

Neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance: Implications on the development and surgical treatment of obesity

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Farias ◽  
Bárbara Dal Molin Netto ◽  
Solange Cravo Bettini ◽  
Ana Raimunda Dâmaso ◽  
Alexandre Coutinho Teixeira de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neuroendocrine Regulation ◽  
Calorie Intake ◽  
Hormone Signaling ◽  
Sustained Weight Loss

Introduction: Obesity, a serious public health problem, occurs mainly when food consumption exceeds energy expenditure. Therefore, energy balance depends on the regulation of the hunger–satiety mechanism, which involves interconnection of the central nervous system and peripheral signals from the adipose tissue, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, generating responses in short-term food intake and long-term energy balance. Increased body fat alters the gut- and adipose-tissue-derived hormone signaling, which promotes modifications in appetite-regulating hormones, decreasing satiety and increasing hunger senses. With the failure of conventional weight loss interventions (dietary treatment, exercise, drugs and lifestyle modifications), bariatric surgeries are well-accepted tools for the treatment of severe obesity, with long-term and sustained weight loss. Bariatric surgeries may cause weight loss due to restriction/malabsorption of nutrients from the anatomical alteration of the gastrointestinal tract that decreases energy intake, but also by other physiological factors associated with better results of the surgical procedure. Objective: This review discusses the neuroendocrine regulation of energy balance, with description of the predominant hormones and peptides involved in the control of energy balance in obesity and all currently available bariatric surgeries. Conclusions: According to the findings of our review, bariatric surgeries promote effective and sustained weight loss not only by reducing calorie intake, but also by precipitating changes in appetite control, satiation and satiety, and physiological changes in gut-, neuro- and adipose-tissue-derived hormone signaling.

scholarly journals Contribution of Neuroinflammation to the Pathogenesis of Cancer Cachexia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Molfino ◽  
Gianfranco Gioia ◽  
Filippo Rossi Fanelli ◽  
Alessandro Laviano
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
The Brain

Inflammation characterizes the course of acute and chronic diseases and is largely responsible for the metabolic and behavioral changes occurring during the clinical journey of patients. Robust data indicate that, during cancer, functional modifications within brain areas regulating energy homeostasis contribute to the onset of anorexia, reduced food intake, and increased catabolism of muscle mass and adipose tissue. In particular, functional changes are associated with increased hypothalamic concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, which suggests that neuroinflammation may represent the adaptive response of the brain to peripheral challenges, including tumor growth. Within this conceptual framework, the vagus nerve appears to be involved in conveying alert signals to the hypothalamus, whereas hypothalamic serotonin appears to contribute to triggering catabolic signals.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Intracerebroventricular Infusion of RFamide-Related Peptide-3 on Energy Metabolism in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8606
Author(s):  
Shogo Moriwaki ◽  
Yuki Narimatsu ◽  
Keisuke Fukumura ◽  
Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena ◽  
Megumi Furumitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
The Masses

RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), the mammalian ortholog of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), plays a crucial role in reproduction. In the present study, we explored the other functions of RFRP-3 by investigating the effects of chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of RFRP-3 (6 nmol/day) for 13 days on energy homeostasis in lean male C57BL/6J mice. The infusion of RFRP-3 increased cumulative food intake and body mass. In addition, the masses of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the liver were increased by the administration of RFRP-3, although the mass of white adipose tissue was unchanged. On the other hand, RFRP-3 decreased O2 consumption, CO2 production, energy expenditure, and core body temperature during a short time period in the dark phase. These results suggest that the increase in food intake and the decrease in energy expenditure contributed to the gain of body mass, including the masses of BAT and the liver. The present study shows that RFRP-3 regulates not only reproductive function, but also energy metabolism, in mice.

scholarly journals Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Somogyi ◽  
A. Gyorffy ◽  
T. J. Scalise ◽  
D. S. Kiss ◽  
G. Goszleth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Brain

Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.

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