Production of Biologically Activated Carbon from Orange Peel and Landfill Leachate Subsequent Treatment Technology

In order to improve adsorption of macromolecular contaminants and promote the growth of microorganisms, active carbon for biological wastewater treatment or follow-up processing requires abundant mesopore and good biophile ability. In this experiment, biophile mesopore active carbon is produced in one-step activation with orange peel as raw material, and zinc chloride as activator, and the adsorption characteristics of orange peel active carbon is studied by static adsorption method. BET specific surface area and pore volume reached 1477 m2/g and 2.090 m3/g, respectively. The surface functional groups were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The surface of the as-prepared activated carbon contained hydroxyl group, carbonyl group, and methoxy group. The analysis based on X-ray diffraction spectrogram (XRD) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum indicated that the as-prepared activated carbon, with smaller microcrystalline diameter and microcrystalline thickness and enhanced reactivity, exhibited enhanced adsorption performance. This research has a deep influence in effectively controlling water pollution, improving area water quality, easing orange peel waste pollution, and promoting coordinated development among society, economy, and environment.

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The influence of active carbon contaminants on the ozonation mechanism interpretation

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89510-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lilla Fijołek ◽

Joanna Świetlik ◽

Marcin Frankowski

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Alkali Metals ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Carbon Surface ◽

Bulk Solution ◽

Ozone Decomposition ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Carbon Impurities

AbstractIn water treatment technology, activated carbons are used primarily as sorbents to remove organic impurities, mainly natural organic matter, but also as catalysts in the ozonation process. Commercially available activated carbons are usually contaminated with mineral substances, classified into two main groups: alkali metals (Ca, Na, K, Li, Mg) and multivalent metals (Al, Fe, Ti, Si). The presence of impurities on the carbon surface significantly affects the pHpzc values determined for raw and ozonated carbon as well as their acidity and alkalinity. The scale of the observed changes strongly depends on the pH of the ozonated system, which is related to the diffusion of impurities from the carbon to the solution. In an acidic environment (pH 2.5 in this work), the ozone molecule is relatively stable, yet active carbon causes its decomposition. This is the first report that indirectly indicates that contaminants on the surface of activated carbon (multivalent elements) contribute to the breakdown of ozone towards radicals, while the process of ozone decomposition by purified carbons does not follow the radical path in bulk solution. Carbon impurities also change the distribution of the reaction products formed by organic pollutants ozonation, which additionally confirms the radical process. The study showed that the use of unpurified activated carbon in the ozonation of succinic acid (SA) leads to the formation of a relatively large amount of oxalic acid (OA), which is a product of radical SA degradation. On the other hand, in solutions with purified carbon, the amount of OA generated is negligible.

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Characterization of Activated Carbon from Industrial Solid Waste Agar with a Different Activator Concentrations

Omni-Akuatika ◽

10.20884/1.oa.2018.14.1.327 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Khuril Zaqyyah ◽

Sri Subekti ◽

Mirni Lamid

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Carbon Content ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Ash Content ◽

Raw Material ◽

Activator Concentration ◽

Industrial Solid Waste ◽

Randomized Design

Production of seaweed processing generates a huge amount of waste, either waste solid or liquid waste. For solid waste contains a lot of organic carbon derived from cellulose or hemicellulose. Therefore, the solid waste that has the potential as a raw material of activated carbon. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the activated carbon produced from solid waste agar and determine the optimal concentration of activator that produced the best characteristics of the activated carbon. The treatment used is a different activator concentration which is designed using completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications. The results showed the five treatments are significant differences in the characteristics of the ash and pure active carbon content. This study shows that the manufacture of activated carbon industrial solid waste agar with a different activator concentration influence on the characteristics of the active carbon with ash content parameter and pure active carbon content. The concentration of activator that can provide the highest value of pure activated carbon is in P5 with a concentration of 6 M. Based on this study are advised to do further research on how to lower the ash content of the activated carbon from solid waste agar.

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Fe-modified activated carbon obtained from biomass as a catalyst for α-pinene autoxidation

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2021-0020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Adrianna Kamińska ◽

Nikola Maciejewska ◽

Piotr Miądlicki ◽

Karolina Kiełbasa ◽

Joanna Sreńscek-Nazzal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Raw Material ◽

Main Reaction ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Modified Activated Carbon ◽

X Ray ◽

Alpha Pinene ◽

Instrumental Methods ◽

First Time

Abstract The presented work describes the autoxidation of alpha-pinene for the first time using a catalyst based on activated carbon from biomass with introduced Fe. The raw material for the preparation of the carbon material was waste orange peel, which was activated with a KOH solution. The following instrumental methods characterized the obtained catalyst (Fe/O_AC):N2 adsorption at 77 K, XRD, UV, SEM, TEM, X-ray microanalysis, and catalytic studies. It was shown that the Fe/O_AC catalyst was very active in the autoxidation of alpha-pinene. The main reaction products were: alpha-pinene oxide, verbenone, verbenol, and campholenic aldehyde.

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Study on Ultrasonic Degradation of Methyl Orange Wastewater by Modified Steel Slag

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.125 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 662 ◽

pp. 125-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xue Fei Lei ◽

Chen Chen ◽

Xing Li ◽

Xiang Xin Xue ◽

He Yang

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Methyl Orange ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Steel Slag ◽

Raw Material ◽

Ultrasonic Degradation ◽

Decoloration Rate ◽

Doping Ratio ◽

Degradation Of Methyl Orange

In this paper, steel slag as the main raw material, modified steel slag adsorbent was prepared using steel slag and the active carbon as the starting materials. The influences of doping substance, the particle size, calcining temperature and doping ratio on the decoloration rate of methyl orange wastewater were investigated. The results showed that the decoloration rate of methyl orange can reach 93.62% when the doping substance was the activated carbon, the particle size was 120 mesh, the calcining temperature was 700°C, the doping ratio was 1:1.

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Removal of Methylene Blue of Textile Industry Waste with Activated Carbon using Adsorption Method

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.19.4.168-171 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 168-171

Author(s):

Maryudi Maryudi ◽

Shinta Amelia ◽

Siti Salamah

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Particle Size ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Adsorption Method

The colorant that is often used in the textile industry is methylene blue which is a cationic heterocyclic aromatic compound. This compound is very stable and is difficult to decompose naturally leading to environment in large concentrations. Therefore, a waste treatment technology to reduce the concentration of dye waste in water becomes importannt. So far, adsorption method with activated carbon remains the most efficient and effective technique in removing dyes from liquid waste due to its relatively large adsorption capacity. Activated carbon is one of the non-metallic mineral commodities or multipurpose industrial minerals, one of which is as an adsorbent or adsorbent media. This study aims to determine the potential of activated carbon in adsorbing methylene blue with variations in the concentration of methylene blue and particle size of activated carbon. The procedures in this experiment include, the preparation of activated carbon with size variations (20-60, 60-100 and> 100 mesh) and variations in the concentration of methylene blue (15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm) with contact time (0 to 180 minutes). From the results of the study, it was found that the smaller the size of activated carbon used, the greater the adsorption capacity, ie at mesh size> 100 mesh, the adsorption capacity was 9.8%. Whereas, the smaller the concentration of methylene blue, the activated carbon could work optimally at a concentration of 15 ppm at 30 minutes with adsorption capacity as high as 100%.Keywords: adsorption; Methylene Blue; activated carbon; concentration; time; particle size

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Preparation of Granular Activated Carbons Using Various Binders

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2020051027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 27

Author(s):

Remigiusz Gumiński ◽

Iwona Skoczko

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Sorption Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Physical Features ◽

Material Preparation

The purpose of this work was to verify the binders available on the Polish market due to their physical features and effectiveness of building permanent active carbon granules. The conducted tests concerned a comparison of sorption properties and strength of activated carbon formed from hard coal depending on the type of binder used. Raw material preparation, granulation, drying and carbonization, as well as activation processes were carried out. The results obtained are presented in the form of tables. Based on the reached results, one of the most important effects in terms of operating conditions is the greatest advantage of the aqueous glycocell solution as a binder.

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PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN AKTIVATOR ZnCl2, KOH, DAN H3PO4 DALAM PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI PELEPAH AREN (Arenga Pinnata)

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v4i1.1460 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marina Olivia Esterlita ◽

Netti Herlina

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Carbonization Temperature ◽

Raw Material ◽

Optimum Temperature ◽

Iodine Solution ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Palm Frond

This research aimed to determine the effect of carbonization temperature and activator agent in making activated carbon, and also determine the optimum temperature, and best activator agent. The raw material used is kind of lignocellulosic like palm frond. The palm fronds cleaned and chopped, then it soaked in each activator solution include KOH, ZnCl2, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours. After that, palm fronds carbonized in the furnace at a temperature of 4000C, 5000C, and 6000C in 1 hour. Carbon washed by aquadest until its netral, after that calculated the yield of charcoal, moisture content, and absorption ability of the iodine solution. The highest yield obtained in the activated carbon which impregnated by ZnCl2 at the temperature 4000C which is 82,04%. The best water content of activated carbon obtained in the activated carbon impregnated by H3PO4 of 6% which is the lowest one. Activated carbon which has the largest number of iodine absorption was also obtained on the active carbon carbonized at a temperature of 5000C and activated by H3PO4 which is 767.745 mg iodine / g of activated carbon, and the value is in compliance with SNI.

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Effects of activated carbon on treatment of photo-processing waste by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0276 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (7) ◽

pp. 187-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Binle Lin ◽

K. Futono ◽

A. Yokoi ◽

M. Hosomi ◽

A. Murakami

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Treatment Effectiveness ◽

Environmental Concern ◽

Type Systems ◽

Continuous Treatment ◽

Processing Waste ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Adsorption Effect ◽

Sulfur Oxidizing ◽

Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria

Establishing economic treatment technology for safe disposal of photo-processing waste (PW) has most recently become an urgent environmental concern. This paper describes a new biological treatment process for PW using sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) in conjunction with activated carbon (AC). Batch-type acclimation and adsorption experiments using SOB/PAC, SOB/PNAC, and SOB reactor type systems demonstrated that AC effectively adsorbs the toxic/refractory compounds which inhibit thiosulfate oxidization of SOB in PW. Thus, to further clarify the effect of AC, we performed a long-term (≈ 160 d) continuous-treatment experiment on 4- to 8-times dilution of PW using a SOB/GAC system which simulated a typical wastewater treatment system based on an aerobic activated sludge process that primarily uses acclimated SOB. The thiosulfate load and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were fixed during treatment such that they ranged from 0.8-3.7 kg S2O32-/l/d and 7.7-1.9 d, respectively. As expected, continuous treatment led to breakthrough of the adsorption effect of GAC. Renewing the GAC and continuing treatment for about 10 d demonstrated good treatment effectiveness.

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Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Iron-Based Particle Electrode Outperforms Activated Carbon in Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Water Treatment Systems

Water ◽

10.3390/w12113121 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3121

Author(s):

Hosna Ghanbarlou ◽

Nikoline Loklindt Pedersen ◽

Morten Enggrob Simonsen ◽

Jens Muff

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Voltage ◽

Reduction Reaction ◽

Process Data ◽

Nitrogen Doped ◽

Pesticide Removal ◽

Optimal Value ◽

Nitrogen Doped Graphene ◽

Doped Graphene

The synergy between electrochemical oxidation and adsorption on particle electrodes was investigated in three-dimensional (3D) systems for p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO) decolorization and pesticide removal. A comparison was made between granular activated carbon (GAC) and a novel synthesized nitrogen-doped graphene-based particle electrode (NCPE). Experiments on RNO decolorization show that the synergy parameter of the 3D-NCPE system was improved 3000 times compared to the studied 3D-GAC system. This was due to the specific nanostructure and composition of the NCPE material. Nitrogen-doped graphene triggered an oxygen reduction reaction, producing hydrogen peroxide that simultaneously catalyzed on iron sites of the NCPEs to hydroxyl radicals following the electro-Fenton (EF) process. Data showed that in the experimental setup used for the study, the applied cell voltage required for the optimal value of the synergy parameter could be lowered to 5V in the 3D-NCPEs process, which is significantly better than the 15–20 V needed for synergy to be found in the 3D-GAC process. Compared to previous studies with 3D-GAC, the removal of pesticides 2,6 dichlorobenzamide (BAM), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyaceticacid (MCPA), and methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) was also enhanced in the 3D-NCPE system.

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β-Galactosidases from a Sequence-Based Metagenome: Cloning, Expression, Purification and Characterization

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9010055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

María Florencia Eberhardt ◽

José Matías Irazoqui ◽

Ariel Fernando Amadio

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Species ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Catalytic Domains ◽

Stabilization Ponds ◽

Cazy Database ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Value Added Products

Stabilization ponds are a common treatment technology for wastewater generated by dairy industries. Large proportions of cheese whey are thrown into these ponds, creating an environmental problem because of the large volume produced and the high biological and chemical oxygen demands. Due to its composition, mainly lactose and proteins, it can be considered as a raw material for value-added products, through physicochemical or enzymatic treatments. β-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) are lactose modifying enzymes that can transform lactose in free monomers, glucose and galactose, or galactooligosacharides. Here, the identification of novel genes encoding β-galactosidases, identified via whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the metagenome of dairy industries stabilization ponds is reported. The genes were selected based on the conservation of catalytic domains, comparing against the CAZy database, and focusing on families with β-galactosidases activity (GH1, GH2 and GH42). A total of 394 candidate genes were found, all belonging to bacterial species. From these candidates, 12 were selected to be cloned and expressed. A total of six enzymes were expressed, and five cleaved efficiently ortho-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside and lactose. The activity levels of one of these novel β-galactosidase was higher than other enzymes reported from functional metagenomics screening and higher than the only enzyme reported from sequence-based metagenomics. A group of novel mesophilic β-galactosidases from diary stabilization ponds’ metagenomes was successfully identified, cloned and expressed. These novel enzymes provide alternatives for the production of value-added products from dairy industries’ by-products.

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