scholarly journals Age-Related Change of Axial Length, Spherical Equivalent, and Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia in School-Age Children in Shanghai: 2014–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Xiaodong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Normative Growth ◽  
Mean Time

Purpose. To investigate the age-related change of axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), and prevalence of myopia and high myopia in children at 7–18-year-olds in Shanghai in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Methods. This was an observational study in Shanghai. The same 3 schools were selected in 2014 and 2018, respectively. AL, SE, prevalence of myopia and high myopia, height, and weight were measured. A questionnaire regarding the lifestyles was completed. Results. Mean age was smaller in 2018 than in 2014 ( P < 0.001 ), and mean AL was shorter in 2018 than in 2014 ( P = 0.003 ), whereas mean SE was greater in 2018 than in 2014 ( P < 0.001 ). The prevalence of myopia and high myopia was lower in 2018 than in 2014 ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.013 , respectively). Mean AL increased with age from 7-year-olds to 18-year-olds in 2014 and 2018 (both P < 0.001 ), respectively. Mean SE decreased with age in 2014 and 2018 (both P < 0.001 ), respectively. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia increased with age in 2014 and 2018 (all P < 0.001 ), respectively. Less mean time outdoors and more mean time of study of all children were observed in 2018 than in 2014 ( P = 0.018 and P < 0.001 , respectively). Conclusion. This study shows normative growth values for AL and SE in Shanghai children at the age of 7–18-year-olds, as well as the age-specific prevalence of myopia and high myopia.

Abstract MP34: In Praise of Demanding Parenting: The Effects of Parenting Style and Poverty on Obesity Risk in Children: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Kakinami ◽  
Tracie Barnett ◽  
Gilles Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Style ◽  
Parenting Styles ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Familial Influences

Background: One-quarter of children are already overweight or obese when they enter preschool, underscoring a critical need to improve our understanding of childhood determinants of health, including both sociodemographic (such as poverty) and social-familial influences (such as parenting style), as well as how these determinants may interact with one another. Objective: To examine the effects of parenting style on the risk of obesity in youth and determine if poverty is a mediator or moderator for this association. Methods: Participants (age 0-11) were from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a representative cross-sectional survey of youth collected bi-annually (1994-2008) throughout Canada. Factor analysis identified 4 parenting styles consistent with Baumrind’s theory of authoritative (demanding and responsive), authoritarian (demanding but not responsive), permissive (responsive but not demanding), and negligent (not demanding and not responsive) parenting control prototypes. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the risk of a child being obese (BMI percentile ≥ 97.7 th compared to age- and sex-specific WHO growth curves) based on parenting style after adjusting for age, sex, parental education, immigration status, family functioning score, birth order, and maternal age. Analyses were stratified by age (younger: 2-5 years of age, n=19,026; school-age: 6-11 years of age, n=18,551) due to age-related differences in parenting styles. Mediation or moderation by poverty (household income < low income cut-offs adjusted for household size and geographic region) was assessed. Analyses used sampling and bootstrap weights. Results: Younger children’s parents were primarily authoritative (42%, n=7357), followed by negligent (22%, n=3763), permissive (20%, n=3436), and authoritarian (16%, n=4470). Parenting styles in school-age children were similar (authoritative: 32%, n=7195, negligent: 31%, n=5586, permissive: 22%, n=3850, authoritarian: 15%, n=1920). In multivariable analyses, compared to authoritative parenting, younger and school-age children with authoritarian parents were 30% (95% CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.0002) and 37% (CI: 1.1-1.7, p=0.006) more likely to be obese, respectively. In younger children, poverty moderated this association: authoritarian and negligent parenting was associated with 39% (CI: 1.2-1.6, p<0.0001) and 28% (CI: 1.1-1.5, p=0.002) increased risk of obesity, respectively, only among the children not living in poverty. In school-age children, poverty was not a mediator or moderator. Conclusions: Parenting style is associated with a child’s risk of obesity but is moderated by poverty in younger children. Successful strategies to combat childhood obesity need to reflect the independent and interactive effects of sociodemographic and social-familial influences on health especially in early childhood.

scholarly journals Internal Astigmatism and Its Role in the Growth of Axial Length in School-Age Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangcheng Wu ◽  
Chenghai Weng ◽  
Fei Xia ◽  
Xiaoying Wang ◽  
Xingtao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
The Difference

Objectives. To explore the role of internal astigmatism (IA) in the growth of axial length (AL) in school-age children. Methods. Total astigmatism (TA), corneal astigmatism (CA), and AL of all children in Jing’an District 2nd Centre Primary School in Shanghai were measured. In IA, the difference between TA and CA was also calculated using vector analysis. The association of axial length with IA, genders, and age was analyzed using linear regression. The difference of IA between both eyes was also calculated. The AL between both eyes was compared using paired samples t-test when DIA = 0 D, <0.5 D, and ≥0.5 D. Results. Six hundred and twelve cases (98.23%) in 623 children aged 7–12 yrs older entered into the study. Genders, age, and IA all affected AL. This could be represented by a linear regression line in the form AL = 21.46 − 0.43∗gender + 0.22∗age + 0.46∗IA (male = 1, female = 2; t=7.01, P<0.01 for sex; t=11.6, P<0.01 for age; and t=6.6, P<0.01 for IA; R2=0.16). The AL in the eye with larger IA was also longer when DIA was larger than 0.5 D (t=2.65, P<0.01). Conclusions. IA was observed to be associated with AL and might be a risk factor of the onset and progress of myopia in school-age children.

Bilingual lexical skills of school-age children with Chinese and Korean heritage languages in the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisela Jia ◽  
Jennifer Chen ◽  
HyeYoung Kim ◽  
Phoenix-Shan Chan ◽  
Changmo Jeung
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
School Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Lexical Skills ◽  
At Home

This cross-sectional study investigated the bilingual lexical skills of 175 US school-age children (5 to18 years old) with Cantonese, Mandarin, or Korean as their heritage language (HL), and English as their dominant language. Primary study goals were to identify potential patterns of development in bilingual lexical skills over the elementary to high school time span and to examine the relation of environmental factors to lexical skills. HL and English productive lexical skills were assessed with a Picture Naming and a Verbal Fluency task. English receptive lexical skills were assessed with Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. A survey obtained information about participants’ language use in six environmental contexts. There were age-related significant increases in both HL and English skills. However, English proficiency already had a significant lead over HL proficiency at the youngest age. English receptive lexical skills reached monolingual expectations from age 8, whereas for HL, high school age participants on average only reached the level of early elementary school monolinguals. Although more English use at home at younger ages was associated with stronger English skills, the relation did not exist for older participants. Instead, among older participants, more English use at home was associated with weaker HL skills. Children’s attendance at HL programs and visits to home countries bore little relation to HL proficiency.

Developmental Characteristics in Cursive and Printed Letter-Writing for School-Age Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Bo ◽  
Julia Barta ◽  
Hilary Ferencak ◽  
Sara Comstock ◽  
Vanessa Riley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Letter Writing ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Explicit Timing ◽  
Spatial Consistency ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Characteristics ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
Timing Hypothesis

The current study evaluated the developmental characteristics of printed and cursive letter writing in early school-age children. We predicted fewer age-related changes on spatial and temporal measures in cursive letter writing due to lower explicit timing demands compared with printed letter writing. Thirty children wrote the letters e and l in cursive and printed forms repetitively. For printed letters, significant age effects were seen in temporal consistency, whereas cursive letters showed age-related improvement in spatial consistency. Children tended to have higher consistency for printed handwriting than they did for cursive writing. Because of an overall advantage for printed handwriting, the explicit timing hypothesis was not fully supported. We argue that experiential factors influence the development of handwriting.

Comparisons of Refractive Errors Between Twins and Singletons in Chinese School-Age Samples

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon-Mi Hur ◽  
Yingfeng Zheng ◽  
Wenyong Huang ◽  
Xiaohu Ding ◽  
Mingguang He
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
School Age ◽  
Premature Births ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Chinese School

AbstractStudies have reported that refractive errors are associated with premature births. As twins have higher prevalence of prematurity than singletons, it is important to assess similarity of the prevalence of refractive errors in twins and singletons for proper interpretations and generalizations of the findings from twin studies. We compared refractive errors and diopter hours between 561 pairs of twins and 3757 singletons who are representative of school-age children (7–15 years) residing in an urban area of southern China. We found that the means and variances of the continuous measurement of spherical equivalent refractive error and diopter hours were not significantly different between twins and singletons. Although the prevalence of myopia was comparable between twins and singletons, that of hyperopia and astigmatism was slightly but significantly higher in twins than in singletons. These results are inconsistent with those of adult studies that showed no differences in refractive errors between twins and singletons. Given that the sample size of twins is relatively small and that this study is the first to demonstrate minor differences in refractive errors between twins and singletons, future replications are necessary to determine whether the slightly higher prevalence of refractive errors in twins than in singletons found in this study was due to a sampling error or to the developmental delay often observed in twins in childhood.

scholarly journals Impact of the Pressure-Free Yutori Education Program on Myopia in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4229
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ishiko ◽  
Hiroyuki Kagokawa ◽  
Noriko Nishikawa ◽  
Youngseok Song ◽  
Kazuhiro Sugawara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medical University

This study aimed to investigate the influence of educational pressure on myopia. A less-intense school curriculum was introduced nationally in Japan beginning in 2012 based on a pressure-free education policy. In this retrospective observational study, a total of 1025 Japanese medical students of Asahikawa Medical University underwent measurements of the cycloplegic refractive error and axial length (AL), from 2011 to 2020. The spherical equivalent (SE) and AL were correlated significantly with the fiscal year of births (p = 0.004 and p = 0.034, respectively) only during enforcement of the system of high-pressure education. The SE and AL regression rates during the two educational approaches differed significantly (p = 0.004 and p = 0.037, respectively). The prevalence of high myopia was correlated significantly (p < 0.001) only during the system of high-pressure education. The regression of the prevalence rate of high myopia during the two education approaches differed significantly (p = 0.010). The progression rates of myopia and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education, suggesting that not only ophthalmologists but also educators and the government should work on together to control the progression of myopia.

scholarly journals Evaluación Del Refrigerio En Niños En Edad Preescolar Y Escolar Que Asisten Al Tianguis De La Ciencia De La Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo

Xihmai ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefina Valenzuela Gandarilla ◽  
Marí­a Dolores Flores Solí­s ◽  
Ma. Cristina Martha Reyes ◽  
Elizabeth Medina Castro ◽  
David Mendoza Armas
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Study Results

  Resumen El refrigerio es una oportunidad para proveer al niño de la energí­a necesaria así­ como otros elementos nutritivos sin impedir el apetito a la comida. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el refrigerio en niños en edad preescolar y escolar que asistieron al Tianguis de la Ciencia de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo de Morelia, Michoacán. Se trató de un estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional. Resultados: El 23% procedí­an de escuelas privadas y el 77% de escuelas públicas, el 45% eran del sexo masculino y el 55% (289) fueron de sexo femenino. Los alimentos que refirieron llevar de refrigerio fueron torta o sándwich el 55%, fruta y yogurt en el 37%, y el 8% refirió llevar galletas, refresco o jugos enlatados. Palabras clave: Refrigerio, nutritivo, preescolar, escolar, apetito.   Abstract   The lunch is an opportunity to provide the child's power as well as other nutrients without impeding the appetite to the meal. The objective of the study was to evaluate the lunch in preschool and school-age children who attended the science Expo of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo de Morelia, Michoacán. It was a descriptive, transversal and observational study. Results: 23%  came from private schools and 77% public schools, 45% were male and 55%  were female, foods which concerned bring lunch were cake or sandwich 55%, fruit and yogurt in 37% (193), 8% referred to bring cookies, soda, or juice.   Key words: Lunch, nutritious, preschool, school, appetite.

scholarly journals Subfoveal Scleral Thickness is Associated With Peripheral Retinal Changes in High Myopia in Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenli Zhang ◽  
Tingkun Shi ◽  
Shirong Chen ◽  
Haoyu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction

Abstract Background This study aims to identify the risk factors in peripheral retinal changes (PRC) associated with high myopes among children and adolescents.Methods This is a cross-sectional study on children and adolescents diagnosed with high myopia. The subjects involved underwent a series of ocular examinations, including the dilated fundus examination for PRC and the swept-source optical coherence tomography for foveal retinal, choroidal and scleral thickness measurement. Then, the variables were compared among the eyes with high risk, low risk, and no PRC. Spearman correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship between the parameters and the extent of PRC. Logistic regression was performed to identify the potential risk factors.Results A total of 117 eyes from 117 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of PRC was 57.3% (67 eyes), while that of high-risk PRC was 22.2% (26 eyes). A number of significant differences were observed in the mean subfoveal scleral thickness, spherical equivalent refraction, and axial length among the eyes with high-risk, low-risk, and no PRC (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.048, respectively). Compared with spherical equivalent (r = 0.32, p < 0.01) and axial length (r = 0.18, p = 0.05), subfoveal scleral thickness exhibited higher correlation coefficient with PRC (r=-0.38, p < 0.01). Subfoveal scleral thickness and spherical equivalent refraction were identified as the independent risk factors for both PRC and high-risk PRC.Conclusion It was demonstrated that there was a correlation between subfoveal scleral thickness and PRC. The eyes with thinner subfoveal scleral thickness carried a higher risk of PRC.

scholarly journals Characteristics of indoor rough-and-tumble play (R&T) with physical contact between players in preschool

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune Storli
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Distinct Category

The purpose of this paper was to qualitatively identify and categorize the diverse characteristics of rough-and tumble play (R&T) with physical contact between players among 3- to 5-year-old children in preschool. Previous categorization of R&T has been, to a large extent, based on observations of school-age children. Thus, it is interesting to examine how younger children engage in R&T in preschool in order to obtain more descriptive data regarding the forms of physical activity play and the age-related trends through childhood. Analyses show that previous categories of R&T are applicable for indoor R&T in preschool. However, tumbling has emerged as a distinct category. This new insight contributes to the more accurate categorization of younger children’s R&T with physical contact between players, which can support the practitioner’s ability to make informed observations of individuals’ participation in R&T.

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