scholarly journals Whole-Transcriptome RNA Sequencing Reveals Significant Differentially Expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs and Related Regulating Biological Pathways in the Peripheral Blood of COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Cai-xia Li ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Shu-kai Lv ◽  
Jin-hui Li ◽  
Lei-lei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Positive Regulation ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially identified in China and currently worldwide dispersed, resulting in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Notably, COVID-19 is characterized by systemic inflammation. However, the potential mechanisms of the “cytokine storm” of COVID-19 are still limited. In this study, fourteen peripheral blood samples from COVID-19 patients ( n = 10 ) and healthy donors ( n = 4 ) were collected to perform the whole-transcriptome sequencing. Lung tissues of COVID-19 patients (70%) presenting with ground-glass opacity. Also, the leukocytes and lymphocytes were significantly decreased in COVID-19 compared with the control group ( p < 0.05 ). In total, 25,482 differentially expressed messenger RNAs (DE mRNA), 23 differentially expressed microRNAs (DE miRNA), and 410 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs (DE lncRNAs) were identified in the COVID-19 samples compared to the healthy controls. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the upregulated DE mRNAs were mainly involved in antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen, positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity, and positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation. The downregulated DE mRNAs were mainly concentrated in the glycogen biosynthetic process. We also established the protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of up/downregulated DE mRNAs and identified 4 modules. Functional enrichment analyses indicated that these module targets were associated with positive regulation of cytokine production, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, leukocyte differentiation, and migration. A total of 6 hub genes were selected in the PPI module networks including AKT1, TNFRSF1B, FCGR2A, CXCL8, STAT3, and TLR2. Moreover, a competing endogenous RNA network showed the interactions between lncRNAs, mRNAs, and miRNAs. Our results highlight the potential pathogenesis of excessive cytokine production such as MSTRG.119845.30/hsa-miR-20a-5p/TNFRSF1B, MSTRG.119845.30/hsa-miR-29b-2-5p/FCGR2A, and MSTRG.106112.2/hsa-miR-6501-5p/STAT3 axis, which may also play an important role in the development of ground-glass opacity in COVID-19 patients. This study gives new insights into inflammation regulatory mechanisms of coding and noncoding RNAs in COVID-19, which may provide novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic avenues for COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic analysis of porcine peripheral blood reveals differentially expressed genes from the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway related to health status

Genome ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1021-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Ye ◽  
H. Bao ◽  
Y. Meng ◽  
L.L. Guan ◽  
P. Stothard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cytokine Receptor ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Marker Genes

While some research has looked into the host genetic response in pigs challenged with specific viruses or bacteria, few studies have explored the expression changes of transcripts in the peripheral blood of sick pigs that may be infected with multiple pathogens on farms. In this study, the architecture of the peripheral blood transcriptome of 64 Duroc sired commercial pigs, including 18 healthy animals at entry to a growing facility (set as a control) and 23 pairs of samples from healthy and sick pen mates, was generated using RNA-Seq technology. In total, 246 differentially expressed genes were identified to be specific to the sick animals. Functional enrichment analysis for those genes revealed that the over-represented gene ontology terms for the biological processes category were exclusively immune activity related. The cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction pathway was significantly enriched. Nine functional genes from this pathway encoding members (as well as their receptors) of the interleukins, chemokines, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors, activins, and interferons exhibited significant transcriptional alteration in sick animals. Our results suggest a subset of novel marker genes that may be useful candidate genes in the evaluation and prediction of health status in pigs under commercial production conditions.

scholarly journals Differentiating Lung Involvement in Adult T-Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL) Versus HTLV Infection: Results from a Large Single-Center Cohort with Implications for Staging and Response Criteria

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1630-1630
Author(s):  
Ana Acuna-Villaorduna ◽  
Jesus D Gonzalez-Lugo ◽  
B. Hilda Ye ◽  
Urvi A Shah ◽  
Gurbakhash Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Ground Glass Opacity ◽  
Pulmonary Involvement ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Pleural Thickening ◽  
Adult T Cell Leukemia ◽  
Htlv Infection ◽  
Interlobular Septum

Abstract Introduction: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a retrovirus that has been associated with adult-T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and other inflammatory conditions. Pulmonary involvement has not been widely associated to HTLV infection; however, high rates of imaging abnormalities in patients with and without ATLL have been reported. Okada reported 30%, 69% and 94% of abnormalities in HTLV1 carriers, ATLL and patients that transformed into ATLL. Whether these abnormalities follow a pattern related to each condition individually has not been defined. Hence, we undertook a retrospective study in ATLL and HTLV infected patients to determine the lung abnormalities which could be due to ATLL involvement rather than HTLV infection. Objectives: To compare the CT pulmonary findings among patients with HTLV infection with and without ATLL diagnosed at Montefiore Medical Center between 2004 and 2017. Methods: Patients diagnosed with HTLV infection by ICD9 were identified using the software Clinical Looking Glass and those with an available chest CT scan were selected. Data regarding demographics, smoking history, prior pulmonary conditions, HTLV and ATLL-associated characteristics was collected by chart review. CT chest was reviewed by an expert radiologist who was unaware of the patient diagnosis (ATLL versus non-ATLL) and findings were compared among groups. The staging CT scan was used to determine baseline pulmonary findings in patients with ATLL and the first CT chest around HTLV diagnosis was used for HTLV patients. Results: A total of 97 patients (72 with ATLL and 25 with HTLV alone) were identified. Mean age at HTLV diagnosis was 58.4 years (range: 33-88), 54.6% were females, 72.2% were Black Non-Hispanics while 27.8% were Hispanic. 88.3% were from Caribbean origin. Smoking history was similar between ATLL and non-ATLL groups (12% vs 8%, p=0.07) with no cases of prior active TB infection. Abnormal CT chest findings were present in 92.8%, 94.4% and 88% for the total cohort, ATLL and non-ATLL patients. Among patients with ATLL, 52.1% had acute and 43.7% had lymphomatous types; while only 1.4% and 2.8% had smoldering and chronic type. The most common CT chest findings were lymphadenopathy (50, 69.4%); followed by 3-10 mm nodules (32, 44.4%), ground-glass opacity, pleural effusion (31, 43.1% each), centrilobular nodules (28, 39.4%), thickening of interlobular septum (23, 31.9%) and bronchiectasis (18, 25%). Compared to the acute subtype, patients with lymphomatous subtype had higher rates of lymphadenopathy (83.9% vs 64.9, p=0.07) and lower rates of bronchiectasis (16.1% vs 35.1%, p=0.07). Among patients with non-ATLL, HTLV infection was diagnosed at an older age (63.8 vs. 56.6 years, p=0.03); HTLV-associated comorbidities were found in 16 cases (64%). Of these, myelopathy was the most frequent (10, 40%), followed by strongyloides (4, 16%). After HTLV diagnosis, CT chest was indicated in 28% patients for otherwise unexplained respiratory symptoms and to evaluate lung nodules or other chest X-ray abnormalities in 24% of cases. Bronchiectasis was the most common finding (12, 48%) followed by pleural thickening (11, 44%), ground-glass opacity and thickening of interlobular septum (10, 40%, each). Persistent abnormalities on follow-up imaging were present in 86.7% of the cases. Among patients with HTLV infection, those with ATLL were more likely to have nodules and lymphadenopathy (41.7% vs 20%, p=0.05 and 69.4% vs 24%, p<0.001, respectively) while bronchiectasis and pleural thickening was more likely in patients without ATLL (48% vs 25%, p=0.03 and 44% vs 23.6%, p=0.05; respectively). Conclusions: Pulmonary findings are highly prevalent in CT chest of patients with HTLV infection with and without ATLL. Bronchiectasis and pleural thickening was more frequently encountered in non-ATLL patients while lymphadenopathy and nodules were common finding in patients with ATLL. Pulmonary involvement in lymphoma is usually characterized by nodules and lymphadenopathy but patients with ATLL had a higher incidence of findings including ground glass opacities, bronchiectasis and interlobular septal thickening possibly due to their underlying HTLV infection. Based on this data, nodules and lymphadenopathy should be classified as ATLL involvement of the lung while other findings described here could be due to HTLV infection. These findings are important in staging and response criteria for ATLL. Disclosures Janakiram: Seatle Genetics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

scholarly journals Whole-transcriptome sequencing of knee joint cartilage from osteoarthritis patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Li ◽  
H. H. Yang ◽  
Z. G. Sun ◽  
H. B. Tang ◽  
J. K. Min
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Joint Cartilage ◽  
Whole Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Objectives The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of alterations in messenger RNAs (mRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in cartilage affected by osteoarthritis (OA). Methods The expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in OA cartilage were assessed using whole-transcriptome sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses included prediction and reannotation of novel lncRNAs and circRNAs, their classification, and their placement into subgroups. Gene ontology and pathway analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), and differentially expressed circRNAs (DECs). We focused on the overlap of DEGs and targets of DELs previously identified in seven high-throughput studies. The top ten DELs were verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in articular chondrocytes, both in vitro and in vivo. Results In total, 739 mRNAs, 1152 lncRNAs, and 42 circRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in OA cartilage tissue. Among these, we identified 18 overlapping DEGs and targets of DELs, and the top ten DELs were screened by expression profile analysis as candidate OA-related genes. WISP2, ATF3, and CHI3L1 were significantly increased in both normal versus OA tissues and normal versus interleukin (IL)-1β-induced OA-like cell models, while ADAM12, PRELP, and ASPN were shown to be significantly decreased. Among the identified DELs, we observed higher expression of ENST00000453554 and MSTRG.99593.3, and lower expression of MSTRG.44186.2 and NONHSAT186094.1 in normal versus OA cells and tissues. Conclusion This study revealed expression patterns of coding and noncoding RNAs in OA cartilage, which added sets of genes and noncoding RNAs to the list of candidate diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents for OA patients. Cite this article: H. Li, H. H. Yang, Z. G. Sun, H. B. Tang, J. K. Min. Whole-transcriptome sequencing of knee joint cartilage from osteoarthritis patients. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:290–303. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.87.BJR-2018-0297.R1.

Re-Engineering γ δ T Cells by α β T Cell Receptor Gene Transfer Creates Potent Effector Cells with Anti-Leukemic Reactivity.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1288-1288
Author(s):  
Lars T. van der Veken ◽  
Renate S. Hagedoorn ◽  
Marleen M. van Loenen ◽  
Roel Willemze ◽  
J.H. Frederik Falkenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Facs Analysis ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Tetramer Binding ◽  
Potent Effector

Abstract Retroviral transfer of T cell receptors (TCRs) to peripheral blood derived T cells generates large numbers of T cells with the same antigen specificity, which can potentially be used for adoptive immunotherapy. One drawback of this procedure is the formation of mixed α β TCR dimers with unknown specificities due to pairing of endogenous and introduced TCR chains. To completely prevent the formation of mixed TCR dimers by TCR gene transfer to α β T cells we investigated whether γ δ T cells can serve as alternative host T cells for α β TCR transfer, since the γ δ TCR is not capable of forming dimers with the α β TCR. Peripheral blood derived γ δT cells were isolated by immunomagnetic bead isolation and subsequent FACS sorting, resulting in &gt;99% pure populations of γ δT cells. The isolated γ δT cells were retrovirally transduced with three different TCRs specific for the hematopoietic minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag) HA-2 in the context of HLA-A2, for CMV-pp65 in the context of HLA-B7, or for the HLA class II restricted mHag DBY. The TCR-transduced γ δT cells expressed both the introduced TCRs and the endogenous γ δTCR at their cell surface as determined by FACS analysis. When γ δT cells transduced with the HLA class I restricted HA-2-TCR or CMV-TCR were stained with tetramers, only the CMV-TCR expressing γ δT cells but not the HA-2-TCR expressing γ δT cells were capable of strong antigen specific tetramer binding. In contrast, functional analysis indicated that all TCR-transduced γ δT cells specifically recognized peptide pulsed target cells leading to target cell lysis and IFNγ and IL-4 production, indicating that while the avidity of the HA-2-TCR engineered γ δT cells was insufficient for strong antigen specific tetramer binding, the avidity was high enough for the specific recognition of peptide pulsed target cells. However, the functional reactivity of the TCR-transduced γ δT cells against target cells presenting endogenously processed antigens was low. FACS analysis indicated that most γ δT cells lacked the expression of the coreceptors CD4 and CD8. Therefore, we investigated whether introduction of the relevant coreceptor could enhance the functionality of the redirected γ δT cells. Co-transfer of the CD8α β coreceptor to the HA-2-TCR and CMV-TCR transferred γ δT cells turned them into effective, antigen specific tetramer binders. Furthermore, expression of CD8α β by the HA-2-TCR and CMV-TCR transduced γ δT cells and CD4 by the DBY-TCR transduced γ δT cells generated powerful effector cells exerting high levels of antigen specific lysis of both peptide pulsed target cells and target cells presenting endogenously processed antigen. In addition, coreceptor expressing TCR-engineered γ δT cells produced high amounts of IFNγ and IL-4 when stimulated with peptide pulsed target cells or endogenously processed antigen. To investigate the anti-leukemic reactivity of TCR-transferred γ δT cells, we determined the antigen specific cytotoxicity and cytokine production against primary CML and AML cells by γ δT cells equipped with the HA-2-TCR and CD8α β . We observed both antigen specific cytolytic activity and cytokine production against both CML and AML cells expressing the hematopoiesis specific mHag HA-2, while HLA-A2+ leukemic cells lacking expression of the HA-2 mHag were not recognized. These data demonstrate that transfer of α β TCRs to γ δT cells generated potent effector cells for immunotherapy of leukemia, without the expression of potentially hazardous mixed TCR dimers.

High Activity of Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells in Term and Preterm Neonates.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 3897-3897
Author(s):  
Syeda F.Y. Haque ◽  
Deena L. Gibbons ◽  
Katherine Hamilton ◽  
Robert Carr ◽  
Adrian C. Hayday
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Cell Compartment ◽  
Preterm Babies

Abstract The peripheral blood white cell compartment is well characterised in adults but relatively little is known in neonates. T cell function has been reported to be very different between neonates and adults. This is significant because the newborn faces the most precipitous encounter with environmental challenges. To further understand the neonatal T cell compartment, we have focussed on γδ T cells which are known to make essential contributions to the immunoprotection of very young mice. We compared γδ cells and αβ T cells from human cord and neonatal blood from term and preterm babies, and compared them with adults. We investigated T cell cultures ex vivo and derived clones. Several findings were evident. First, we confirmed that fresh neonatal αβ cells and clones are profoundly deficient in IFNγ production. Second, we showed that this is not so pronounced for γδ cells and we note that IFNγ production was higher in preterm babies than in term neonates, perhaps reflective of stress in utero. Neonatal γδ clones also made adult quantities of GM-CSF and TRAIL. We note thirdly that neonatal γδ clones make IL-4 and IL-5 (Th2 cytokines) and the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, which is not produced at all by adult Vγ9+ clones. Fourth, these pleiotropic activities of human neonatal γδ clones appears to be determined by the type of T cell receptor expressed. Vδ1-expressing clones have broad functional potentials whereas Vγ9-expressing clones polarise to either a Th1 or Th2 like profile. Fifth, particularly high Th1 cytokine production is observed in Vγ9-Vδ1 (DP) cells which are more common and therefore more easily cloned from neonatal versus adult blood. We conclude that the neonatal γδ cells are highly active and broader in their cytokine production than either their adult γδ cell or their neonatal αβ T cell counterparts. Thus, γδ cells should be better understood vis-à-vis perinatal vaccination regimens and the development of childhood allergies.

scholarly journals Profiling and Functional Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs and mRNAs during Porcine Skeletal Muscle Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Ya Tan ◽  
Mailin Gan ◽  
Linyuan Shen ◽  
Liang Li ◽  
Yuan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Long Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Development

Gene transcripts or mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed during porcine skeletal muscle development. However, only a few studies have been conducted on skeletal muscle transcriptome in pigs based on timepoints according to the growth curve for porcine. Here, we investigated gene expression in Qingyu pigs at three different growth stages: the inflection point with the maximum growth rate (MGI), the inflection point of the gradually increasing stage to the rapidly increasing stage (GRI), and the inflection point of the rapidly increasing stage to the slowly increasing stage (RSI). Subsequently, we explored gene expression profiles during muscle development at the MGI, GRI and RSI stages by Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing. Qingyu pigs reached the MGI, GRI and RSI stages at 156.40, 23.82 and 288.97 days of age with 51.73, 3.14 and 107.03 kg body weight, respectively. A total of 14,530 mRNAs and 11,970 lncRNAs were identified at the three stages, and 645, 323 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 696, 760 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in the GRI vs. MGI, and RSI vs. MGI, comparisons. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in immune system development and energy metabolism (mainly relate to amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid) were enriched at the GRI and MGI stages, respectively, whereas genes involved in lipid metabolism were enriched at the RSI stage. We further characterized G1430, an abundant lncRNA. The full-length sequence (316 nt) of lncRNA G1430 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Subcellular distribution analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that G1430 is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Binding site prediction and dual luciferase assay showed that lncRNA G1430 directly binds to microRNA 133a (miR-133a). Our findings provide the basis for further investigation of the regulatory mechanisms and molecular genetics of muscle development in pigs.

scholarly journals Development of a Prognostic Model Based on Differentially Expressed Immune Genes of Lung Adenocarcinoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhai ◽  
Lina Li ◽  
Yuzhen Wang ◽  
Jingjin Li ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Prognostic Index ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Lymphnode Metastasis

Abstract Due to the enormous heterogeneity and molecular complexity, the efficacy of existing lung adenocarcinoma risk prediction models were less than satisfactory. In this study, we downloaded the immune-related genes were from InnateDB, and the differentially expressed immune genes (DEIGs) were analyzed with edgeR and DESeq2 algorithm. In total, 1359 DEIGs were identified. Cytoscape was employed to build a mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA network which was consists of 8 lncRNAs, 7 miRNAs and 117 DEIGs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the 117 DEIGs were involved in immune and inflammatory responses and actively involved in a MAPK signaling pathway. A prognostic signature based on ten DEIGs including ASPH, CAV1, FKBP4, GRIK2, FURIN, SLC6A8, FSCN1, CKAP4, HAPLN2 and IL22RA2 which performed well was correlated with tumor burden, tumor stage and metastasis. The similar result was obtained in the validation dataset GSE72094 (p<0.0001). The prognostic index reflected infiltration by B cell, CD4+T cell, CD8+T cell and dendritic cell. We also found that ASPH and FSCN1 were over-expression in A549, H1299, PC-9 cells, and the positive expression of ASPH, FSCN1, MS4A1 and CD40LG had a correlation with the TNM stage, cellular differentiation and the lymphnode metastasis(p<0.05). High levels of ASPH and FSCN1, low levels of MS4A1 and CD40LG expression are all associated with poor overall survival in LUAD (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results identified DEIGs of clinical significance, verified the effect of the DEIGs-based, personalized prediction model for lung adenocarcinoma prognosis. Together, our results revealed that ASPH and FSCN1 could be a prognostic marker for lung adenocarcinoma.

scholarly journals Coding and Noncoding RNA Expression Profiles of Spleen CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Mice With Echinococcosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songhao Yang ◽  
Xiancai Du ◽  
Chan Wang ◽  
Tingrui Zhang ◽  
Shimei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a severe and neglected zoonotic disease, which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and poses health and socioeconomic hazards. RNA molecules play important roles in genetic coding, translation, regulation, and gene expression and are classified into noncoding RNAs, such as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), miRNAs, and circular RNAs (circRNAs), and coding RNAs (mRNAs) based on whether they encode proteins.Methods: Peripheral blood serum from E. granulosus-infected and uninfected female BALB/c mice was used to measure IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α levels using the cytometric bead array mouse Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine kit. mRNA, lncRNA, miRNA, and circRNA profiles were analyzed in spleen CD4+ T cells from the two groups of mice using high-throughput sequencing.Results: The results showed that the levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the CE mice than in the control group (P < 0. 01). A total of 1,758 known mRNAs, 37 miRNAs, 175 lncRNAs, and 22 circRNAs were differentially expressed between infected and uninfected mice (|fold change| ≥ 0.585, P < 0.05). These differentially expressed molecules were closely related to the JAK/STAT, mitogen-activated protein kinase, p53, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, cell cycle, and metabolic pathways.Conclusions: E. granulosus infection caused significant increases in the IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α levels in the peripheral blood of mice, as well as significant changes in the expression levels of a variety of coding and noncoding RNAs. A further study of these trends and pathways may help clarify the pathogenesis of CE and provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of this infection.

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