Changes in Metabolic Regulation and the Microbiota Composition after Supplementation with Different Fatty Acids in db/db Mice

Introduction. The effects of fatty acids on health vary and depend on the type, amount, and route of consumption. EPA and DHA have a defined role in health, unlike coconut oil. Objective. The aim was to investigate the changes in metabolic regulation and the composition of the culture-dependent microbiota after supplementation with different fatty acids in db/db mice. Material and Methods. We were using 32 8-week-old db/db mice, supplemented for eight weeks with EPA/DHA derived from microalgae as well as coconut oil. The lipid, hormonal profiles, and composition of the culture-dependent microbiota and the phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing were determined for identification of the intestinal microbiota. Results. Enriched diet with EPA/DHA reduced TNF-α, C-peptide, insulin resistance, resistin, and the plasma atherogenic index, but increased TC, LDL-c, VLDL-c, and TG without changes in HDL-c. Coconut oil raised the HDL-c, GIP, and TNF-α, with TG, insulin resistance, adiponectin, and C-peptide reduced. Conclusion. The most abundant microbial populations were Firmicutes and the least Proteobacteria. EPA/DHA derived from microalgae contributes to improving the systemic inflammatory status, but depressed the diversity of the small intestine microbiota. Coconut oil only decreased the C-peptide, raising TNF-α, with an unfavorable hormonal and lipid profile.

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Activation of Phospholipase A2 Is Associated with Generation of Placental Lipid Signals and Fetal Obesity

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2005-0873 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 248-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Ali Varastehpour ◽

Tatjana Radaelli ◽

Judi Minium ◽

Henar Ortega ◽

Emilio Herrera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Fat ◽

Elective Cesarean Section ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Percentage Body Fat ◽

Phospholipases A2 ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Neonatal Adiposity

Abstract Context: Obesity and diabetes during pregnancy are associated with increased insulin resistance and higher neonatal adiposity. In turn, insulin resistance triggers inflammatory pathways with accumulation of placental cytokines. Objective: To determine placental signals that translate into development of excess adipose tissue, we investigated the role of phospholipases A2 (PLA2) as targets of inflammatory mediators. Setting: The study was conducted at Case Western Reserve University, Department of Reproductive Biology. Subjects: Volunteers gave informed written consent in accordance with the Institutional Review Board guidelines. Placenta and cord blood samples were obtained at the time of elective cesarean section in 15 term pregnancies. Intervention: Neonatal anthropometric measurements were performed within 48 h of delivery. Placentas were grouped based on neonatal percentage body fat as obese (body fat ≥ 16%) and lean control (body fat ≤ 8%). Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were placenta PLA2 expression and fatty acid concentration. Results: Expression of PLA2G2A and PLA2G5, the main placenta phospholipases, was greater (P < 0.05) in placenta of obese compared with control neonates and was associated with increased 20:3 and 20:5 omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. TNF-α and leptin content was increased 3-fold in placenta of obese neonates. TNF-α and leptin both induced a time-dependent activation of PLA2G2 and PLA2G5 in placental cells. Conclusion: Accumulation of omega-3 fatty acids through secretory PLA2 activation is associated with high neonatal adiposity. We propose that the generation of placental lipid mediators through TNF-α and leptin stimulation represents a key mechanism to favor excess fetal fat accretion.

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The inflammatory status score including IL-6, TNF-α, osteopontin, fractalkine, MCP-1 and adiponectin underlies whole-body insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Acta Diabetologica ◽

10.1007/s00592-013-0543-1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 123-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 138

Author(s):

G. Daniele ◽

R. Guardado Mendoza ◽

D. Winnier ◽

T. V. Fiorentino ◽

Z. Pengou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Whole Body ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Status Score ◽

Tnf Α

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Review: Obesity Induced Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches.

10.46940/sjdcc.02.1004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-22

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

Tnf Α

There is a strong association between obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abdominal obesity appears to be a major mediator of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin. leading to high blood sugar (impaired glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle.) The more life-threatening problems fall into four main areas: type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), dyslipidemia and certain types of cancers and musculoskeletal disorders. There is considerable evidence that inflammation is a primary mediator of obesity induced insulin resistance and related co-morbidities, including diabetes and CVD whereby pro-inflammatory substances and other chemokines produced by adipocytes and macrophages are able to cause insulin resistance. The major inflammatory factors include pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1 & IL-6) and signaling intermediate-nuclear factor kappa B cells (NF-kB), chemokines and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin (ADN), circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, toll-like receptors (Tlr), free fatty acids (FFA), oxidative stress and dietary fatty acids. Considering this viewpoint, in the present review, we have selected ten well designed clinical studies with salsalates, thiazolidinediones (TZD) and TNF-α–antagonists to discuss and analyze these emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of obesity induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These therapeutics provide sufficient evidence of improved glycemic control post treatment in obese patients by targeting the state of chronic inflammation that characterizes obesity and resulted in improved insulin sensitivity by reducing adipocyte pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, adipose tissue macrophage content and immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue and other inflammatory markers. Even with looking at only few studies, analyzing each pathway, the hypothesis that targeting pro-inflammatory pathways in adipocytes with TZD and salicylates as a novel approach remains supported for reducing chronic inflammation-induced insulin resistance in obese patients, with TZD emerging with the strongest effects.

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Sea Buckthorn Pulp Oil Treatment Prevents Atherosclerosis in Obese Children

ISRN Oxidative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/164941 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bogdana Virgolici ◽

Daniela Lixandru ◽

Elena Daniela Casariu ◽

Mihaela Stancu ◽

Maria Greabu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Intima Media Thickness ◽

Sea Buckthorn ◽

Obese Children ◽

C Peptide ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Flow Mediated Dilatation ◽

Before And After

This study aimed to determine the effects of sea buckthorn pulp oil treatment (800 mg/day for 60 days) on inflammatory, systemic oxidative/reductive status and endothelial function, in obese children. A total of 41 obese children (10–18 years old) and thirty controls were enrolled. The measurements were done before and after pulp oil administration. Ultrasounds were used for flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements and colorimetric and ELISA methods for biochemical parameters. In the obese children versus the lean ones, increased oxidative stress (high malonyldialdehyde, high respiratory burst (RB)), low antioxidant defence (low blood glutathione, low TEAC), inflammatory status (high CRP, ceruloplasmin), adipocytokines disturbance (low adiponectin and high leptin), insulin resistance (high fasting C peptide), low FMD (P<0.001), and high IMT (P<0.01) were measured. Treatment reduced total cholesterol (P<0.03), triglycerides (P<0.01), RB (P<0.03), leptin (P<0.049), ceruloplasmin (P<0.01), fasting C peptide (P<0.01), blood pressure (P<0.01), and IMT (P<0.03). In conclusion, sea buckthorn pulp oil treatment prevents atherosclerosis by lowering triglyceridemia, cholesterolemia, and blood pressure (strong effects) and by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance (weak effects).

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FGF21 and its Relationship with Inflammatory and Metabolic Parameters in HIV Patients after Antiretroviral Treatment

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x18666200719235625 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 308-314

Author(s):

Alan Joel Ruiz-Padilla ◽

Yeniley Ruiz-Noa ◽

Lorena del Rocio Ibarra-Reynoso ◽

Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ◽

Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) serum levels are associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in HIV patients. Objective: To quantify FGF21 levels in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to analyze a possible association between serum FGF21 levels and lipid profile, levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and atherogenic risk factors. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with HIV infection, who received ART in a scheme consisting of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine+Lopinavir/Ritonavir, were enrolled in this study. The serum levels of FGF21, inflammatory parameters (IL-6 and IL-1β), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin were determined at baseline and after 36 weeks of treatment. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the atherogenic risk factor were also calculated. Results: After 36 weeks, serum FGF21 levels decreased significantly (p=0.011), whereas IL-6 levels (r=0.821, p=0.0001) and the CD4+ T cell count (r=0.446, p=0.048), showed a positive correlation with the decrease in FGF21 levels. There was an increase in total cholesterol (r=-0.483, p=0.031), LDL (r=-0.496, p=0.026), VLDL (r=-0.320, p=0.045), and the atherogenic index factor (r=-0.539, p=0.014), these values showed a negative correlation with FGF21 levels. Conclusions: The decrease of serum FGF21 levels due to ART is associated with the alteration in lipid profile and an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. These variations are predictors of inflammatory status in HIV patients using antiretroviral therapy.

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Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor and free fatty acids in diagnosis of insulin resistance in patients with myocardial infarction

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

10.14341/2072-0351-5811 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 18-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Olga Viktorovna Gruzdeva ◽

Olga Leonidovna Barbarash ◽

Olga Evgen'evna Akbasheva ◽

Tatiana Sergeevna Fedorova ◽

Elena Ivanovna Palicheva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽

Early Recovery ◽

C Peptide ◽

Activator Inhibitor

Aim. Evaluation of the dynamics of the markers of insulin resistance in patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation with andwithout type 2 diabetes mellitus in the acute and early recovery period of the disease. Materials and methods. The study included 95 patients with myocardial infarction and 60 patients with myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes.The control group consisted of 30 persons. We all studied at 1 st and 12 th day of myocardial infarction was determined by the content of free fattyacids, glucose, C-peptide, insulin in serum and plasminogen activator inhibitor in blood plasma. In addition, the 12 th day was determined postprandialglycemic, insulin and C-peptide 2h after a standard carbohydrate breakfast. Results. It is established that during myocardial infarction accompanied by the development of insulin resistance, characterized by postprandialglycemia and insulinemia, as well as the presence of elevated levels of free fatty acids, plasminogen activator inhibitor. Conclusion. The definition of metabolic markers of insulin resistance may be of great predictive capacity for assessing the risk of both acute coronaryevents and select tactics to further treatment

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Individual free fatty acids have unique associations with inflammatory biomarkers, insulin resistance and insulin secretion in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnant women

BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care ◽

10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000632 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. e000632 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xinhua Chen ◽

T Peter Stein ◽

Robert A Steer ◽

Theresa O Scholl

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Insulin Secretion ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

C Peptide ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectiveWe investigated the relationships of maternal circulating individual free fatty acids (FFA) with insulin resistance, insulin secretion and inflammatory biomarkers during mid-pregnancy.Research design and methodsThe data were drawn from a prospective cohort of generally healthy pregnant women (n=1368, African-American 36%, Hispanic 48%, Caucasian 16%) in Camden, NJ. We quantitatively determined 11 FFAs, seven cytokine/adipokine, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and C-peptide levels from the fasting blood samples that were collected at 16 weeks of gestation. Multivariate analyses were performed along with separate analyses for each individual FFA.ResultsHigh HOMA-IR (p<0.001) and C-peptide (p<0.0001) levels were positively associated with a twofold to fourfold increased risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Negative relationships were found with specific FFAs (molecular percentage, palmitoleic, oleic, linolenic, myristic acids) and HOMA-IR and C-peptide levels (p<0.01 to p<0.0001). In contrast, palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA) and docosahexaenoic acids were positively associated with HOMA-IR and C-peptide (p<0.01 to p<0.0001). The individual FFAs also predicted cytokine/adipokine levels. For example, women who had elevated DGLA (highest quartile) were twice as (adjusted OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.98) likely to have higher interleukin (IL)-8 (p<0.0001) levels. Conversely, women with high palmitoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid levels had reduced odds (≥2-fold, p<0.01 to p<0.001) for having higher IL-8, IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels.ConclusionOur results suggest that maternal individual FFAs uniquely affect insulin resistance and secretion. The effects are either direct or indirect via modulation of the inflammatory response. Modifying the composition of FFAs may help in reducing the risk of GDM.

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Unravelling a microbial synergy to boost caproate production via carboxylates chain elongation with ethanol

HKIE Transactions ◽

10.33430/v26n2thie-2018-0041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 63-71

Author(s):

Ling Leng ◽

Ying Wang ◽

Peixian Yang ◽

Takashi Narihiro ◽

Masaru Konishi Nobu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Microbial Consortia ◽

Chain Elongation ◽

Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Selective Enrichment ◽

Microbial Network ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing

Chain elongation of volatile fatty acids for medium chain fatty acids production (e.g. caproate) is an attractive approach to treat wastewater anaerobically and recover resource simultaneously. Undefined microbial consortia can be tailored to achieve chain elongation process with selective enrichment from anaerobic digestion sludge, which has advantages over pure culture approach for cost-efficient application. Whilst the metabolic pathway of the dominant caproate producer, Clostridium kluyveri, has been annotated, the role of other coexisting abundant microbiomes remained unclear. To this end, an ethanol-acetate fermentation inoculated with fresh digestion sludge at optimal conditions was conducted. Also, physiological study, thermodynamics and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing to elucidate the biological process by linking the system performance and dominant microbiomes were integrated. Results revealed a possible synergistic network in which C. kluyveri and three co-dominant species, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Fusobacterium varium and Acetoanaerobium sticklandii coexisted. D. vulgaris and A. sticklandii (F. varium) were likely to boost the carboxylates chain elongation by stimulating ethanol oxidation and butyrate production through a syntrophic partnership with hydrogen (H2) serving as an electron messenger. This study unveils a synergistic microbial network to boost caproate production in mixed culture carboxylates chain elongation.

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF AVITAMINOSIS F

Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s ◽

10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1764 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 38-40

Author(s):

A. Levitsky ◽

A. Lapinska ◽

I. Selivanskaya

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Experimental Model ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

The Body ◽

Regulatory Function ◽

Omega 3 ◽

White Rats ◽

Arachidonic Acids

The article analyzes the role of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 series in humans and animals. The biosynthesis of essential PUFA in humans and animals is very limited, so they must be consumed with food (feed). Тhe ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA is very important. Biomembranes of animal cells contain about 30% PUFA with a ratio of ω-6/ ω-3 1-2. As this ratio increases, the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and the functional activity of their receptors change. The regulatory function of essential PUFA is that in the body under the action of oxygenase enzymes (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) are formed extremely active hormone-like substances (eicosanoids and docosanoids), which affect a number of physiological processes: inflammation, immunity, metabolism. Moreover, ω-6 PUFA form eicosanoids, which have pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive properties, and ω-3 PUFAs form eicosanoids and docosanoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties. Deficiency of essential PUFA, and especially ω-3 PUFA, leads to impaired development of the body and its state of health, which are manifestations of avitaminosis F. Prevention and treatment of avitaminosis F is carried out with drugs that contain PUFA. To create new, more effective vitamin F preparations, it is necessary to reproduce the model of vitamin F deficiency. An experimental model of vitamin F deficiency in white rats kept on a fat –free diet with the addition of coconut oil, which is almost completely free of unsaturated fatty acids, and saturated fatty acids make up almost 99 % of all fatty acids was developed. The total content of ω-6 PUFA (sum of linoleic and arachidonic acids), the content of ω-3 PUFA (α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) in neutral lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol esters) defined. Тhe content of ω-6 PUFA under the influence of coconut oil decreased by 3.3 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 7.5 times. Тhe influence of coconut oil, the content of ω-6 PUFA decreased by 2.1 times, and the content of ω-3 PUFA - by 2.8 times. The most strongly reduces the content of ω-3 PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic, coconut oil, starting from 5 %. Consumption of FFD with a content of 15 % coconut oil reduces the content of eicosapentaenoic acid to zero, ie we have an absolute deficiency of one of the most important essential PUFAs, which determined the presence of vitamin F deficiency.

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